This document discusses characteristics of fascist governments in Nazi Germany and Italy under Hitler, Mussolini, and other leaders. It identifies 11 key themes: 1) powerful nationalism was used to unite citizens behind the fascist cause, 2) human rights were often disregarded, 3) enemies were scapegoated to promote nationalism, 4) the military was supreme, 5) rampant sexism promoted traditional gender roles, 6) mass media was controlled for propaganda, 7) national security was obsessively prioritized, 8) religion and government were intertwined, 9) corporate power was protected, and 10) labor power was suppressed. Intellectuals and the arts were also often disdained. Specific policies from Nazi Germany,
The document provides information about different fascist regimes in Nazi Germany, Italy, Indonesia, and Spain. It discusses how Hitler, Mussolini, Suharto, and Franco rose to power and maintained control through similar means such as propaganda, censorship, suppression of opposition, scapegoating of groups, and prioritizing the military and national security over individual rights and economic prosperity. All four leaders established authoritarian dictatorships that severely restricted civil liberties and political dissent.
The document discusses several key aspects of Nazi Germany:
1. Nationalism was strongly encouraged through rituals like the Hitler salute, which showed commitment to the Nazi cause.
2. Human rights were disregarded, as dissidents faced discrimination, imprisonment and death in concentration camps without due process.
3. Jewish people and ethnic minorities were scapegoated to increase nationalist fervor and direct public discontent toward a common enemy.
4. Military expansion violated the Treaty of Versailles but was pursued secretly and then openly to establish Germany as a great power.
The document provides information about fascist regimes in Nazi Germany, Italy, Indonesia, Spain, and their policies and practices. It discusses how Hitler, Mussolini, Suharto, and Franco rose to power and maintained control through propaganda, censorship, suppression of opposition, cults of personality, and human rights abuses. Key tactics included co-opting industries, banning unions, controlling the media, exploiting economic hardship or national pride, and portraying enemies as threats to the nation to justify their authoritarian rule. Women had restricted rights, and ethnic or religious groups were often scapegoated and persecuted under these fascist governments.
After World War I, many Europeans lost faith in democracy and turned to fascism instead. Fascist leaders in Italy and Germany rose to power by promising to revive their economies and restore national pride. Benito Mussolini became the fascist dictator of Italy in 1922 and abolished democracy, while Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, establishing a totalitarian Nazi state that aggressively persecuted Jews and others. Fascism's militarism and extreme nationalism posed a threat to democracy in Europe in the 1930s.
Fascism originated in Italy in 1919 when Benito Mussolini founded the fascist movement. Fascism was anti-communist, anti-democratic, and anti-liberal. It glorified violence and wanted a powerful state to control all aspects of citizens' lives. Nazism originated in Germany in 1920 when Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and transformed it into the Nazi party. Nazism was influenced by German nationalism and anti-communism. It believed in racial purity and the superiority of the Aryan race. While both were totalitarian ideologies, Nazism emphasized racism more strongly than fascism.
This document provides definitions and brief descriptions of important terms from world history. It includes explanations of apartheid, appeasement, armistice, atheism, aristocracy, and the Bill of Rights among other terms. Key figures like Winston Churchill, Adolph Hitler, and Mao Zedong are also summarized. Historical events, ideologies, and organizations spanning from ancient tribal systems to the Cold War and beyond are defined in concise entries.
Hitler achieved a totalitarian state in Nazi Germany through controlling all aspects of society. He controlled the media and censored all forms of communication. The Gestapo secret police instilled fear among citizens to prevent opposition. Hitler eliminated political opponents, banning all other parties and removing threats. However, Hitler could not completely control private lives or eliminate opposition. While he had widespread public support, not all Germans approved of his policies and treatment of Jews.
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Fascism for PS 240 Intro to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
The document provides information about different fascist regimes in Nazi Germany, Italy, Indonesia, and Spain. It discusses how Hitler, Mussolini, Suharto, and Franco rose to power and maintained control through similar means such as propaganda, censorship, suppression of opposition, scapegoating of groups, and prioritizing the military and national security over individual rights and economic prosperity. All four leaders established authoritarian dictatorships that severely restricted civil liberties and political dissent.
The document discusses several key aspects of Nazi Germany:
1. Nationalism was strongly encouraged through rituals like the Hitler salute, which showed commitment to the Nazi cause.
2. Human rights were disregarded, as dissidents faced discrimination, imprisonment and death in concentration camps without due process.
3. Jewish people and ethnic minorities were scapegoated to increase nationalist fervor and direct public discontent toward a common enemy.
4. Military expansion violated the Treaty of Versailles but was pursued secretly and then openly to establish Germany as a great power.
The document provides information about fascist regimes in Nazi Germany, Italy, Indonesia, Spain, and their policies and practices. It discusses how Hitler, Mussolini, Suharto, and Franco rose to power and maintained control through propaganda, censorship, suppression of opposition, cults of personality, and human rights abuses. Key tactics included co-opting industries, banning unions, controlling the media, exploiting economic hardship or national pride, and portraying enemies as threats to the nation to justify their authoritarian rule. Women had restricted rights, and ethnic or religious groups were often scapegoated and persecuted under these fascist governments.
After World War I, many Europeans lost faith in democracy and turned to fascism instead. Fascist leaders in Italy and Germany rose to power by promising to revive their economies and restore national pride. Benito Mussolini became the fascist dictator of Italy in 1922 and abolished democracy, while Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, establishing a totalitarian Nazi state that aggressively persecuted Jews and others. Fascism's militarism and extreme nationalism posed a threat to democracy in Europe in the 1930s.
Fascism originated in Italy in 1919 when Benito Mussolini founded the fascist movement. Fascism was anti-communist, anti-democratic, and anti-liberal. It glorified violence and wanted a powerful state to control all aspects of citizens' lives. Nazism originated in Germany in 1920 when Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and transformed it into the Nazi party. Nazism was influenced by German nationalism and anti-communism. It believed in racial purity and the superiority of the Aryan race. While both were totalitarian ideologies, Nazism emphasized racism more strongly than fascism.
