This document analyzes the key features of effective factual writing through examining examples of an NHS health check leaflet, product instruction manual, and DIY/how-to guide. It discusses elements like conciseness, clarity, accuracy, avoidance of ambiguity, bias, register, referencing sources, legal considerations, and typography. Overall, the document emphasizes that factual writing must provide essential information in a clear, unambiguous way while avoiding bias and ensuring accuracy of content.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and colors, clarity of information, and how different elements are used to effectively communicate with the intended audience. The document concludes that instruction materials must be accurate, clear, concise and use visual elements appropriately to convey important details to users.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and colors, clarity of information, and how different elements are used to effectively communicate with the intended audience. The document concludes that instruction materials must be clear, concise, accurate, and address any legal or safety issues to properly inform users.
This document contains 10 sample letters that could be used to answer different types of IELTS letter writing tasks. The letters cover a variety of topics, including applying for a job, providing feedback to a restaurant, apologizing for withdrawing from a job commitment, asking for housing recommendations from friends, declining one job offer due to accepting another, making a complaint about a restaurant experience, requesting action about a barking dog, inquiring about items to purchase from a local shop, corresponding with a pen pal, and reconnecting with a friend while returning some leftover items. The document provides links to additional IELTS writing sample questions and answers.
This document analyzes and summarizes the key elements of factual writing styles for different types of documents, including leaflets, instruction manuals, and magazines. It discusses the importance of clarity, conciseness, accuracy, avoiding ambiguity, and other factors for each format. For leaflets, it notes the use of bold text and colors to draw attention. For instruction manuals, it emphasizes the need for complete accuracy. For magazines, it briefly touches on keeping stories concise to maintain reader interest.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and other design elements. The document emphasizes that instruction manuals and leaflets must be clear, concise, accurate and easy to understand in order to effectively communicate information to target audiences.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and other design elements. The document emphasizes that instruction manuals and leaflets must be clear, concise, accurate and easy to understand in order to effectively communicate information to target audiences.
The leaflet provides information about animal abuse on food farms in a busy format with a lot of text and some images. It has been clearly laid out but contains a large amount of information that makes it visually busy. The facts featured are referenced from the Captured Animal Protection Society and are likely accurate. The formal language makes it more appropriate for adult/teen audiences who can appreciate the details. While the contrasting colors help elements stand out, some images may discourage some viewers due to harsh material. It aims to educate the public on animal welfare laws and the experiences of animals in food farms.
The document discusses the typography, layout, and design elements used in an NHS informational leaflet. It notes that a sans serif font is used to indicate clear reading and that only two fonts are used throughout in variations of blue, which works well with the NHS color palette and conveys calmingness. Reasonably sized fonts are used on front and inner pages with bold headings to help the reader navigate. Pictures and text are evenly spaced and don't distract from the purpose of providing information. References to other sources of information are also included to guide readers.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and colors, clarity of information, and how different elements are used to effectively communicate with the intended audience. The document concludes that instruction materials must be accurate, clear, concise and use visual elements appropriately to convey important details to users.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and colors, clarity of information, and how different elements are used to effectively communicate with the intended audience. The document concludes that instruction materials must be clear, concise, accurate, and address any legal or safety issues to properly inform users.
This document contains 10 sample letters that could be used to answer different types of IELTS letter writing tasks. The letters cover a variety of topics, including applying for a job, providing feedback to a restaurant, apologizing for withdrawing from a job commitment, asking for housing recommendations from friends, declining one job offer due to accepting another, making a complaint about a restaurant experience, requesting action about a barking dog, inquiring about items to purchase from a local shop, corresponding with a pen pal, and reconnecting with a friend while returning some leftover items. The document provides links to additional IELTS writing sample questions and answers.
This document analyzes and summarizes the key elements of factual writing styles for different types of documents, including leaflets, instruction manuals, and magazines. It discusses the importance of clarity, conciseness, accuracy, avoiding ambiguity, and other factors for each format. For leaflets, it notes the use of bold text and colors to draw attention. For instruction manuals, it emphasizes the need for complete accuracy. For magazines, it briefly touches on keeping stories concise to maintain reader interest.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and other design elements. The document emphasizes that instruction manuals and leaflets must be clear, concise, accurate and easy to understand in order to effectively communicate information to target audiences.
The document discusses different types of leaflets and instruction manuals. It provides examples and analyses of a health information leaflet, a conservation group leaflet, and an instruction manual for assembling a product. The analyses examine typography, formatting, use of images and other design elements. The document emphasizes that instruction manuals and leaflets must be clear, concise, accurate and easy to understand in order to effectively communicate information to target audiences.
The leaflet provides information about animal abuse on food farms in a busy format with a lot of text and some images. It has been clearly laid out but contains a large amount of information that makes it visually busy. The facts featured are referenced from the Captured Animal Protection Society and are likely accurate. The formal language makes it more appropriate for adult/teen audiences who can appreciate the details. While the contrasting colors help elements stand out, some images may discourage some viewers due to harsh material. It aims to educate the public on animal welfare laws and the experiences of animals in food farms.
The document discusses the typography, layout, and design elements used in an NHS informational leaflet. It notes that a sans serif font is used to indicate clear reading and that only two fonts are used throughout in variations of blue, which works well with the NHS color palette and conveys calmingness. Reasonably sized fonts are used on front and inner pages with bold headings to help the reader navigate. Pictures and text are evenly spaced and don't distract from the purpose of providing information. References to other sources of information are also included to guide readers.
The document discusses rethinking the one-size-fits-all approach to medical device design. It argues that designing devices that better target the physical and emotional needs of different patient groups could improve compliance. It provides three examples (John, Tom, Mary) to demonstrate how the same device core could be customized through variations in form factor, features, aesthetics and other design elements to better suit different users' needs and lifestyles. The document advocates considering real users' needs early in the design process to identify reasonable customization opportunities while balancing regulatory and cost factors.
The article summarizes different types of factual writing styles: instructions, leaflets, and newspaper articles. It notes that instructions are clear and use formatting like numbering and diagrams to easily convey steps. Leaflets use varying fonts, colors, images and formatting to simply present important health information. Newspaper articles employ multiple columns, boxes, and fonts to guide the eye and present a mix of facts, opinions, and balanced perspectives on issues. Across all styles, accurate attribution of facts helps establish credibility and leaves little room for misinterpretation.
The 7 Essentials of Successful Health Economic CommunicationCovance
In an era of continued pressure on healthcare budgets, the role of health economic data has never been more important. Yet the contribution these data make to rational decision-making can be undermined by incomprehension, skepticism and even hostility from outsiders - including colleagues, commentators and healthcare decision-makers. What steps can be taken to address the problem?
Popular Press Assignment
Claims about the mind everywhere
Tension
Imagine you are a research scientist
You’ve spent years on a project
You carefully selected every word
Your claims are qualified and nuanced
Then some journalist writes an article that focuses on one small part of your work and gives it a misleading, sensationalized title.
Tension
Imagine you are a journalist
You’ve only got 1,000 words
You need to make the article catchy
You’ve got competition
Example:
Prize fight
Video
Thoughts
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
6
Inoue & Matsuzawa, 2007
Assignment
Part I – 10% of grade – Due on March 2nd at 11 AM
Read the Time magazine article entitled, “Watching TV Steers Children Toward Eating Junk”
Answer corresponding questions on Worksheet 1
Read the research study entitled, “Associations of Television Viewing With Eating Behaviors in the 2009 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study”
Answer remaining questions of Worksheet 1
Part II – 10% of grade – Due on April 11th at 11 AM
Read “Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior”
Write 750-1000 word popular press article about the study
Make it engaging, not a dry summary
Have fun and be creative
Pt 2 Expectations
Absolutely no plagiarism.
Two-quotation maximum.
Keep it clear and concise.
Important content. You will, of course, want to describe the (a) motivation for the research study, (b) aspects of the method used, and the (c) results. But it may also be important to discuss (d) the broader implications of the research and (e) possible limitations or criticisms of the research.
Be engaging.
Don’t forget a title!
More details
Things to keep in mind:
What are the 2 or 3 main points that you want your readers to take away from your article?
