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Fake News, Real Concerns: Developing Information Literate Students
This document discusses the challenges of fake news and improving information literacy. It begins with an introduction of the author and his background. It then explores definitions of fake news, examining how it is not new but the scale, speed and ease of spread is. The document also looks at how people often overestimate their ability to evaluate information. It proposes that librarians can address both the logical and emotional aspects of evaluating information. Some suggestions include teaching about logical fallacies, biases, and using frameworks like authority is constructed to help people develop skills to identify fake news. Collaboration across disciplines is needed to effectively teach these skills.
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Fake News, Real Concerns: Developing Information Literate Students
- 1. Fake News, RealConcerns: What Can Librarians Do to Improve Information Literacy in the Age of the Social Media Noise Machine? Donald A. Barclay University of California, Merced Library
- 2. Who am I? •Library Career • University of California, Merced • New Mexico State University, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center • Past Lives • Boise State University—Taught Freshman Comp. & American Lit. • U.S. Forest Service—Firefighter • Education • U. C. Berkeley—M.A., M.L.I.S. • Boise State University—B.A. Donald A. Barclay
- 3. Who died andmade Donald the king of fake news?
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- 10. N.B.: Not actualexamples of fake news. Created by Donald Barclay for this presentation.
- 11. N.B.: Not actualexamples of fake news. Created by Donald Barclay for this presentation.
- 12. Five false conclusionscontained in the Surgeon General’s report. You’ll be amazed. . . . Have you seen the ten reasons why cigarettes cannot possibly cause cancer? Smoke out the facts. . . .
- 13. P.H.S. Scientists CaughtAdmitting Cancer-Smoking Link Is a Hoax 2,345,324 views N.B.: Not an actual example of fake news. Created by Donald Barclay for this presentation.
- 14. Have you completedresearch on the so-called “link” between smoking and cancer and want to publish in a TRUSTED HIGH-IMPACT JOURNAL?!!! Good news for authors! The Journal of Tobacco and Science is looking for papers. Submit multiple articles and get up to 50% off author publication charges. Subsidies covering up to 125% of author publication charges are available for qualifying articles.
- 15. N.B.: Not anactual example of fake news. Created by Donald Barclay for this presentation.
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- 18. Following the USSurgeon General’s report of January 1964, Howard Cullman, a Philip Morris director, dismissed the findings: “We don’t accept the idea that there are harmful agents in tobacco.”
- 21. Is fake newsthe moral panic de jour? • How many people actually believe fake news and how much of it do they believe? • Did fake news sway the election? Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow, “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 2 (2017): 211–36, https://www.aeaweb.org/full_issue.php? doi=10.1257/jep.31.2#page=213. • Are people really trapped in fake news echo chambers? William H. Dutton, “Fake News, Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: Underresearched and Overhyped,” The Conversation, May 2017, http://theconversation.com/fake-news-echo- chambers-and-filter-bubbles-underresearched-and-overhyped-76688%0D.
- 23. What is fakenews?
- 24. . . .whatever you don’t want to hear. . . . something entirely new. Fake news is not
- 25. • Lying • MercenaryFake News • Clickbait • Propaganda • Humor Fake news is old news
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- 29. ASTOUNDING NEWS! BY EXPRESS VIANORFOLK! ——————— THE ATLANTIC CROSSED IN THREE DAYS! ——————— SIGNAL TRIUMPH OF MR. MONCK MASON’S FLYING MACHINE!!! ——————— Arrival at Sullivan’s Island, near Charlestown, S. C., of Mr. Mason, Mr. Robert Holland, Mr. Henson, Mr. Harrison Ainsworth, and four others, in the STEERING BALLOON “VICTORIA,” AFTER A PASSAGE OF SEVENTY-FIVE HOURS FROM LAND TO LAND. ——————— FULL PARTICULARS OF THE VOYAGE!!!
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- 45. Is it propagandawhen the creator of the information doesn’t care what it says?