This document provides definitions and brief descriptions of important terms from world history. It includes explanations of apartheid, appeasement, armistice, atheism, aristocracy, and the Bill of Rights among other terms. Key figures like Winston Churchill, Adolph Hitler, and Mao Zedong are also summarized. Historical events, ideologies, and organizations spanning from ancient tribal systems to the Cold War and beyond are defined in concise entries.
Hitler achieved a totalitarian state in Nazi Germany through controlling all aspects of society. He controlled the media and censored all forms of communication. The Gestapo secret police instilled fear among citizens to prevent opposition. Hitler eliminated political opponents, banning all other parties and removing threats. However, Hitler could not completely control private lives or eliminate opposition. While he had widespread public support, not all Germans approved of his policies and treatment of Jews.
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Fascism for PS 240 Intro to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Fascism originated in early 20th century Italy and was led by Benito Mussolini. It promoted extreme nationalism, militarism, and the dictatorship of an all-powerful leader. Fascism rejected liberal democracy and Enlightenment values like rationalism and individualism in favor of emotionalism, violence, and struggle. It viewed society as an organic unity and saw conflict and war as natural and desirable. Fascism took hold in Italy and Germany in the 1920s-1930s amid economic crisis and instability but was defeated in World War 2.
This document defines key vocabulary terms related to the political and economic systems in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union in the interwar period. It explains concepts like inflation, depression, coalition governments, and the Weimar Republic in Germany. It also defines totalitarianism, fascism, and describes leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin. Additionally, it outlines Hitler's beliefs about the Aryan race and quest for lebensraum, as well as economic systems like communism and Stalin's implementation of collective farms in the Soviet Union.
During the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian regimes emerged in Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union. These regimes were authoritarian and characterized by a single leader like Mussolini, Hitler, or Stalin who controlled all aspects of government, eliminated political opposition, and emphasized propaganda and nationalism. They imposed strict social and economic controls over their populations. The best known were Italian Fascism under Mussolini and German Nazism under Hitler.
Fascism originated in the early 20th century in Italy under Benito Mussolini. It is characterized by extreme nationalism, militarism, and authoritarian rule with no tolerance of opposition. Fascist governments reject democracy and capitalism, believing instead in a totalitarian one-party state that strictly controls all aspects of society and the economy. Strength and unity of the nation or ethnic group are emphasized over individualism. Fascism uses public displays of strength through rallies and symbols to inspire patriotism.
James b. whisker italian fascism an interpretation - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview of the rise and fall of Italian Fascism under Benito Mussolini between 1922 and 1943. It discusses four phases of Italian fascism: 1) from 1922-1925 where Mussolini seized power but lacked a clear ideology; 2) from 1925-1938 where Alfredo Rocco established the fascist state ideology emphasizing the state, capitalism, and syndicalism; 3) from 1938-1943 where Mussolini increasingly emulated Hitler and led Italy into disastrous wars; 4) a brief final phase after Mussolini's fall from power in 1943 where Giovanni Gentile created one last philosophical theory of fascism. Overall, the document examines the complex ideological roots and evolution of Italian fascism over its turbulent two decades
Fascism is a form of authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. It was originally developed in early 20th century Europe. The term was coined by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1919, referring to the Roman symbol of power through unity. Fascist governments are totalitarian in nature, controlling all aspects of public and private life, and are militaristic, nationalist, and racially or ethnically supremacist.
The document discusses several key events that led up to World War II, including the rise of dictators in Germany, Italy, and Russia during the global economic crisis of the Great Depression. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in the 1930s and violated the Treaty of Versailles by expanding Germany's military and annexing Austria. Meanwhile, Benito Mussolini consolidated power in Italy and allied with Hitler. Japan also became increasingly militaristic under General Hideki Tojo. These acts of aggression by the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan caused the start of World War II in Europe.
Fascism originated in early 20th century Europe. It is a radical right-wing form of authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in Italy and Germany. Fascism is characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. The word fascism derives from the Italian word "fascio", meaning a bundle of sticks, related to political authority in ancient Rome. Fascism played a role in the rise of totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany and led to World War II in Europe.
The document discusses the key characteristics and influences of totalitarian regimes. It defines totalitarianism as a form of government that seeks to subordinate all aspects of life to state authority. Totalitarian states view individuals as temporary and expendable, existing to serve the eternal state. The document also examines how World War I influenced the rise of totalitarianism in countries like Germany, Italy, and Russia by causing economic and political instability. It outlines common features of totalitarian regimes, including the use of propaganda, nationalism, and charismatic leaders to gradually increase state control and replace existing institutions.
The document provides an overview of totalitarian and single-party states based on an IBS study. It defines totalitarian regimes as being repressive of pluralism and individual freedoms, maintaining power through propaganda and secret police. Both Nazi Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union are presented as prime examples of totalitarian states that sought to subordinate all aspects of citizens' lives to state control. The concept of totalitarianism originated in the 20th century, enabled by new technologies to control large populations.
This presentation presents the overview and the origin of the two political concept, the political ideology of fascism and the type of leadership of totalitarian.
a2 govt. and politics fascism origins and themessarahbutterworth
Fascism originated in the early 20th century in response to nationalism, industrialization, and threats to traditional values. Key themes of fascism include ultranationalism, anti-rationalism, and a belief in struggle and social hierarchy. Fascist ideologies took hold in Germany under the Nazis and in Italy under Mussolini in the aftermath of World War 1 and the economic turmoil of the 1930s, promoting totalitarianism and strong state control of society and the economy.
Communism, Fascism, and Nazism were forms of government that aimed to control citizens and society. Communism called for common ownership and a classless society. Fascism granted complete control to the government over citizens' lives. Nazism similarly sought total control but excluded those not of German descent. Key leaders were Vladimir Lenin for Communism, Benito Mussolini for Fascism, and Adolf Hitler for Nazism. While these ideologies aimed for control, only remnants remain of their systems today.
This document discusses the ideology and characteristics of fascism in Italy under Mussolini. It describes how fascism celebrated extreme nationalism, subordinated all aspects of society to the state, and used violence and propaganda to gain support. Key aspects included a cult of personality around Mussolini and the state, suppression of opposition and human rights, and an emphasis on militarism, nationalism, and traditional gender roles.