Make sure those points are very clear
What is the research question? What is the motivation for this question?
How did the researchers answer the question?
What did the researchers find? Broadly speaking, what were the results?
What are the implications? Why should people care? What questions remain?
If you thought the research wasn’t solid, why? What alternative explanation do you think should be considered?
General Rubric
50 Points
Writing: 20 points
clear and easy to read, logical organization
follows guidelines (e.g., only two quotes)
no spelling or grammatical errors
Engaging (but not overly sensationalized)
Don’t give a dry description of what the research was – help your reader understand the motivation and logic behind the work
Academic citations not needed (e.g., APA style), but quotes should have citations (e.g., Smith and colleagues state, “……….”)
General Rubric
50 Points
Content: 30 points
Required content (e.g., title, description of research)
The author clear.
The document provides guidance for creating easy-to-understand health communication materials. It outlines key principles for making messages clear, using effective visuals and design, considering cultural factors, and testing materials for readability. The guidelines can help transform complicated health information into formats that various audiences can relate to and comprehend.
The document discusses various methods for collecting and analyzing audience data, including quantitative data, qualitative data, audience profiles, socioeconomic status (SES), psychographics, gender, mainstream vs niche audiences, and geodemographics. Quantitative data provides readership and viewership figures through surveys, while qualitative data collects more detailed opinions through questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews. These various methods can help media producers understand and target their audiences.
The Nerf Stampede ECS instruction manual provides clear step-by-step instructions on how to use the product through diagrams and illustrations. However, the caution text could be more prominent. Overall the manual is easy to understand but the battery information could be more eye-catching.
The Viva! Lambing lies leaflet aims to convince readers to adopt a vegetarian lifestyle but lacks balance by only presenting one side of the argument. It uses emotional language and cites sources to support its biased opinion against meat consumption.
Newspaper articles promote political views through implicit language and references. They are inherently biased based on the owner's views but must follow codes of practice around libel, consent, and individuals'
This document summarizes information from existing magazine products. It discusses how magazines attract their target audiences through colorful covers, prominent headlines and previews of articles. Bright colors and popular characters on the cover help magazines stand out and generate interest. Short blurbs on the front give descriptions to engage older readers who prefer words over images. Backgrounds that suit the magazine's theme, like fishing, help pique customers' curiosity to learn more. Common effective elements identified across magazines are bold, bright colors that catch the eye among competitors.
The document provides an overview of the basics of report writing, including the purpose and elements of effective reports. It discusses determining the scope, considering the audience, gathering and analyzing information, determining solutions, and organizing the report. Key steps in report writing include defining the problem, providing background information, presenting supporting data, and stating conclusions and recommendations. The document also covers using graphics and maintaining an objective, impersonal writing style.
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL9
Hello,
I appreciate the timely submission of the assignment. This is a difficult course and an on-time submission suggests you’re off to a good start!
Just a couple comments about the introductory material. There is no need for a table of contents, and you want to simply use an APA formatted title page. I understand that you are likely following the format of the Prospectus Template.
There seems to be some confusion with respect to what you are required to do in this assignment. You were to present the problem, purpose, and research questions for your intended research. There was no need for a review of the literature except as it applies to the development of your problem statement. There was also no need to discuss methodology which is premature given that this will be studied in the course. There was also no need for the statement of hypotheses. As noted in the assignment you are to: “Develop a problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions for your intended dissertation research that will use a quantitative approach.”
Your introduction deals with the concept of market segmentation but there is a lack of understanding of what it is. As noted in the article that you cite by Venter et al (2018), market segmentation is not dividing a target market. It is the first step in what is referred to as STP strategy. This stands for segmentation, targeting and positioning. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market, all actual and potential buyers of a product, into homogeneous groups. This can be done based on a number of bases including geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral as you mentioned. The objective is to identify groups that have similar needs/wants. Once the market is segmented, the marketer needs to determine what segment(s) to target. Not all are equally acceptable. In order to be useful, a segment needs to be measurable, accessible, substantial, and distinguishable/differentiable. That is, the segment needs to be of sufficient size and profitable to serve. You also need to be able to reach those in the segment and distinguish it from other segments.
Once the market is segmented, the organization needs to evaluate the segments and decide on their strategy such as concentrated marketing targeting one segment or multiple segments. This is much more involved and complicated than you suggest and involves considerable research. The final step in the STP (segment, target, positioning) is how to position the brand in the minds of the consumer, typically relative to the competition. Again, this requires significant marketing research.
You then attempt to link customer satisfaction to customer segmentation. Customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and performance of an organization are all very different concept and independent of market segmentation. For instance, an organization could conceivably practice mass marketing with no segmentation an.
The document discusses three types of long-form content marketing: white papers, case studies, and eBooks. It provides details on what each type includes and how to determine which is best for a given purpose. White papers use facts and data to influence readers and drive awareness of problems and solutions. Case studies prove assertions through storytelling of how a solution helped a customer. eBooks provide value to readers in an easily shareable format. The key is understanding audience and goals to choose the most effective type of content.
The document discusses analyzing the intended audience of a technical document. It provides an example audience analysis for a technical description being written for employees of Corporation X, which includes details on the audience's age, gender, education, ethnicity, and technical experience. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the audience to ensure the document meets their needs and is more likely to be used.
This document analyzes existing magazine covers targeting different audiences. It summarizes the key techniques used in each magazine cover to attract their target markets. For example, the fishing magazine uses short descriptive blurbs on the front cover that will appeal more to older men who want to read rather than look at pictures. It also features an interesting background scene related to fishing that may intrigue customers. In general, the magazines analyzed use bright, bold colors and headlines to catch readers' attention and include relevant information for their target demographics on the front covers.
This document discusses different types of audience research that media producers use to define their target audiences, including quantitative, qualitative, demographic, and psychographic research. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each type of research method. It also discusses how different audience characteristics like socioeconomic status, age, gender, location, and interests can help media producers target specific niche or mainstream audiences.
This document provides guidance for creating easy-to-understand health communication materials. It discusses the importance of considering an audience's culture and literacy skills when designing materials. The guide outlines best practices for making messages clear, using effective text and visuals, layout and design considerations, and testing materials for readability. Appendices include checklists and resources for communication planning and calculating readability formulas. The overall goal is to transform technical health information into formats audiences can understand and relate to.
This document provides an overview of marketing tools that can be used during the electrical engineering design process. It discusses primary tools like surveys, focus groups, and interviews to understand customer needs and requirements. It also covers secondary market research tools to analyze industry trends, competitors, and potential customer demographics. The document emphasizes organizing customer feedback and prioritizing requirements to guide the design process. It also addresses estimating product price and sales volume.
The document discusses different types of factual writing including instruction guides, how-to manuals, and journalism. It notes several key aspects that all factual writing should aim for, such as clarity, conciseness, accuracy, avoiding ambiguity, and limiting bias. Images and formatting are also important to effectively convey information. References and legal constraints are particularly important for factual journalism to present balanced arguments and avoid issues like libel.
Diss 1First i ask myself what does collect bargaining mean .docxmadlynplamondon
Diss 1
First i ask myself what does collect bargaining mean? as i was doing my reading for this week and some research i found that it means on page 251 the process whereby workers organize under the representation of a union in order to share a degree of power with management to determine selected aspects of the conditions of employment. Then i ask myself how does it effect me as a upcoming nurse or a nurse in the healthcare field? it effects me in many ways i can use being apart of a union to get my concerns addressing and maybe answered such as pay, hours, better benefits, more sick days and paid vacations. Collective bargaining can help you build that relationship and respect between you and your employer and also contribute to stable and productive labor relations. I ask how it effects the patient, i believe they are the most important part of this process if it wasn't for the patients we wouldn't have a union. it affects the patients in many ways such as getting the adequate time/ care from the physicians , less medical errors. One thing that i read was having a positive work place makes it better for the patient and the staff.
Diss2
In my personal opinion, these are great tools for the nurses. Having a Union to represent you in a disagreement that your employer may not understand is of great value. When a group of nurses come together to resolve a common issue and have a union representing them for a collecting bargain is an organized way of hospitals diffusing the fight over power. Sometimes when you go to a nursing supervisor or a manager they are too busy with their own agendas that a recommendation by a nurse may be overlooked. Or having nurses worked short staffed may be working for the nursing manager but not for the actual nurses working the floor.
