The document discusses the post-World War I environment that catalyzed nationalist and independence movements in colonies. The Paris Peace Conference failed to address concerns of colonies and new nations. Broken promises, financial strain from the war, and witnessing European disorganization challenged beliefs of racial superiority. Nationalist stirrings grew from shared grievances over racism, economic issues, and a desire for self-governance that charismatic local leaders championed. Tensions also mounted in the Middle East due to broken promises and the Balfour Declaration.

1. Failed Peace in Paris Guilty Germany Cripple Germany at all costs so they cannot rebuild and cannot be a threat-NO NEGOTIATING Blank Check De-militarization Make Germany smaller Funnel money into France Germany embarrassed

2. Failed Peace in Paris Austro-Hungarian empire chopped up and new nations formed War time promises not made to Arab nations Did not consider the concerns from the colonies League of Nations

3. Challenging White Power Colonists of color for the first time were ordered to kill other Europeans and witnessed the disorganization and carnage caused at the hands of the supposedly “civilized” Europeans

4. Nationalist Stirrings War alone did not bring on the tension in the colonies but helped to fan the flame Unmet promises Financial strain Loss of life

5. Patterns Develop India and colonies in Africa provide a model for nationalist movements Charismatic leaders Leadership of western-educated colonists Use of non-violence

6. Indian Nationalism Racism, shared grievances, and education brought the Indians together in a way that had never happened- sense of identity in a nation more diverse than all of Europe Issues Economic and social disruptions British businessmen favored Income generated in India was spent on British troops in WWI Indians unable to sell what they wanted during the war Famine- made worse by the war Rowlat Act: severe restrictions on Indian civil rights

7. Middle East Tensions Broken promises- Arab independence Palestine Promised to Arabs and Jews Balfour Declaration Zionists Most Europeans Jews were against them because they enjoyed citizenship and their life in Europe Dreyfus Affair

8. Liberation Struggles Begin in Africa Hardships brought on by the war Colonies suffered greatly- famine, shortages in economy Broken promises Pan-African movement: Difficult because there wasn’t really a common enemy Negritude literature- combat racial stereotyping that kept Africans in psychological bondage

9. Conclusions Stalemate in the war added great strain in the colonies and undermined the European power Europe’s economy disrupted and the rise of other economies Re-ignited class tensions Challenges to the gender roles Hardships in the war and broken promises were a catalyst for change Ideas of racial and psychological superiority decreased as people of color realized they too had power and became educated

10. Questions to Consider What were the results of the Paris peace conference? Why was it considered a failed peace? What were the intended purposes of the League of Nations? Strengths/Weaknesses? What factors stirred up the nationalist movements in India and Africa? How did Europe contribute to growing tensions in the Middle East?