Under Benito Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy, he implemented 14 key aspects of fascism. These included powerful nationalism through symbols like the fasces displayed everywhere, the suppression of human rights and elimination of political opponents, prioritizing the military over social issues, controlling mass media, and ensuring fraudulent elections kept fascism in power. Religion and the corporate sector were also intertwined with the fascist government.
Defines totalitarianism; highlights Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler with clips of all three (don't have to use the entire length of clips). Also, there is a youtube clip from the movie V for Vendetta
Democracy has several key characteristics:
1) Citizen control - ultimate control of government is held by citizens who elect representatives;
2) Majority rule and protection of individual liberties - democracy allows for majority rule but also protects certain individual rights;
3) Protection of basic human rights - a core function of democratic governments is to protect fundamental human rights.
The document discusses democracy, including its definition, origins, principles, types (direct vs indirect), merits and demerits. It defines democracy as a form of government where rulers are elected by the people. Key principles include free and fair elections, one person one vote, protection of fundamental rights, and accountability of elected representatives. Examples are provided of direct democracies like ancient Greece and indirect democracies like India, France and the US. Case studies of non-democratic systems in countries like Pakistan, China, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe and Fiji are also summarized.
The document compares and contrasts the rise of totalitarian control in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It notes that both Hitler and Mussolini used nationalism, the military, control of media/propaganda, and secret police forces to inspire fear and consolidate power. They eliminated opposition, restricted civil liberties, and aimed to rebuild their countries according to their particular visions through these authoritarian means.
This document summarizes a research paper about using the strategy of shared book reading to improve English reading comprehension among students in public secondary schools in Chile. It finds that 86% of Chileans do not understand what they read and students from lower income families have less reading abilities. While students are expected to reach an B1 English level, 2012 test results show students are below an A1 level. The paper reviews literature on contextualizing reading instruction and defines reading comprehension as extracting and building meaning from text. It describes the origins of shared book reading and its key elements: the reader, the text, and the reading activity. The strategy aims to improve comprehension by considering students' interests and socio-cultural context. In conclusion, many students
The document discusses Lacombe Composite High School's journey in implementing student-owned devices and changing pedagogy to a 21st century model over the past two years. It summarizes how they built awareness with parents, students, and staff, addressed concerns, and encouraged tools like social media. Key aspects included the coach's role in building relationships and mentoring teachers, modeling skills, focusing efforts in one department initially, and addressing issues like the implementation dip and digital citizenship. Advice is provided on planning stakeholder support and going slow to make big changes.
Fascism originated in early 20th century Italy and was led by Benito Mussolini. It promoted extreme nationalism, militarism, and the dictatorship of an all-powerful leader. Fascism rejected liberal democracy and Enlightenment values like rationalism and individualism in favor of emotionalism, violence, and struggle. It viewed society as an organic unity and saw conflict and war as natural and desirable. Fascism took hold in Italy and Germany in the 1920s-1930s amid economic crisis and instability but was defeated in World War 2.
This document defines key vocabulary terms related to the political and economic systems in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union in the interwar period. It explains concepts like inflation, depression, coalition governments, and the Weimar Republic in Germany. It also defines totalitarianism, fascism, and describes leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin. Additionally, it outlines Hitler's beliefs about the Aryan race and quest for lebensraum, as well as economic systems like communism and Stalin's implementation of collective farms in the Soviet Union.
During the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian regimes emerged in Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union. These regimes were authoritarian and characterized by a single leader like Mussolini, Hitler, or Stalin who controlled all aspects of government, eliminated political opposition, and emphasized propaganda and nationalism. They imposed strict social and economic controls over their populations. The best known were Italian Fascism under Mussolini and German Nazism under Hitler.
Fascism originated in the early 20th century in Italy under Benito Mussolini. It is characterized by extreme nationalism, militarism, and authoritarian rule with no tolerance of opposition. Fascist governments reject democracy and capitalism, believing instead in a totalitarian one-party state that strictly controls all aspects of society and the economy. Strength and unity of the nation or ethnic group are emphasized over individualism. Fascism uses public displays of strength through rallies and symbols to inspire patriotism.
James b. whisker italian fascism an interpretation - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview of the rise and fall of Italian Fascism under Benito Mussolini between 1922 and 1943. It discusses four phases of Italian fascism: 1) from 1922-1925 where Mussolini seized power but lacked a clear ideology; 2) from 1925-1938 where Alfredo Rocco established the fascist state ideology emphasizing the state, capitalism, and syndicalism; 3) from 1938-1943 where Mussolini increasingly emulated Hitler and led Italy into disastrous wars; 4) a brief final phase after Mussolini's fall from power in 1943 where Giovanni Gentile created one last philosophical theory of fascism. Overall, the document examines the complex ideological roots and evolution of Italian fascism over its turbulent two decades
Fascism is a form of authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. It was originally developed in early 20th century Europe. The term was coined by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in 1919, referring to the Roman symbol of power through unity. Fascist governments are totalitarian in nature, controlling all aspects of public and private life, and are militaristic, nationalist, and racially or ethnically supremacist.
The document discusses several key events that led up to World War II, including the rise of dictators in Germany, Italy, and Russia during the global economic crisis of the Great Depression. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in the 1930s and violated the Treaty of Versailles by expanding Germany's military and annexing Austria. Meanwhile, Benito Mussolini consolidated power in Italy and allied with Hitler. Japan also became increasingly militaristic under General Hideki Tojo. These acts of aggression by the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan caused the start of World War II in Europe.
Fascism originated in early 20th century Europe. It is a radical right-wing form of authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in Italy and Germany. Fascism is characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. The word fascism derives from the Italian word "fascio", meaning a bundle of sticks, related to political authority in ancient Rome. Fascism played a role in the rise of totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany and led to World War II in Europe.
The document discusses the key characteristics and influences of totalitarian regimes. It defines totalitarianism as a form of government that seeks to subordinate all aspects of life to state authority. Totalitarian states view individuals as temporary and expendable, existing to serve the eternal state. The document also examines how World War I influenced the rise of totalitarianism in countries like Germany, Italy, and Russia by causing economic and political instability. It outlines common features of totalitarian regimes, including the use of propaganda, nationalism, and charismatic leaders to gradually increase state control and replace existing institutions.