Having a Union has helped the Nursing profession a great deal because nurses are able to strike and do as they see fit in order to have their employers see their passion without being reprimanded or fired for voicing their opinions. Collective bargaining is the organized way of coming to an agreement. It will not really impact the patient because the Union provides a 10 day letter stating when or where the strike will take place so that the hospital can make prior arrangements to have staff for the patients therefore keeping patients safe at all times
Assignment Guidelines NR224 Fundamentals - Skills
RUA: Patient Safety Goals
Revised 07/22/18
1
Required Uniform Assignment: National Patient Safety Goals
PURPOSE
This exercise is designed to increase the students' awareness of the National Patient Safety Goals developed
by The Joint Commission. Specifically, this assignment will introduce the Speak Up Initiatives, an award-
winning patient safety program designed to help patients promote their own safety by proactively taking
charge of their healthcare.
COURSE OUTCOMES
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
CO #2 ...
I gave this presentation to an undergraduate Design Research class at the University of Kansas, taught by Julia Eschman and Tamara Christensen, in March 2011. It focuses on the importance of finding the right people to drive insights for ethnographic/design research, and addresses tactics for doing so.
Recruiting is a key part of the design research process that often does not get the attention it deserves, to the detriment of project outcomes. I invite you to share your experiences and questions, to build a dialogue about this topic!
Pitching is an important skill for entrepreneurs. To create an effective pitch, focus on clearly explaining your product or service, how it benefits customers, and how it will generate revenue. Keep the pitch concise by highlighting only the most important details in 3 minutes or less to engage potential investors or partners.
Pitch is a short summary of an idea or product in order to interest investors or customers. It should be brief and highlight the problem, solution, and call to action in 3 sentences or less. The document provides the name "Pitch" and "Task 10" as the title with "Patrick Gouldsbrough" likely being the author or presenter.
The document discusses rethinking the one-size-fits-all approach to medical device design. It argues that designing devices that better target the physical and emotional needs of different patient groups could improve compliance. It provides three examples (John, Tom, Mary) to demonstrate how the same device core could be customized through variations in form factor, features, aesthetics and other design elements to better suit different users' needs and lifestyles. The document advocates considering real users' needs early in the design process to identify reasonable customization opportunities while balancing regulatory and cost factors.
The article summarizes different types of factual writing styles: instructions, leaflets, and newspaper articles. It notes that instructions are clear and use formatting like numbering and diagrams to easily convey steps. Leaflets use varying fonts, colors, images and formatting to simply present important health information. Newspaper articles employ multiple columns, boxes, and fonts to guide the eye and present a mix of facts, opinions, and balanced perspectives on issues. Across all styles, accurate attribution of facts helps establish credibility and leaves little room for misinterpretation.
The 7 Essentials of Successful Health Economic CommunicationCovance
In an era of continued pressure on healthcare budgets, the role of health economic data has never been more important. Yet the contribution these data make to rational decision-making can be undermined by incomprehension, skepticism and even hostility from outsiders - including colleagues, commentators and healthcare decision-makers. What steps can be taken to address the problem?
Popular Press Assignment
Claims about the mind everywhere
Tension
Imagine you are a research scientist
You’ve spent years on a project
You carefully selected every word
Your claims are qualified and nuanced
Then some journalist writes an article that focuses on one small part of your work and gives it a misleading, sensationalized title.
Tension
Imagine you are a journalist
You’ve only got 1,000 words
You need to make the article catchy
You’ve got competition
Example:
Prize fight
Video
Thoughts
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
6
Inoue & Matsuzawa, 2007
Assignment
Part I – 10% of grade – Due on March 2nd at 11 AM
Read the Time magazine article entitled, “Watching TV Steers Children Toward Eating Junk”
Answer corresponding questions on Worksheet 1
Read the research study entitled, “Associations of Television Viewing With Eating Behaviors in the 2009 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study”
Answer remaining questions of Worksheet 1
Part II – 10% of grade – Due on April 11th at 11 AM
Read “Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior”
Write 750-1000 word popular press article about the study
Make it engaging, not a dry summary
Have fun and be creative
Pt 2 Expectations
Absolutely no plagiarism.
Two-quotation maximum.
Keep it clear and concise.
Important content. You will, of course, want to describe the (a) motivation for the research study, (b) aspects of the method used, and the (c) results. But it may also be important to discuss (d) the broader implications of the research and (e) possible limitations or criticisms of the research.
Be engaging.
Don’t forget a title!
More details
Things to keep in mind:
What are the 2 or 3 main points that you want your readers to take away from your article?
Make sure those points are very clear
What is the research question? What is the motivation for this question?
How did the researchers answer the question?
What did the researchers find? Broadly speaking, what were the results?
What are the implications? Why should people care? What questions remain?
If you thought the research wasn’t solid, why? What alternative explanation do you think should be considered?
General Rubric
50 Points
Writing: 20 points
clear and easy to read, logical organization
follows guidelines (e.g., only two quotes)
no spelling or grammatical errors
Engaging (but not overly sensationalized)
Don’t give a dry description of what the research was – help your reader understand the motivation and logic behind the work
Academic citations not needed (e.g., APA style), but quotes should have citations (e.g., Smith and colleagues state, “……….”)
General Rubric
50 Points
Content: 30 points
Required content (e.g., title, description of research)
The author clear.
The document provides guidance for creating easy-to-understand health communication materials. It outlines key principles for making messages clear, using effective visuals and design, considering cultural factors, and testing materials for readability. The guidelines can help transform complicated health information into formats that various audiences can relate to and comprehend.
The document discusses various methods for collecting and analyzing audience data, including quantitative data, qualitative data, audience profiles, socioeconomic status (SES), psychographics, gender, mainstream vs niche audiences, and geodemographics. Quantitative data provides readership and viewership figures through surveys, while qualitative data collects more detailed opinions through questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews. These various methods can help media producers understand and target their audiences.
The Nerf Stampede ECS instruction manual provides clear step-by-step instructions on how to use the product through diagrams and illustrations. However, the caution text could be more prominent. Overall the manual is easy to understand but the battery information could be more eye-catching.
The Viva! Lambing lies leaflet aims to convince readers to adopt a vegetarian lifestyle but lacks balance by only presenting one side of the argument. It uses emotional language and cites sources to support its biased opinion against meat consumption.
Newspaper articles promote political views through implicit language and references. They are inherently biased based on the owner's views but must follow codes of practice around libel, consent, and individuals'
This document summarizes information from existing magazine products. It discusses how magazines attract their target audiences through colorful covers, prominent headlines and previews of articles. Bright colors and popular characters on the cover help magazines stand out and generate interest. Short blurbs on the front give descriptions to engage older readers who prefer words over images. Backgrounds that suit the magazine's theme, like fishing, help pique customers' curiosity to learn more. Common effective elements identified across magazines are bold, bright colors that catch the eye among competitors.
The document provides an overview of the basics of report writing, including the purpose and elements of effective reports. It discusses determining the scope, considering the audience, gathering and analyzing information, determining solutions, and organizing the report. Key steps in report writing include defining the problem, providing background information, presenting supporting data, and stating conclusions and recommendations. The document also covers using graphics and maintaining an objective, impersonal writing style.
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL9
Hello,
I appreciate the timely submission of the assignment. This is a difficult course and an on-time submission suggests you’re off to a good start!
Just a couple comments about the introductory material. There is no need for a table of contents, and you want to simply use an APA formatted title page. I understand that you are likely following the format of the Prospectus Template.
There seems to be some confusion with respect to what you are required to do in this assignment. You were to present the problem, purpose, and research questions for your intended research. There was no need for a review of the literature except as it applies to the development of your problem statement. There was also no need to discuss methodology which is premature given that this will be studied in the course. There was also no need for the statement of hypotheses. As noted in the assignment you are to: “Develop a problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions for your intended dissertation research that will use a quantitative approach.”
