The document discusses the post-World War I environment that catalyzed nationalist and independence movements in colonies. The Paris Peace Conference failed to address concerns of colonies and new nations. Broken promises, financial strain from the war, and witnessing European disorganization challenged beliefs of racial superiority. Nationalist stirrings grew from shared grievances over racism, economic issues, and a desire for self-governance that charismatic local leaders championed. Tensions also mounted in the Middle East due to broken promises and the Balfour Declaration.