The document provides an overview of totalitarian and single-party states based on an IBS study. It defines totalitarian regimes as being repressive of pluralism and individual freedoms, maintaining power through propaganda and secret police. Both Nazi Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union are presented as prime examples of totalitarian states that sought to subordinate all aspects of citizens' lives to state control. The concept of totalitarianism originated in the 20th century, enabled by new technologies to control large populations.
This presentation presents the overview and the origin of the two political concept, the political ideology of fascism and the type of leadership of totalitarian.
a2 govt. and politics fascism origins and themessarahbutterworth
Fascism originated in the early 20th century in response to nationalism, industrialization, and threats to traditional values. Key themes of fascism include ultranationalism, anti-rationalism, and a belief in struggle and social hierarchy. Fascist ideologies took hold in Germany under the Nazis and in Italy under Mussolini in the aftermath of World War 1 and the economic turmoil of the 1930s, promoting totalitarianism and strong state control of society and the economy.
Communism, Fascism, and Nazism were forms of government that aimed to control citizens and society. Communism called for common ownership and a classless society. Fascism granted complete control to the government over citizens' lives. Nazism similarly sought total control but excluded those not of German descent. Key leaders were Vladimir Lenin for Communism, Benito Mussolini for Fascism, and Adolf Hitler for Nazism. While these ideologies aimed for control, only remnants remain of their systems today.
This document discusses the ideology and characteristics of fascism in Italy under Mussolini. It describes how fascism celebrated extreme nationalism, subordinated all aspects of society to the state, and used violence and propaganda to gain support. Key aspects included a cult of personality around Mussolini and the state, suppression of opposition and human rights, and an emphasis on militarism, nationalism, and traditional gender roles.
Under Benito Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy, he implemented 14 key aspects of fascism. These included powerful nationalism through symbols like the fasces displayed everywhere, the suppression of human rights and elimination of political opponents, prioritizing the military over social issues, controlling mass media, and ensuring fraudulent elections kept fascism in power. Religion and the corporate sector were also intertwined with the fascist government.
Defines totalitarianism; highlights Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler with clips of all three (don't have to use the entire length of clips). Also, there is a youtube clip from the movie V for Vendetta
Democracy has several key characteristics:
1) Citizen control - ultimate control of government is held by citizens who elect representatives;
2) Majority rule and protection of individual liberties - democracy allows for majority rule but also protects certain individual rights;
3) Protection of basic human rights - a core function of democratic governments is to protect fundamental human rights.
The document discusses democracy, including its definition, origins, principles, types (direct vs indirect), merits and demerits. It defines democracy as a form of government where rulers are elected by the people. Key principles include free and fair elections, one person one vote, protection of fundamental rights, and accountability of elected representatives. Examples are provided of direct democracies like ancient Greece and indirect democracies like India, France and the US. Case studies of non-democratic systems in countries like Pakistan, China, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe and Fiji are also summarized.
The document compares and contrasts the rise of totalitarian control in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It notes that both Hitler and Mussolini used nationalism, the military, control of media/propaganda, and secret police forces to inspire fear and consolidate power. They eliminated opposition, restricted civil liberties, and aimed to rebuild their countries according to their particular visions through these authoritarian means.
This document summarizes a research paper about using the strategy of shared book reading to improve English reading comprehension among students in public secondary schools in Chile. It finds that 86% of Chileans do not understand what they read and students from lower income families have less reading abilities. While students are expected to reach an B1 English level, 2012 test results show students are below an A1 level. The paper reviews literature on contextualizing reading instruction and defines reading comprehension as extracting and building meaning from text. It describes the origins of shared book reading and its key elements: the reader, the text, and the reading activity. The strategy aims to improve comprehension by considering students' interests and socio-cultural context. In conclusion, many students
The document discusses Lacombe Composite High School's journey in implementing student-owned devices and changing pedagogy to a 21st century model over the past two years. It summarizes how they built awareness with parents, students, and staff, addressed concerns, and encouraged tools like social media. Key aspects included the coach's role in building relationships and mentoring teachers, modeling skills, focusing efforts in one department initially, and addressing issues like the implementation dip and digital citizenship. Advice is provided on planning stakeholder support and going slow to make big changes.
One: In a dictatorship, human and civil rights are not protected as dictators reject liberalism and do not need public support to retain power.
Two: Dictators often seize power through emergencies or revolution rather than elections, and citizens have no choice in the new leadership.
Three: Once in control, the dictator's choices alone influence the country regardless of public opinion or actions.
Media oligarchs from various countries are expanding their control over news media. In countries like Turkey, Russia, India, and China, billionaire businessmen have acquired large media empires with the tacit support of governments. These oligarchs exercise strict control over coverage and replace journalism with entertainment or propaganda that supports their business and political interests. While new media was thought to circumvent such censorship, internet giants in China are also controlled by oligarchs allied with the Communist party. The document discusses how media consolidation harms press freedom worldwide.
Republicanism vs Multiculturalism - A critical analysis of the French system ...Mélanie Rieder
This document provides a summary of a 14,905-word major research project submitted by a candidate to the Sussex School of Education. The research project analyzes the French system of teacher training in the context of forced migration and refugee children. It examines the relevance of critical multicultural education and assesses the extent to which the current French teacher training system incorporates these concepts. The research uses qualitative methods such as documentary analysis, a semi-structured interview, and email exchanges to investigate the topic.
Communism is a socioeconomic structure that promotes a classless and stateless society with common ownership over the means of production and property. It grew out of 19th century socialist movements in Europe led by Marx and Engels, who saw it as replacing capitalism. In 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia and established the USSR, trying to spark worldwide communist revolutions. After World War 2, communist regimes took power in parts of Europe and Asia like China, establishing single-party control and repressing dissent.
This document provides an overview of communism through a class project submitted by a group of students. It defines communism as a system where people share work and pay equally. It discusses the key beliefs and goals of communism, including equality and classlessness. It also examines the formation and history of the Soviet Union, the relationship between the US and USSR during the Cold War, and how the industrial revolution helped spread communist ideas.