Your introduction deals with the concept of market segmentation but there is a lack of understanding of what it is. As noted in the article that you cite by Venter et al (2018), market segmentation is not dividing a target market. It is the first step in what is referred to as STP strategy. This stands for segmentation, targeting and positioning. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market, all actual and potential buyers of a product, into homogeneous groups. This can be done based on a number of bases including geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral as you mentioned. The objective is to identify groups that have similar needs/wants. Once the market is segmented, the marketer needs to determine what segment(s) to target. Not all are equally acceptable. In order to be useful, a segment needs to be measurable, accessible, substantial, and distinguishable/differentiable. That is, the segment needs to be of sufficient size and profitable to serve. You also need to be able to reach those in the segment and distinguish it from other segments.
Once the market is segmented, the organization needs to evaluate the segments and decide on their strategy such as concentrated marketing targeting one segment or multiple segments. This is much more involved and complicated than you suggest and involves considerable research. The final step in the STP (segment, target, positioning) is how to position the brand in the minds of the consumer, typically relative to the competition. Again, this requires significant marketing research.
You then attempt to link customer satisfaction to customer segmentation. Customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and performance of an organization are all very different concept and independent of market segmentation. For instance, an organization could conceivably practice mass marketing with no segmentation an.
The document discusses three types of long-form content marketing: white papers, case studies, and eBooks. It provides details on what each type includes and how to determine which is best for a given purpose. White papers use facts and data to influence readers and drive awareness of problems and solutions. Case studies prove assertions through storytelling of how a solution helped a customer. eBooks provide value to readers in an easily shareable format. The key is understanding audience and goals to choose the most effective type of content.
The document discusses analyzing the intended audience of a technical document. It provides an example audience analysis for a technical description being written for employees of Corporation X, which includes details on the audience's age, gender, education, ethnicity, and technical experience. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the audience to ensure the document meets their needs and is more likely to be used.
This document analyzes existing magazine covers targeting different audiences. It summarizes the key techniques used in each magazine cover to attract their target markets. For example, the fishing magazine uses short descriptive blurbs on the front cover that will appeal more to older men who want to read rather than look at pictures. It also features an interesting background scene related to fishing that may intrigue customers. In general, the magazines analyzed use bright, bold colors and headlines to catch readers' attention and include relevant information for their target demographics on the front covers.
This document discusses different types of audience research that media producers use to define their target audiences, including quantitative, qualitative, demographic, and psychographic research. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each type of research method. It also discusses how different audience characteristics like socioeconomic status, age, gender, location, and interests can help media producers target specific niche or mainstream audiences.
This document provides guidance for creating easy-to-understand health communication materials. It discusses the importance of considering an audience's culture and literacy skills when designing materials. The guide outlines best practices for making messages clear, using effective text and visuals, layout and design considerations, and testing materials for readability. Appendices include checklists and resources for communication planning and calculating readability formulas. The overall goal is to transform technical health information into formats audiences can understand and relate to.
This document provides an overview of marketing tools that can be used during the electrical engineering design process. It discusses primary tools like surveys, focus groups, and interviews to understand customer needs and requirements. It also covers secondary market research tools to analyze industry trends, competitors, and potential customer demographics. The document emphasizes organizing customer feedback and prioritizing requirements to guide the design process. It also addresses estimating product price and sales volume.
The document discusses different types of factual writing including instruction guides, how-to manuals, and journalism. It notes several key aspects that all factual writing should aim for, such as clarity, conciseness, accuracy, avoiding ambiguity, and limiting bias. Images and formatting are also important to effectively convey information. References and legal constraints are particularly important for factual journalism to present balanced arguments and avoid issues like libel.
Diss 1First i ask myself what does collect bargaining mean .docxmadlynplamondon
Diss 1
First i ask myself what does collect bargaining mean? as i was doing my reading for this week and some research i found that it means on page 251 the process whereby workers organize under the representation of a union in order to share a degree of power with management to determine selected aspects of the conditions of employment. Then i ask myself how does it effect me as a upcoming nurse or a nurse in the healthcare field? it effects me in many ways i can use being apart of a union to get my concerns addressing and maybe answered such as pay, hours, better benefits, more sick days and paid vacations. Collective bargaining can help you build that relationship and respect between you and your employer and also contribute to stable and productive labor relations. I ask how it effects the patient, i believe they are the most important part of this process if it wasn't for the patients we wouldn't have a union. it affects the patients in many ways such as getting the adequate time/ care from the physicians , less medical errors. One thing that i read was having a positive work place makes it better for the patient and the staff.
Diss2
In my personal opinion, these are great tools for the nurses. Having a Union to represent you in a disagreement that your employer may not understand is of great value. When a group of nurses come together to resolve a common issue and have a union representing them for a collecting bargain is an organized way of hospitals diffusing the fight over power. Sometimes when you go to a nursing supervisor or a manager they are too busy with their own agendas that a recommendation by a nurse may be overlooked. Or having nurses worked short staffed may be working for the nursing manager but not for the actual nurses working the floor.
Having a Union has helped the Nursing profession a great deal because nurses are able to strike and do as they see fit in order to have their employers see their passion without being reprimanded or fired for voicing their opinions. Collective bargaining is the organized way of coming to an agreement. It will not really impact the patient because the Union provides a 10 day letter stating when or where the strike will take place so that the hospital can make prior arrangements to have staff for the patients therefore keeping patients safe at all times
Assignment Guidelines NR224 Fundamentals - Skills
RUA: Patient Safety Goals
Revised 07/22/18
1
Required Uniform Assignment: National Patient Safety Goals
PURPOSE
This exercise is designed to increase the students' awareness of the National Patient Safety Goals developed
by The Joint Commission. Specifically, this assignment will introduce the Speak Up Initiatives, an award-
winning patient safety program designed to help patients promote their own safety by proactively taking
charge of their healthcare.
COURSE OUTCOMES
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
CO #2 ...
I gave this presentation to an undergraduate Design Research class at the University of Kansas, taught by Julia Eschman and Tamara Christensen, in March 2011. It focuses on the importance of finding the right people to drive insights for ethnographic/design research, and addresses tactics for doing so.
Recruiting is a key part of the design research process that often does not get the attention it deserves, to the detriment of project outcomes. I invite you to share your experiences and questions, to build a dialogue about this topic!
Pitching is an important skill for entrepreneurs. To create an effective pitch, focus on clearly explaining your product or service, how it benefits customers, and how it will generate revenue. Keep the pitch concise by highlighting only the most important details in 3 minutes or less to engage potential investors or partners.
Pitch is a short summary of an idea or product in order to interest investors or customers. It should be brief and highlight the problem, solution, and call to action in 3 sentences or less. The document provides the name "Pitch" and "Task 10" as the title with "Patrick Gouldsbrough" likely being the author or presenter.
Here is a comparison of the original intentions versus the resulting outcomes for the key elements of this project:
Logo Design:
- Original intention was for a literal design featuring litter in the shape of a surfer to directly represent Surfers Against Sewage.
- Resulting outcome was a more abstract wave design using contrasting colors to make it eye-catching while positively representing surfing.
Poster:
- Originally wanted to use only positive imagery to promote SAS in a positive light
- Realized negative imagery works better to grab attention and elicit an emotional response, so resulting poster used slogans and listing of threatened beaches.
Merchandise:
- Initially wanted to directly adapt unused logo designs onto products
This document discusses case studies of Greenpeace and the NHS and their social media campaigns. For Greenpeace, the purposes of their campaigns are to raise awareness of environmental issues like global warming, change attitudes towards pollution, and challenge agendas that don't prioritize protecting the planet. Their techniques use bold colors and fonts to emphasize key messages and graphic images to depict potential consequences of inaction. For the NHS, the purposes of their anti-smoking campaigns are to change public attitudes towards smoking and raise awareness of health risks, like the link between smoking and cancer. Both campaigns aim to educate the public and encourage behavior change on important social issues.
This document summarizes a case study about a campaign by the University of Kent to promote careers in media for ethnic minority students. The purposes of the campaign are to bring about national change by increasing diversity in UK media, change attitudes about racial inequality in employment, raise awareness of the lack of representation of ethnic minorities in media jobs, and create more access and opportunities for non-traditional groups. The campaign aims to both inform ethnic minority students about career opportunities and educate non-ethnic groups about the inequality faced by ethnic minorities in media industries. Key techniques used in the campaign materials include using bold text to clearly communicate the purpose upfront and providing information and resources to build relationships with target audiences.