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- 52. • Lying • MercenaryFake News • Clickbait • Propaganda • Humor Fake news is old news
- 53. Fake News Is thereanything new under the sun?
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- 55. Total number ofwebsites 2000-2014 800,000,000 600,000,000 400,000,000 200,000,000
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- 76. What is newabout fake news? • Volume • Distribution • Reproduction • Alteration • Trolling
- 77. • Rate ofnew information being produced • Continuous news culture (speed over quality) • Ease of duplication and transmission • More channels of incoming information • Ever-increasing amounts of historical information to dig through • Contradictions and inaccuracies in available information • A low signal-to-noise ratio • No method for comparing and processing different kinds of information • Information unrelated or lacking context Information Overload
- 78. Coping with fakenews is an information literacy issue.
- 79. What percentage ofthe students/patrons you teach/assist badly overestimate their ability to evaluate information? A. 80% to 100% B. 60% to 79% C. 40% to 59% D. Less than 40%
- 80. Kruger, Justin, andDavid Dunning. “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, no. 6 (1999): 1121–34.
- 81. Do People OverestimateTheir Information Literacy Skills? A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence on the Dunning- Kruger Effect Khalid Mahmood, University of the Punjab This systematic review has analyzed 53 English language studies that assessed and compared peoples’ self-reported and demonstrated information literacy (IL) skills. The objective was to collect empirical evidence on the existence of Dunning-Kruger Effect in the area of information literacy. The findings clearly show that this theory works in this area. It is concluded that there is no calibration in peoples’ perceived and actual IL skills; in most cases low-performers overestimate their skills in self-assessments. The findings have theoretical and practical implications for librarians and IL educators. Mahmood, Khalid. “Do People Overestimate Their Information Literacy Skills? A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence on the Dunning-Kruger Effect.” Communications in Information Literacy 10, no. 2 (2016): 199.
- 82. What can librariansdo about fake news?
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- 85. Greed Greetings to you,my friend, I know this will come as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison, Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department. I got your contact among others I found on the Internet and I was inspired to seek your co-operation. I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in theEurope which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. the content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that in the end you will have 50% and 50% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. . . .
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- 94. They call itthat good, old . . .
- 95. If we aregoing to teach people about evaluating information, we need to address the emotional factors as well as the logical.
- 96. Teach the tricks •Logical fallacies • Appeals to emotion • Us versus them • Correlation versus causation • Misuse of statistics • Altering information • Fake expertise • No or unreliable citations • Misattribution • Misusing historical facts • Selective facts • Propaganda
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- 98. Framework for InformationLiteracy for Higher Education • Authority Is Constructed and Contextual • Information Creation as a Process • Information Has Value • Research as Inquiry • Scholarship as Conversation • Searching as Strategic Exploration
- 99. • Authority IsConstructed and Contextual • Information Creation as a Process • Information Has Value • Research as Inquiry • Scholarship as Conversation • Searching as Strategic Exploration Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education 0/1 Credibility and applicability of most information is not an either/or proposition.
- 100. Framework for InformationLiteracy for Higher Education Evaluating information is a risk proposition • Authority Is Constructed and Contextual • Information Creation as a Process • Information Has Value • Research as Inquiry • Scholarship as Conversation • Searching as Strategic Exploration
- 101. Low risk Highrisk
- 103. Teach Rules andTools
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- 111. The tools aresilos
- 112. Who watches thewatchmen?
- 114. Too big forlibrarians alone
- 116. • Facebook flaggingfake news stories. • EBay founder commits $100 million to combat 'fake news’ • Google fact-check labels • Will it ever be enough? We are getting some help
- 117. • Evaluating informationneeds to be taught across the curriculum. • Evaluating information needs to start early. • Teach learners to think about information both rationally and emotionally. • Library associations and schools must make teaching students to evaluate information a priority. Pushing back against fake news
- 119. Donald A. Barclay Universityof California, Merced Library dbarclay@ucmerced.edu