This document discusses the origins and development of Marxism-Leninism and its spread to power in early communist states. It describes how Karl Marx developed communist ideas around class struggle and ownership of production. Vladimir Lenin then led the Bolsheviks Revolution in Russia, establishing the Soviet Union and implementing Marxist-Leninist policies like secret police and executions. Stalin later industrialized the Soviet Union through five-year plans and collectivization. Marxism-Leninism also spread to China where Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China after a long struggle against the Kuomintang nationalists culminating in the Chinese Civil War.
Democracy is a system of governance where people rule through elected representatives. There are different types of democracies like presidential and parliamentary systems. Not all democracies provide the same levels of civil liberties and rule of law. There are degrees of democracy, with some countries having more authoritarian practices. Other regime types include authoritarian, totalitarian, and sultanic governments. Multiple factors can support or hinder democracy such as a country's political culture, history, and economic development. Transitions to democracy involve a process of liberalization and consolidation over time.
The document discusses dictatorship and oligarchy. Dictatorship is defined as a system where total power is vested in one individual or party, without restraint. An oligarchy is a social system under political control of a small elite. Robert Michels' theory is described, that social systems become oligarchical because people prefer others make decisions, systems are too complex for participation, and leaders consolidate power to maintain privileges. Dictatorships are characterized by one party, one leader, one program, absence of liberty, extreme nationalism, war glorification, and totalitarian control. Oligarchies are ruled by a small portion of people, controlled by powerful families, where people have few rights. Examples of each system are provided.
Nietzsche, Bergson, and Sorel challenged beliefs in progress and rationality prior to WWI. After the war, thinkers like Paul Valery expressed a "terrible uncertainty" as physics and psychology revealed a non-rational universe. Existentialism stressed individual action could overcome meaninglessness, while Christian thinkers like Kierkegaard emphasized faith over reason. Literature also reflected new ideas, using stream-of-consciousness to show complexity and irrationality of the human mind.
Totalitarianism is a political system where the state has unlimited authority over public and private life. Some examples of totalitarian governments included the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Italy under Benito Mussolini, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, and Japan under Hideki Tojo during World War 2. Currently, North Korea is considered a totalitarian state, while the United States Constitution prohibits totalitarian aspects of government control over citizens.
The rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 led to the growth of authoritarian regimes like Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. In Italy, Benito Mussolini rose to power in 1922 by marching on Rome with his black shirt fascist supporters. In Germany, Adolf Hitler blamed other countries and ethnic minorities for Germany's poor economy, allowing him to become Chancellor in 1933. Both dictators violated the Treaty of Versailles by militarizing their countries in preparation for war. The oppressive policies of Hitler against Jews, like the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht, further solidified the Nazi regime's transition towards totalitarianism and aggression.
This document discusses different types of political systems throughout history from hunting and gathering societies to modern nation states. It provides details on four main categories of political systems - monarchy, democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. It also examines three theories of power in society: the pluralist model which sees power as spread among many groups, the power elite model which argues power is concentrated among the wealthy, and the Marxist model which views the political system as biased by the economic system of capitalism.
Totalitarianism is a form of government where the state has total control over all aspects of society. Totalitarian regimes in Europe in the early 20th century included Nazi Germany under Hitler, Fascist Italy under Mussolini, and Communist Russia under Stalin. The Treaty of Versailles after World War 1 contributed to conditions that allowed totalitarian leaders to rise to power by punishing Germany severely and leaving some nations like Italy dissatisfied.
The document discusses the origins and key aspects of communism. It began as an idea proposed in ancient Greece that gained traction during the Industrial Revolution. The goal of communism was to eliminate social classes and distribute resources equally. A major communist state, the USSR, was formed in 1922 and sought to spread communism to other countries, leading to tensions and the Cold War with the United States. The document provides historical context and outlines some core communist beliefs.
The document provides information about fascist regimes in Nazi Germany, Italy, Indonesia, Spain, and their treatment of human rights, women, propaganda, censorship, religion, and control over citizens. It describes how Hitler suppressed rights and slaughtered Jews in Germany. In Italy, Mussolini hoped to make Italy an empire and connected the country to Roman antiquity. In Indonesia, Suharto was linked to hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths. The document also discusses the role of the Catholic Church in Spain and policies towards language and regional governments under Franco. It provides details on propaganda, control of media, and cults of personality that developed under different fascist leaders.
The document provides information about fascist regimes in Nazi Germany, Italy, Indonesia, Spain, and their treatment of human rights, women, propaganda, censorship, religion, and control over citizens. It describes how Hitler suppressed rights and slaughtered Jews in Germany. In Italy, Mussolini hoped to make Italy an empire and connected the country to Roman antiquity. In Indonesia, Suharto was linked to hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths. The document also discusses the role of the Catholic Church in Spain and policies towards language and regional governments under Franco. It provides details on propaganda, control of media, and cults of personality that developed under different fascist leaders.
The document summarizes the rise of fascism in Europe in the early 20th century, focusing on Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany. It describes how both leaders rose to power by appealing to nationalist pride and exploiting economic hardship. They established totalitarian dictatorships that suppressed opposition and individual freedoms. The Nazis in particular enacted racist laws against Jewish citizens and violently attacked Jewish communities after coming to power.
The document outlines 14 defining characteristics of fascism based on Nazi Germany:
1. Powerful and continuing nationalism that demands loyalty to the fascist nation over individual interests.
2. Disdain for human rights and the view that might makes right.
3. Identification of enemies/scapegoats (e.g. Jews and ethnic minorities) as a unifying cause.
4. Supremacy of the military, which is seen as the expression of the fascist nation's strength.
Nationalism played a key role in Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the start of WWII. The Great Depression led to the collapse of the German government, allowing Hitler and the Nazis to gain control. Through propaganda, the Nazis promoted German nationalism, which increased their support among voters. With Hitler as Chancellor and then Fuhrer, he strengthened German nationalism and anti-Semitism through laws discriminating against Jews. Germany's increasing nationalism empowered Hitler to invade countries and disregard opposition to his policies within Germany.
Nazi Germany isolated and oppressed Jewish people through several means:
- Jews were denied refuge in other countries as life became difficult in Germany leading up to WWII.
- Jews were isolated into ghettos within German cities.
- An estimated 3 million innocent Jews were later killed in Nazi death camps through methods like gas chambers and mass shootings, proving the vast prejudice they suffered under Nazi rule.