The document discusses the evaluation of various logo, membership form, merchandise, and poster designs created for Surfers Against Sewage. For the logo design, the author notes that their initial design featuring litter in the shape of a surfer fulfilled the purpose but was not eye-catching enough. Their subsequent surf-themed logo was more positive and customizable. For the membership form, the author's initial leaflet design fulfilled the content purpose but had layout issues. They improved it by changing to a booklet format. Some merchandise designs like a cushion were not effective. The author realized posters needed negative imagery to stand out, against their initial goal of positive imagery.
The document discusses final designs for Task 8. It was authored by Patrick Gouldsbrough and appears to pertain to a design project involving multiple tasks. The brief title and author name provide limited contextual information about the specific contents or purpose of the document.
The document outlines plans for a poster design. It discusses choosing simple sans serif fonts for readability. Potential color choices are considered, including lighter blues that appeal to all demographics or incorporating the logo's blue. Text amount is debated - too much bores readers but some information is needed to explain the charity's work and goals. Mockups show main copy over or within the logo with social media/website details. The final design may differ from these initial concepts.
The document discusses the development of a campaign poster for a client. It considers whether to use positive or negative themes, and decides on positive themes to appeal to a wider audience. Font, color, and image choices are explored to target multiple demographics and present a cohesive product range. Various fonts, colors, and images are considered before narrowing options down based on testing designs and ensuring appeal across age, gender, and social groups.
The document discusses potential merchandise ideas for an environmental charity called SAS. It analyzes t-shirts, bags, posters, coffee cups, phone cases, and towels as potential merchandise options. T-shirts are identified as a popular, profitable option while bags would be more difficult to mass produce. Posters are suggested as an inexpensive impulse purchase. Coffee cups could sell through convenience rather than impulse. Phone cases are deemed inappropriate due to environmental concerns. Towels may not have high enough demand compared to other options. The document also notes some existing logo and design ideas that could be applied to merchandise, as well as other potential product types not featured on the mood board.
The document discusses the design of a membership form for a charity called SAS that works to reduce beach litter. It will include imagery to appeal to a mass market, short statistics and social media comments to encourage membership, enticing offers for new and existing members, direct debit information and payment methods to allow donations, and the charity's tagline and logo to increase familiarity. The goal is to promote the charity and increase its followers and popularity through an effective membership form and rebranding.
The document discusses final designs for Task 8. It was authored by Patrick Gouldsbrough and appears to pertain to a design project involving multiple tasks. The document title and author provide high-level context but no other details about the specific designs or task are included in the short document.
This document contains a SWOT analysis for a proposed new MP3 player that allows streaming music from Spotify. Some strengths identified include the innovative streaming feature, ability to undercut Apple's prices, and potential to break into the market. Weaknesses include potential issues streaming without internet and lack of brand recognition. Opportunities lie in partnerships, future product iterations, and resurrecting the MP3 format. Threats include over-reliance on Spotify, technical issues, inability to compete with Apple, and unresolved issues from past MP3 players like battery life.
The document discusses creating mood boards for different target demographics of a product range for Surfers Against Sewage (SAS). It analyzes including social media posts to appeal to younger audiences, using bright colors and professional/amateur surfers to inspire women, and focusing on challenges and competition to attract men. Color schemes and fonts are selected accordingly - bright for youth, pastel for women, and darker tones for men. Images of clean beaches and SAS advocacy are included to showcase the charity's goals and impact. The document emphasizes using clear, readable fonts and experimenting with combinations of imagery, colors and styles to determine the most effective design.
The document discusses ideas for promotional posters for Surfers Against Sewage (SAS), a charity that campaigns against ocean pollution. It considers whether the posters should use positive or negative imagery. It also discusses whether the layout should be busy or clear, and what type of fonts would be most effective. While negative imagery and bold fonts have traditionally worked well for SAS, the document notes that a fresh approach using positive messaging or a clearer layout could help SAS expand its reach and impact. Any design choices would need to be carefully considered to avoid losing recognition or interest from the target audience.
This document discusses several posters and logos created by Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) to raise awareness about the dangers of littering and dumping waste in oceans and waterways.
The first poster uses imagery of a plastic bag shaped like a shark to personify the threat of litter to surfers. It aims to build relationships and raise awareness among the general public. Another poster employs dark colors and negative imagery like a piece of litter shaped like a noose to strongly impact viewers.
The document analyzes the visual design elements, intended messages, and effectiveness of SAS's branding over time as the organization worked to establish recognition and expand from a local to national initiative on a limited budget. It provides suggestions for experiment
This document summarizes a case study about a campaign by the University of Kent to promote careers in media for ethnic minority students. The purposes of the campaign are to bring about national change by increasing diversity in UK media, change attitudes about racial inequality in employment, raise awareness of the lack of representation of ethnic minorities in media jobs, and create more access and opportunities for non-traditional groups. The campaign aims to both inform ethnic minority students about career opportunities and educate non-ethnic groups about the inequality faced by ethnic minorities in media industries. Key techniques used in the campaign materials include using bold text to clearly communicate the purpose upfront and providing information and resources to build relationships with target audiences.
James Argent is a 55-year-old rock artist launching his first solo album "In the Wind" after previously being in the band Masonic Temple. The objectives for the album are to establish Argent as a solo artist with his own fanbase rather than being associated with his previous band, regain some fans of Masonic Temple who may have been divided after the band split, and sell 200,000 copies of the album within 3 months. The target audience includes previous Masonic Temple fans aged 50-55 as well as new, younger fans attracted by the album's soft rock and alternative genres. Publicity for the album would focus on magazines like MOJO and Q, TV shows on mainstream channels, and radio stations like Radio 2
James Argent is a 55-year-old rock artist launching his first solo album "In the Wind" after previously being in the band Masonic Temple. The objectives for the album are to establish Argent as a solo artist with his own fanbase rather than being associated with his previous band, target both existing fans of Masonic Temple as well as new fans interested in soft rock/alternative genres, and sell over 200,000 copies of the album within 3 months. The key messages that will be communicated are that this album shows Argent's ability to adapt genres and should be viewed as the work of a solo artist rather than a continuation of Masonic Temple.
This SWOT analysis examines a proposed new MP3 player that would stream music from Spotify. Strengths include the innovative streaming feature, ability to undercut Apple's prices, and potential to break into the market. Weaknesses are lack of offline functionality, potential need for dual storage of personal music, and lack of advanced features. Opportunities exist to compete with Apple on price and emulate Spotify's success, while threats include increased royalty demands and hacking risks from internet reliance.
Tom Cruise Daughter: An Insight into the Life of Suri Cruisegreendigital
Tom Cruise is a name that resonates with global audiences for his iconic roles in blockbuster films and his dynamic presence in Hollywood. But, beyond his illustrious career, Tom Cruise's personal life. especially his relationship with his daughter has been a subject of public fascination and media scrutiny. This article delves deep into the life of Tom Cruise daughter, Suri Cruise. Exploring her upbringing, the influence of her parents, and her current life.
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Introduction: The Fame Surrounding Tom Cruise Daughter
Suri Cruise, the daughter of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, has been in the public eye since her birth on April 18, 2006. Thanks to the media's relentless coverage, the world watched her grow up. As the daughter of one of Hollywood's most renowned actors. Suri has had a unique upbringing marked by privilege and scrutiny. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Suri Cruise's life. Her relationship with her parents, and her journey so far.
Early Life of Tom Cruise Daughter
Birth and Immediate Fame
Suri Cruise was born in Santa Monica, California. and from the moment she came into the world, she was thrust into the limelight. Her parents, Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes. Were one of Hollywood's most talked-about couples at the time. The birth of their daughter was a anticipated event. and Suri's first public appearance in Vanity Fair magazine set the tone for her life in the public eye.
The Impact of Celebrity Parents
Having celebrity parents like Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes comes with its own set of challenges and privileges. Suri Cruise's early life marked by a whirlwind of media attention. paparazzi, and public interest. Despite the constant spotlight. Her parents tried to provide her with an upbringing that was as normal as possible.