Hitler and the Nazis used propaganda, mass rallies, organizations like the Hitler Youth and SS, and terror to gain and maintain control over Germany. They held massive rallies to inspire loyalty and showcase Nazi power. Propaganda was spread through various media to promote Nazi ideology. Youth groups like the Hitler Youth indoctrinated children with Nazi values. The SS and Gestapo secret police instilled fear and crushed dissent through arrests and concentration camps. Economically, the Nazis reduced unemployment from 6 million to under 300,000 through public works projects and rearmament.
The passage discusses the key roles of Joseph Goebbels, the Gestapo, and the SS in maintaining control for the Nazi regime in Germany. Goebbels was the Minister of Propaganda who controlled Germany's media and spread Nazi ideology and anti-Semitism. The Gestapo was the secret police that arrested dissidents and sent them to concentration camps. The SS, led by Himmler, grew into a powerful paramilitary organization that enforced racial policies and operated the concentration camps. Without these organizations propagating Nazi messaging and repressing opposition through fear, the Nazi regime likely would not have achieved the level of control it did under Hitler.
Nazi propaganda was extensively used in Germany and was very influential. It was impossible to escape and millions of Germans encountered propaganda every day. While not all propaganda was successful, it was largely effective in gaining support for Hitler and spreading Nazi ideas and attitudes. Propaganda dominated all aspects of society and education to indoctrinate children and future generations. However, some propaganda, such as exhibits portraying Hitler as lazy, was not successful.
The Nazi party rose to power in Germany during the 1930s, a time of economic crisis following World War I. Nazi propaganda was highly effective in gaining widespread support and influencing public opinion. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister of propaganda, skillfully organized massive rallies and dominated all aspects of society to promote Nazi ideology. Propaganda appealed to Germans by portraying Hitler as a strong leader who could restore national pride and prosperity. It also spread anti-Semitism by portraying Jews as the cause of Germany's problems. Through the education system and Hitler Youth, the Nazis also successfully indoctrinated German youth with their racist ideology.
The document discusses the experiences and aftermath of Holocaust survivors. It notes that only 15,000 Jews remained in Germany after WWII, out of 530,000 before Hitler rose to power. It describes how survivors struggled to rebuild their lives but received support from relief programs providing food, clothing, housing and financial compensation. The German government also added protections for equality to its constitution. However, true progress required educational efforts to foster tolerance in the whole community.
After World War I, many European nations struggled economically and politically. Totalitarian dictators rose to power, promising stability and return to nationalist glory. These included Stalin in the Soviet Union, Mussolini in Italy, and Hitler in Germany. They consolidated total control over government and society through secret police, censorship, and eliminating political opposition. Their aggressive expansionism, particularly Germany and Japan's invasions of neighboring lands, heightened tensions and ultimately led to the start of World War II.
The document summarizes key events that allowed Hitler to consolidate power in Germany:
1) The Reichstag fire allowed Hitler to arrest communists and blame them, helping him win the 1933 election.
2) The Enabling Act granted Hitler emergency powers and eliminated democracy.
3) The Night of Long Knives purge eliminated SA leader Ernst Rohm, cementing Hitler's control.
4) Hitler controlled religion, education, censorship and anti-Semitism to propagate Nazi ideology and brainwash the German people.
The document discusses characteristics of fascist governments through examples from Nazi Germany and other regimes. It covers 14 key aspects of fascism:
1. Powerful nationalism was used to unite citizens behind the government through propaganda and symbols.
2. Human rights were often disregarded, with oppressive laws and cruel treatment of opponents.
3. Enemies were blamed for issues to promote nationalism and unity against a common foe.
4. The military was highly valued and funded at the expense of citizens' welfare. Control of media, suppression of opposition, and obsession with security and crime/punishment helped fascist leaders consolidate power.
The document discusses key characteristics of fascist governments through examples from Nazi Germany and other regimes. It covers 14 characteristics:
1. Powerful nationalism with symbolic representations and rhetoric of restoring past glory.
2. Disdain for human rights through cruel treatment of groups and suppression of opposition.
3. Scapegoating of enemies to unite citizens against a common threat.
4. Supremacy of the military through large budgets and overriding civilian rule.
5. Rampant sexism through enforced gender roles and policies restricting women's opportunities.
The document analyzes these characteristics across multiple fascist governments.
The document discusses key characteristics of fascist governments through examples from Nazi Germany and other regimes. It covers 14 characteristics:
1. Powerful nationalism with symbolic representations and rhetoric of restoring past glory.
2. Disdain for human rights through cruel treatment of groups and suppression of opposition.
3. Scapegoating of enemies to unite citizens against a common threat.
4. Supremacy of the military through large budgets and overriding civilian rule.
5. Rampant sexism through enforced gender roles and policies restricting women's opportunities.
6. Controlled mass media and propaganda to manipulate public opinion and censor dissent.
7. Obsession with national security through secret police and
Luddites led by Ned Ludd destroyed industrial machinery in factories as they saw it as a threat to employment. Chartists campaigned for political reforms like universal male suffrage and voting reforms. Utopian Socialists like Robert Owen believed improving living conditions and education could create a harmonious society without classes or poverty. Marxism as developed by Karl Marx focused on public ownership of land, means of production and the abolition of private property to reduce inequality. Classical Conservatives like Edmund Burke supported hierarchy and tradition in society and government.
The document summarizes the beliefs of three philosophers - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - regarding human nature, society, and government. Hobbes believed humans are selfish and life without government would be a state of war, so a strong sovereign is needed. Locke believed humans are born equal and have rights to life, liberty, and property, and the government's role is to protect those rights. Rousseau believed humans are born good but corrupted by society, and the general will of the people should guide government.
The document discusses the issues with a society focused solely on pleasure and happiness. It argues that in such a society:
- People would be too focused on their own happiness to spend time with friends and family.
- Everyone being happy all the time would prevent people from wanting to socialize or work towards common goals.
- The world would not function properly if people only pursued overindulgent happiness above all else.
It also provides examples of professions like the military and firefighting that require suffering and sacrifice for the greater benefit and safety of others in society. The document concludes that some level of utilitarianism can be good if it benefits everyone, but complete focus on happiness alone is misguided
The document contains definitions and examples of various political and social ideologies provided by Jessica Ward for her Social 30-1 class. The ideologies discussed include individualism, collectivism, liberalism, self-interest, competition, freedom, rule of law, private property, collective responsibility, collective interest, cooperation, economic equality, collective norms, public property, belief, value, individual identity, and collective identity.
The document contains definitions and examples of various political and social ideologies provided by Jessica Ward for her Social 30-1 class. The ideologies discussed include individualism, collectivism, liberalism, self-interest, competition, freedom, rule of law, private property, collective responsibility, collective interest, cooperation, economic equality, collective norms, public property, belief, value, individual identity, and collective identity.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
2. 1. PowerfulandContinuingNationalism
Nazi Germany
Nationalism in Nazi Germany was a
prominent ideology that was used to
motivate the citizens to embrace the
fascist government. Using tactics to
manipulate people, such as group
focus, symbolic representations like the
swastika or Nazi salute, and many
others. During a speech Hitler made,
he said “Germany will either be a world
power or will not be at all” and this idea
of Germany’s economy and reputation
being at stake was used to unite the
people and give them a feeling that
they needed to fight together for a
cause.
Mussolini (Italy)
In fascist Italy under the power of
Mussolini, there was a symbol that
gave fascism its name. The many
sticks surrounding a core with an axe
head was a prominent symbolic
representation for the new political
party, and the idea the people
embraced was the desire for Italy to
have glory. Back in the Roman times,
Italy was powerful and Mussolini
wanted to restore that power. The
citizens of Italy embraced this and
nationalism became stronger than
ever.
3. 2. DisdainfortheRecognitionofHumanRights
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany was known for the
variety of cruel treatment they
committed to the Jewish people during
the Holocaust. According to the Nazi
belief system, the Jewish people were
not people at all, and should be treated
like animals or other lesser beings.
When the Nazi’s removed the Jewish
from their homes, they were put in
cramped quarters, travelled like cattle,
and in some cases killed all those who
were “not useful” anymore. This is a
severe denial of the premise of human
rights, because these people were not
treated fairly or equally.
Suharto (Indonesia)
In the fascist government in Indonesia
under Suharto, many anti-human rights
laws and regulations were put into
place. When his government’s power
was threatened, he made all protests
illegal and criminalized some of his
largest opponents. Indonesia’s media
was also controlled, and suppressed
any information of demand for more
freedom. These actions negate human
rights, and is a key component of a
fascist government.
4. 3.IdentificationofEnemies/ScapegoatsasaUnifyingCause
Nazi Germany
Similar to the previous example, the
Nazi regime blamed all of Germany’s
issues due to the loss of the first World
War on those who practiced the Jewish
religion. Hitler stated that “The struggle
for world domination will be fought
entirely between us, between Germans
and Jews. All else is facade and
illusion.” By saying this, Hitler was able
to unite the German people against a
common enemy which promoted the
nationalism the Nazis wanted the
citizens to embrace.
Suharto (Indonesia)
In Indonesia, Suharto created a “New
Order” which used the Chinese as
scapegoats. The fascist government
had both a fear and hatred of
communism , and so turned on the
closest “enemy”. A variety of anti-
Chinese laws were put into place, such
as closing Chinese schools, regulating
Buddhist temples and adoption of less
Chinese sounding names.
5. 4. SupremacyoftheMilitary
Nazi Germany
According to Hitler’s beliefs, having a
strong military was a key component of
having a strong country. His army
made a series of innovations and
techniques, including Blitzkrieg. The
military power was enormous and had
roughly 550,000 in the army, navy and
air force. The intense military focus
took a great deal of time and money
from the German people, and it broke
the Treaty of Versailles, but Hitler felt it
was too important and ignored the
treaty.
Suharto (Indonesia)
Indonesian President Suharto was
originally a Major General, and so
military focus was immensely important
in the government he set up. In his
“New Order” administration, the military
took the place of civilian rule. This
means that seats in Parliament were
set aside for soldiers. Anyone in the
military was given a great deal of
respect and more government funding
went to building the military than
helping the Indonesian citizens.
6. 5. RampantSexism
Nazi Germany
Hitler was a man who believed women
had specific, defined roles in society
and that they were inferior to men. The
main focus for women during WWII
was to be mothers and keep a good
house for their husbands. It was
enforced to such a degree that it was
taught to girls in schools and there was
tax cuts for women who had at least
four children. There was even clothing
restrictions for women in Nazi
Germany.
Mussolini (Italy)
Under fascist regimes women were
urged to perform their traditional
gender role as wives and mothers and
to bear many children for the good of
the nation. Mussolini instituted policies
severely restricting women’s access to
jobs outside the home (policies that
later had to be revised so that
important factories could have enough
employees during war), and he
distributed gold medals to mothers who
produced the most children.
7. 6. ControlledMassMedia
Nazi Germany
Propaganda was central to Nazi
Germany. The only permitted books
and broadcasts were monitored and
controlled by the Nazi forces, as well
as the various propaganda posters that
plastered Germany. Hitler’s speeches
were heard by everyone in the country,
and the inspiration they provided was a
form of manipulation for German
soldiers and citizens alike. As well as
the war propaganda, there was many
anti-semantic writings to enforce the
hated of the Jewish culture.
Franco (Spain)
Francisco Franco of Spain strictly
controlled and influenced public opinion
in order to coerce support of his
policies using control of the media and
propaganda. Posters of his face were
plastered across every window in
Spain, as well as messages that his
rebellion and new government
promoted unity and Franco’s “superior
leadership qualities”. Any negative
portrayal of the fascist government was
censored by the media control, so
people only heard and saw what
Franco wanted.
8. 7.ObsessionwithNationalSecurity
Nazi Germany
Another reason the military force
needed to be as prominent as it was, is
that Hitler had great paranoia over the
allied forces, and for good reason. The
Gestapo was the German secret
police, and they imprisoned or killed
anyone suspected of helping the Allied
forces or Jews or being against the
Nazis in any way. National security was
a priority for Hitler, and he insured that
fear kept his country secure.