The Influence of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes
Tom Cruise's Parenting Style
Tom Cruise known for his dedication and passion in both his professional and personal life. As a father, Cruise has described as loving and protective. His involvement in the Church of Scientology, but, has been a point of contention and has influenced his relationship with Suri. Cruise's commitment to Scientology has reported to be a significant factor in his and Holmes' divorce and his limited public interactions with Suri.
Katie Holmes' Role in Suri's Life
Katie Holmes has been Suri's primary caregiver since her separation from Tom Cruise in 2012. Holmes has provided a stable and grounded environment for her daughter. She moved to New York City with Suri to start a new chapter in their lives away from the intense scrutiny of Hollywood.
Suri Cruise: Growing Up in the Spotlight
Media Attention and Public Interest
From stylish outfits to everyday activities. Suri Cruise has been a favorite subject for tabloids and entertainment news. The constant media attention has shaped her childhood. Despite this, Suri has managed to maintain a level of normalcy, thanks to her mother's efforts.
Jason Kozup is a versatile figure whose impact spans numerous sectors. From the realms of entertainment and security, he has thrived as a producer, actor, stuntman, model, and aerospace defense contractor, showcasing excellence across the board.
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The cats, Sunny and Rishi, are brothers who live with their sister, Jessica, and their grandmother, Susie. They work as cleaners but wish to seek other kinds of employment that are better than their current jobs. New career adventures await Sunny and Rishi!
Audio Video equipment supplier in Gurgaondemoacsindia
Explore our website for the latest audio visual equipment. From projectors to
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The Midnight Sculptor.pdf writer by Ali alsiadali345alghlay
The city of Ravens burg was known for its gothic architecture, fog-covered streets, and an eerie silence that seemed to hang over the town like a shroud.
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2. Conciseness – The NHS have kept this leaflet concise and put in the key
elements, while leaving out the unnecessary and irrelevant content. Too
much text can make the target audience disinterested and when
discussing such a key topic, you can’t afford to make this leaflet boring
and restrained, you have to get your information out, even if it means
having a small paragraph of very important information.
Clarity – This particular leaflet uses a clear and clean layout, which is
evident from the absence of text on the front cover of this leaflet, while
the piece giving you all the relevant information doesn’t bombard you
with text. Instead, it’s separated into clear sections which allows the
consumer to search for the part they want and allows them to bypass all
the parts that aren’t relevant to them or their situation. This level of
clarity is warranted, due to the age group this leaflet is trying to target.
A 40-74 demographic, the age range that these health checks target,
require a bigger and clearer font and layout because their eyesight may
only let them read larger fonts.
Accuracy – Even though this leaflet is NHS and they are a
widely accurate and trusted company, they will still have
check and re-check their facts, especially if this is an old
leaflets. Developments through medical research may have
led to a change in old information, therefore this information
should be passed out to the consumer through new or
amended leaflets. NHS have avoided missing out on accuracy
by staying generalised but still on a level that gives the
consumer all the information they will need about the topic.
They don’t feature my facts or figures but this leaflet isn’t
about worrying the target audience with figures, it’s about
answering question and queries that the consumer has.
Avoidance of ambiguity – Like I stated in the accuracy
section, the NHS generally stay away from stats and
concentrate on facts about procedures and answering
potential consumer queries. In terms of facts, a corporation
like the NHS are in control and have hold of
consumer/patient trust so are in control of these checks so
not many people, if anyone, can say that the information is
incorrect and ambiguous.
Bias – The nature and topic of this leaflet means that it
cannot and is not biased in any way. Due to the NHS giving
out the free health check, it’s the choice of the consumer
whether to take it or not. The corporation may try and push
people towards them by using a ‘scaremonger’ tactic in the
form of this serious natured leaflet, but it doesn’t, at any
point, become biased.
Register – Again, due to the age demographics that are
trying to be targeted by the NHS, the corporation have made
the leaflet accordingly. No informal or medical lexis is used
on the leaflet because it may confuse the demographic.
Instead, a formal lexis is used throughout this particular
layout.
3. Evidencing of argument – Before the content is even visible
to the consumer and the front cover is the only thing that
can be seen, the issue has already been addressed and the
topic is already introduced. The front cover gives you an
overview of the purpose and topic, before the content inside
furthers explains and goes into depth about the particular
issue. As for opinions, there aren’t really any opinions
attached to this type of leaflet, due to the free health check
surely been a good thing for the consumer, so from a
consumer point of view, there shouldn’t be opinions
included in this leaflet. From a NHS point of view, they are
also trying to remain biased so personal opinions should and
are not included in this particular print product.
Referencing sources – This particular leaflet doesn’t really include
sources as such, instead, the NHS use personal viewpoints which other
medical organisation tend to use as their references.
Legal restraints – Checking the
information on the leaflets is key,
especially when advertising something as
important as a medical procedure. Even if
the health check is free, if a consumer
has one and it wasn’t necessary, some
legal action could be taken. However, the
NHS cover themselves legally by adding
“it is impossible to say that someone will
or won’t go on to develop one of these
conditions”. If this wasn’t added,
assumptions could be made and legal
challenges that state that consumers
have not been properly informed could
be raised.
Codes of practice – This leaflet won’t be subject to the NUJ or editors
code of practice, however, may fall into the ASA and trading standards
codes. While a product isn’t been directly traded or sold, a service by the
NHS is been provided and therefore the ASA and TSC may look into the
leaflets and other informational products the NHS make. As well as these
two agencies, a medical trading agency or similar may look into these
adverts too.
4. Typography (font effects) – The font on the front cover is
bold both for the title and the labels on the illustrations. This
helps the consumer easily identify the topic of the leaflet and
helps tell the audience all the relevant information before
they’ve flicked to the main content inside. When you get
inside however, there is only one piece of bold font face; a
little less than you would have thought for such a key leaflet.
The ‘questions you may have’ title is understandable in bold
because it’s one of, if not the mist important pieces of
information on the leaflet. On the other hand, you expect
the questions to be in bold too, but they're in colour; a
feature I will talk about in the typography (colour) section.
Typography (colour) – Colour is used on leaflets to draw
attention to key information and make it stand out as one of
the key features in the print product. On this particular
leaflet, there are plenty of examples of typography regarding
colour. The first time you notice it is the white text on the
pink, yellow, red and blue backgrounds of the front cover.
This feature helps to communicate with the consumer what
the health check is all about and which specific areas of the
body could be under threat. This is key part to colour
because it not only makes the serious topic stand out to the
consumer, it also makes the consumer realise the severity of
this problem and get them to think about it. Inside, more
text is highlighted in another colour to make it stand out. The
question titles are highlighted in green to make them stand
out from the answers to the questions below. This allows the
consumer to skip to the part of the leaflet they need without
reading all the irrelevant information before.
Typography (font style) – The font face for both the main copy and the
title are simple and easily readable fonts, they aren’t stylised because
the function of this leaflet is to inform the consumer about a potentially
scary and serious subject, you need a serious yet comforting font, which
I believe the NHS have found for this particular print product. The font
style of the normal copy is standard and of a clean nature, which isn’t
soothing or comforting which you may think will be the font face for a
serious topic. However, it’s not an angry or distasteful font either, which
suggests the NHS have gone for readability of their font, rather than
style. A feature that reduces the credibility of this leaflet is the small
print down at the bottom. Due to this leaflet been for an older age
group, you would have thought all the text on the page would be big
and readable, however, the section on the left hand side is hardly
visible. This maybe because this text is irrelevant but if so, why is it on
the leaflet and if it’s key information and the consumer misses it, this
could have serious repercussions for both the audience and the
corporation.
5. Conciseness – A feature that is evident on this and most other
instruction manuals is the fact that they aren’t very concise in nature.
Apart from the brief break from text with the images, it’s just mainly a
huge block of text. However, even if the instruction manual isn’t very
concise, all the information is key and can’t be taken out. Large pieces
of text such as the warning is there to make sure the consumer stays
safe, while also making sure the company aren’t subject to a law suit
through absence of safety or warning notices. So this product is no
different to their instruction manuals, they all contain huge paragraphs
of text but it’s required to fulfill it’s purpose, informing the
customer/consumer of how it works and the health and safety that
must be taken into consideration.