Mussolini (Italy)
In Mussolini’s fascist Italy, everybody
who was proven to have "committed or
expressed intention to commit actions
directed to violently subvert the social,
economic or national order or
undermine national security or to
oppose or obstruct the actions of the
Government" could be sent into exile to
remote locations by this secret police
force. The citizens feared the threats
and so obeyed the government.
9. 8. ReligionandGovernmentareIntertwined
Nazi Germany
Hitler despised not only the Jewish
religious group, but Christianity as well.
In a speech he said “The heaviest blow
which ever struck humanity was
Christianity; Bolshevism is
Christianity’s illegitimate child. Both
are inventions of the Jew.” In the
opinion of Hitler, God did exist and
created the “pure” Aryan race so that it
should not be tainted with interracial
mixing. This combination of Hitler’s
religious beliefs in the actions of his
government made Nazi Germany a
great example of a fascist government.
Franco (Spain)
During the thirty six years where Spain
was controlled by the dictator
Francisco Franco, there was a strong
connection to the Catholic Church. He
outlawed anything that did not agree
with catholic beliefs, including
contraceptives, homosexuality, practice
of any other religion, prostitution, and
divorce. At this time church and state of
Spain were one body and it was the
responsibility of both to enforce Spain’s
change towards unity.
10. 9. CorporatePowerisProtected
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler needed the support of the
wealthy and powerful in Germany in
order to gain and keep his place in the
government. To maintain this support,
Hitler protected those who had great
corporate power so they could continue
with business as usual. There were
changes, such as all major sectors of
industry now had some state control,
but employer associations also
developed which gave owners power
similar to Parliament in that they were
able to create working conditions and
wage laws.
Mussolini (Italy)
Benito Mussolini once said “Fascism
should more properly be called
corporatism because it is the merger of
state and corporate power." What was
meant by this statement, it that the
state now had control over a majority of
industry, and the controllers of industry
now had more power in the state.
Mussolini needed the corporations, and
so it was important that all those in
power, remained in power.
11. 10. LabourPowerisSuppressed
Nazi Germany
When Hitler came to power, one of his
first acts was to abolish trade unions.
This action made the power of the
average worker in Germany to almost
nothing, but at the same time he was
supported because many unemployed
Germans now had jobs that were once
occupied by Jewish people. Workers
could not quit without government
permission, because Hitler was using
everyone he could to help build the
strength of Germany. In Nazi Germany,
workers were heavily suppressed but
happy to be working in any condition.
Franco (Spain)
In Franco’s Spain, he created a
document entitled the Labour Charter.
The purpose of the Labour Charter was
to address the Spanish workers, and
first and foremost it stated that all
Spaniards had the duty to work, and
the state was to assure them the right
to work. Although the decree called for
adequate wages, paid vacations, and a
limit to working hours, it ensured
labour's compliance with the new
regime by labelling strikes as treason.
This kept resistance to a minimum and
enabled the fascist government to
control Spain more easily.
12. 11.DisdainforIntellectualsandtheArts
Nazi Germany
Hitler was not a man who despised art,
for he himself originally wanted to study
art in Vienna. While he did not succeed
in his endeavors, Hitler still had love for
the arts and felt that Germany needed
better architecture and culture. He
wanted to preserve a great deal of the
architecture even in the cities he
attacked, because he respected it.
However, any Jewish art was not
considered to be art. Hitler had great
disdain for anything created by a Jew,
and could never have respect for their
creation.
Suharto (Indonesia)
Before the death of Suharto, a group of
prominent military men, politicians,
academics and students calling
themselves the "Petition of Fifty"
questioned Suharto's use of the
national ideology Pancasila. The
ideology is one that Suharto came up
with, and it had five main principles all
focusing on characteristics of fascism.
These were intellectuals and Suharto
suppressed them through media and
put some of the prominent leaders in
jail.
13. 12. ObsessionwithCrimeand
Punishment
Nazi Germany
- From Hitler’s childhood, he had
always had a strict idea of what
punishment should be due to how he
was raised. His beliefs reflected his
laws and practice once he gained
power in Germany. Hitler’s secret
police, the Gestapo, had no mercy on
those who were accused of going
against any of Hitler’s totalitarian laws
and the punishments ranged from
imprisonment, to torture, to death.
Mussolini (Italy)
Under Mussolini’s fascist regime, the
OVRA (Organization for Vigilance and
Repression of Anti-Fascism) was a
secret police force similar to the
Gestapo in Germany. They used violent
methods to punish those who had
committed or were accused of
committing crimes against fascism. The
death penalty was put into place so
killing the offenders was an option, or
sending them to exile or imprisonment.
14. 13.RampantCronyismandCorruption
Nazi Germany
When a fascist dictator takes control it
is inevitable that he will appoint his
friends to positions of power. For
example in Hitler’s Nazi Germany, one
of Hitler’s very good friends, Goebbels,
was the head of media and
propaganda while all heads of the
secret police and death camps were
also friends of Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s
second in command Bormann was also
a good friend, and could not have
gotten his position if he was not.
Mussolini (Italy)
When Mussolini took power in Italy, he
was not satisfied with the system of
government where several parties
cooperated to work, therefore he set
his goal as becoming the ruler of the
one party with the totalitarian state. In
order to achieve this goal, from 1922 to
1923, Mussolini destroyed the
oppositions that had authority. Instead
of the removed authorities, he placed
loyal fascists in key government
positions. Putting these loyal followers
in important positions is an excellent
example of cronyism.
15. 14. FraudulentElections
Nazi Germany
Contrary to popular belief, the Nazi party
did not win the election with an absolute
majority. In fact, they only received about
33% of the vote. However once the
president was in power he appointed
Hitler to the head of the government and
they used a series of “emergency”
lawmaking protocols to create their
totalitarian system. Although the people
had been promised a vastly different
government during the campaign, Hitler
did keep a few promises. An important
one being creating a strong, self sufficient
country. The citizens of Germany did not
know the plan to exterminate the Jewish,
or the abolishment of rights, but they
wanted a better country and revenge for
the Treaty of Versailles.
Mussolini (Italy)
When Mussolini created his fascist
revolution in 1922,it quickly overtook the
country and within two years Mussolini
was able to shut down all opposition from
the media and 80% of political parties that
had Italy's vote. With these parties
suppressed, the fascist controlled all
elections.
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