Clarity – Been in black and white, not many features of the instruction
manual are clear. The images stand out more than the text, which
should be a key feature of an instruction manual. However, you still
need certain parts of the text to stand out or it won’t catch the
consumers attention. Also, as I mentioned in the conciseness section,
the amount of text means that it isn’t clear and all the text seems to
blur into one. The only bits that stand out are the headings of the
sections, which are important but are wasted features if no other parts
stand out along with it.
Accuracy – Like the example of the leaflet, the accuracy of the
instruction manual has to be very accurate with no mistakes. The
consequence of not doing this will lead to the consumer not been able
to make or construct the product, therefore giving the product a bad
name, which, in turn, will lead to monumental financial difficult for the
company. This particular instruction manual is just telling the consumer
about all the features of the product, due to the product coming
already assembled. This is better because there is less to go wrong, but
the company still have to be completely accurate with the directions
and the arts of the product.
6. Avoidance of ambiguity – The purpose of an instruction manual is to tell the
consumer how to use a certain product, instead of telling the consumer
about sales figures and statistics about the product. However, all instruction
manuals are ambiguous or fit the description, according to the dictionary
definition. The companies who make the product and manuals only have
one way of putting the product together, therefore, surely you can only
interpret it one way, which, in turn, makes all instruction manuals, that are
accurate anyway, ambiguous.
Bias – Instruction manuals can’t be bias. Companies may claim that they’re
product is the best but within reason, this is allowed by the ASA and classed
as a ‘sales tactic’. Bias doesn’t really have a place in the annotation of
instruction manuals.
Register – On all instruction manuals, the companies who make the
products will tend to use a simple and broken down lexis. This is not
because younger demographics will be reading them (if the product is for a
child, it’s probably assumed that the parents will construct/assemble it) it’s
because instructions should be clear and easy to follow. Putting in formal
lexis could confuse the consumer, so a simple lexis is key to the success of
the manual and the overall product. Even though formal lexis is avoided,
specialist lexis is still used in instruction manuals. It must be used because
the companies are just saying what it is and trying to get the consumer to
have an understanding of their product.
Evidencing of argument – This is not relevant to this factual writing form,
due to there been no opinions involved on this instruction manual.
Evidencing an argument means having two sides to the story, but with
instructions, there is only one because the company are telling the
consumer how to put up/use their product.
Referencing sources – Like the NHS leaflet, this particular instruction manual
is telling the consumer their own information that they have created.
Therefore, they do not have to reference any external sources for this
information. This is the case for most other instruction manuals also.
7. Legal restraints – Like any factual piece of writing, as long as all the
information is checked an amended if incorrect, there will be no legal
constraints. Also, the consequences to getting some information wrong on
the instruction manual won’t be as detrimental compared with the NHS
leaflet. If something isn’t accurate in the leaflet, patients health and safety
maybe compromised and a lawsuit will definitely be filed against the
corporation. Where as if an incorrect fact is included on the instruction
manual, there will be no harm to the consumer. *an exception maybe taken
if the instruction manual was for a razor, instead of a camera attachment. In
this instance, if the consumer is harmed, a lawsuit maybe taken for incorrect
information included on the print product.
Codes of practice – Due to this piece not been a piece of journalism, it won’t
be subject to the NUJ codes. The ASA code of practice won’t be relevant to
this piece either because of the nature of the factual print piece; the
instruction manual is aiming to inform, not persuade or advertise. The only
code of practice this manual will be subject to then is the trading standard
codes. The codes state that you must be truthful and honest about your
product, as well as making sure the consumer isn’t been mis-sold any
products. However, after reading this particular manual for the camera
attachment, I can see that the print piece isn’t breaching any of the codes of
the TSC.
Typography (font effects) – With the font been small to start with, you need
to try and make the key information stand out some way. A boldness on the
font helps to identify to consumers the key parts of a product. Especially the
warning and safety sections, which ties into legal restraints. If these pieces of
information aren’t big enough, the company could run into legal trouble if
someone is injured by the product. This is why boldness is used on the titles
in this and other instruction manuals.
Typography (colour) –
There isn’t any colour
used on this instruction
manual, so it isn’t
applicable. Due to the
informative nature of
the manual, the
aesthetic qualities don’t
matter so much, it’s
more about the content.
Typography (font style) – This instruction manual is no exception to the
conventional instruction manual font face. Used as a clear font choice, the
Arial font on this particular print product can be seen by all demographics
and is still readable when shrunk down to the size it appears on this
example. This font style is usually used because it is a clear font that can be
used in large quantities for lots of copy and still be legible to all
demographics, even the older demographics that may have a struggle
reading small print.
8. Conciseness – The ratio of text to images is pretty similar, meaning that
most how to guides are very concise and stick to the point. There are more
images on this particular kind of factual writing piece because it’s key to
show the consumer what to do, rather than tell them. More or less, the
images gives the consumer a visual aid to accompany the copy on the page.
Clarity – Due to the concise nature of the layout and the amount of images
on the layout, this factual writing piece is one of the clearest and cleanest of
the layouts I’ve analysed so far. The absence of a large quantity of copy
means that images that help explain the process (like the one on the right,
which explains how to make a tear-gas mask) can be included. However, this
doesn’t mean that an inundation of images are added, the producer of this
text has still kept it exclusively to relevant information and not put
irrelevant and needless info/images in.
Accuracy – Due to the vast array and various topics that how to guides can
come in, they don’t necessarily have to be too accurate. However, if they
give serious advice, the information has to be checked. Even though this
particualr example for building a tear-gas mask may not be the most serious
how to guide, it still needs to have both correct information and safety
instructions, just in case someone actually makes and tests the design of the
product. Therefore, it all depends on the nature of the how to guide; if it’s
light-hearted and is meant for humorous purposes, the accuracy of the
information doesn’t have to be entirely true, however, if it’s of a serious
nature and people are genuinely following the steps, you need to research
and checking extensively before producing the how to guide. *safety
information should be added always, and will be also mentioned in the legal
restraints section. As well as the differentiation between humorous and
serious how to guides, there is also the question of how the consumer
follows the instructions. With all the steps and the copy, consumers either
don’t follow the steps or they don’t understand the steps properly, this is
either down to wording by the producer or the interpretation of the
consumer, therefore this could be another disadvantage of accuracy for how
to guides. On the other hand, there are accompanying images on most how
to guides to help the consumer, so the consumer can get an idea of how the
product should look after been assembled.
9. Avoidance of ambiguity – Like the instruction manual, how to guides usually
only print one way of assembling a product or doing a certain task. This, if
you’re following the dictionary definition, can be seen as ambiguous, due to
only one interpretation of the steps been available. However, this is only the
case for this particular how to guide, with others sometimes printing an
alternative version of the steps. On the other hand, this only happens a few
times, with most producers of how to guides going for a single set of
numerical steps.
Bias – Instruction manuals can’t be bias. Companies may claim that they’re
product is the best but within reason, this is allowed by the ASA and classed
as a ‘sales tactic’. Bias doesn’t really have a place in the annotation of
instruction manuals.
Register – Like the instruction manual, due to the informing nature of the
factual writing, the register has to be one the consumer can understand.
This therefore means that any formal or specialist lexis must be at a
minimum because, as a whole, how to guides are meant to appeal to a wide
range of demographics. However, this particular example I have found is
aimed at a male target audience. Without making assumptions, a simpler
lexis is used on this particular how to guide, which would fit in with the male
demographical piece.
Evidencing of argument – Similar to instruction manuals, the how to guides
don’t have conflicted opinions and views in, there is only one way of
following them, therefore, evidencing of argument is irrelevant for analysis
on this factual writing piece.
Referencing sources – Generally, how to guides are similar to instruction
manuals and leaflets in terms of referencing sources; they don’t need to.
However, they are more likely than the other two do so. For example, if a
few steps, the images or the whole of the text has been found elsewhere,
the producer must credit the original owner of these items, which will be
covered in the legal restraints section.
10. Legal restraints – So far, every single factual writing piece has been subject
to legal restraints and that’s because all factual pieces are 1) informing the
audience and if it goes wrong or misinforms the consumer, the harm caused
could be have a big effect on the person. 2) all factual pieces are monitored
by a standards board that have their own codes, therefore the producers of
these products have to make sure they stick to them.
Codes of practice – The NUJ, TSC and ASA are not in control of these items
because they are not pieces of journalism, a product that’s on the market or
something been advertised to the public. The exception to this rule is if a
how to guide is published and is sold to the consumers. In this instance, the
product will be subject to both TSC and dependant on where and if it was
advertised, the ASA. If this is the case of course, the producer of the how to
guide would need to make sure they checked their information, even if they
are meant to be humorous entries that they don’t expect people to make,
they must check their instructions and put safety warnings and health codes
on the product. As for the ones that are posted on blogs and online, they
aren’t subject to any form of codes or rules, unless they are breaching
copyright laws. Apart from this, the owner of the how to guide web pages
can amend and make them in a way in which suits them.
Typography (font style) – Due to some entries of how to guides appearing
on the net, they’re not in the same font face as each other, as well as been
different from the traditional font of most leaflet and instruction manuals.
This is because the producer isn’t subject to the the same codes from the
print board as they would be if they published. On the other hand, a how to
guide that was published on the print market would be subject to have the
font at a particular size so all demographics can read it. However, for this
particular example, it was sourced from a web page and therefore it hasn’t
been subject to the print board codes and the font can be whatever size it
wants. This, initially, seems like a good thing because you can make it
clearer, but you soon find that the Arial font that most things are printed in
is the clearest and any amendment on the text would be making the font
face more difficult to read for the consumer.
11. Typography (font effects) – On this how to guide example, there is no
portion of text that is more important than the others, therefore, there is no
bold font effects on the main copy. However, if the how to guide had a
health ad safety warning, the title, if not all of it, would be put in bold
because it would be the most important aspect on the product. To
differentiate between the numbered steps and the main copy, the steps are
put in bold. This will make it easier for the consumer to follow the how to
guide and, in turn, will make the product more successful.
Typography (colour) – Like the instruction manuals, there isn’t much colour
to this particular example. Even though there is a contrast between the text,
the background and the images, there isn’t that much variation of colours
and is still in black and white format on the images. This is however not the
case for all the how to guides; some products have coloured images and text
and look more effective because it stands out more than the example that I
have on the left hand side.
12. Conciseness – The nature of this particular newspaper, the sun, is to keep concise in
their stories and only keep it to brief details about the overall story. This sometimes
leads to bits of the story been missed out, die to the media group trying to twist the
story either in their favour or to try and make it more interesting and gripping for the
consumer. This particular story, especially on the front page (left) keeps the story to a
short, concise section of the narrative (always the key details and most important
parts). This is also accompanied by a concise headline that gives the whole story
away. Usually this would be a bad tactic for the newspaper because they want the
consumer to read the rest of the story within the newspaper. However, this is such a
shocking and gripping revelation that the consumer will probably read the story
regardless.
Clarity – This particular newspaper story is clear and keeps the text to a minimum,
even on the story inside, it’s restricted to key details only. This is to entice the suns
viewership (they tend to like a short story with lots of images and not much copy) and
to make way for the headline and picture, which, after all, usually sells the
newspaper. This is not the case for all news papers, papers like The Times, the
guardian and the Telegraph have mostly copy and a few images, but chatty, informal
newspaper, like The sun, The Mirror and Metro keep it clear and concise.
Accuracy – Without making generalisations about different media distributors, The
Sun have been in breach of the NUJ codes more than other newspapers. Whether it’s
because they don’t follow up on research or they invent statistics for stories or, as
has been proved in the past, they twist peoples words to make the story more
interesting and readable. The accuracy of this particular story isn’t good, and as I will
explain in the legal restraints and code of practice sections, this particular story
published by the sun is far from accurate.
Avoidance of ambiguity – The story uses facts, but not stats that could be interpreted
as ambiguous. However, the media distributor goes through all the facts but doesn’t
come to a conclusion, instead, leaving the consumer to make their minds up on the
matter. The dictionary definition of ambiguity is “the quality of being open to more
than one interpretation”, therefore, if we are following this definition word for word,
you would have to say The sun were been unambiguous, inaccurate and potentially in
breach of journalism codes of practice.
13. Bias – In recent times, the sun newspaper have tended to back the labour party in politics
and have printed them in a good light and other parties and representatives in bad press.
This has often led to the NUJ interjecting and decided whether the tabloid paper was in
breach of libel, gagging order or breach of embargo. On this particular story, chief whip and
conservative politician, Andrew Mitchell had allegedly called a number of police officers
plebs for not opening the gates at Downing Street, instead making him use the side gate.
This led to an investigation and the resignation of Mr. Mitchell. The Sun, a paper who
supports the labour part were keen to print a story that would vilify the conservatives and
try and make their viewership convert or continue to support the labour party.
Register – Geodemographic and social class status research support the understanding that
a C2DE demographic are more likely to read The Sun and to buy The sun. this therefore
means that the register on the stories will be informal and maybe uses less specialist lexis
from the topic that the paper are covering. On the other hand, this particular story didn’t
spare any details, going into detail about the job function and hierarchy of government,
something the sun doesn’t tend to do. In conclusion, a generalisation can’t be taken about
the social class of people is directly linked to informal wording for the media products that
they consumer.
Evidencing of argument – Unlike most other news stories, this one gives the consumer all
the information about the story. Normally, the media producer keeps some of the key
information back so the audience will read the rest of the story. Newspapers usually do this
in an enigmatic style, almost shrouding the whole story in mystery, so it will ensure that
consumers will read the rest of this particular story and other stories in the product.
Referencing sources – If the newspaper uses an image or quote from someone, they must
credit that particular source. Failing to do this is breaching the journalism code and is
leaving the media producer open to a lawsuit from the person who owned the original
image or that said the particular quote in an interview. Newspapers sometimes get round
this by not putting the persons name and putting ‘expert ‘ instead. This gives the consumer
the idea that this person will know what they are talking about and trust the story more.
Referencing a source is one of the most important things to do in regards to the law side of
a newspaper, or any media product for that mater.
14. Codes of practice – This, along with every other Sun story will be subject to the NUJ code.
Without looking too far down the NUJ codes, it’s clear to see that The Sun, on this occasion
has breached quite a few of them. These include:
2. Strives to ensure that information disseminated is honestly conveyed, accurate and fair.
3. Does her/his utmost to correct harmful inaccuracies.
4. Differentiates between fact and opinion.
*all these codes were found at http://www.nuj.org.uk/about/nuj-code/ and are directly
copied, due to them been direct rules to follow and not a bit of guidance.
Legal restraints – As I explained earlier, the story is inaccurate and they have included things
that may or may not have happened to try and boost the viewership of this story, as well as
trying to gain an advantage for the political part, labour, whom they support. This particular
story was found to be libelous, due to them directly accusing Andrew Mitchell of calling the
policemen “plebs” before a proper inquiry had been carried out. After a court case, the NUJ
and the court found The Sun had breached the libel guidelines are were punished for this.
Most newspapers don’t report in this one, but chatty more informal newspapers are more
likely to breach libel, due to them been more voyeuristic on celebrities lives, compared to
the broadsheet newspaper.
Typography (font style) – The font on the main copy is the same font that is usually found in
newspapers, due to their been a code in the NUJ codes and within the journalism body as a
whole, that states that a media producer can’t go below a certain font to report their stories.
However, the newspaper name and headline are larger and almost stylised in it’s approach.
This approach by The Sun is understandable; they are trying to make the newspaper as bold
and as striking as possible so more people will notice and hopefully buy the media product.
Typography (font effects) – In a conventional newspaper style, the only parts that are bold
are the first paragraph of the story, which should tell the consumer the crucial detail in the
story and hopefully get the reader to consume the remainder of the narrative. Apart from
this, no other parts, other than the journalist that has produced the story are in bold. As for
italicised parts of text, they are usually reserved for names of people or things in newspaper
stories.
Typography (colour) – Throughout
the front cover of The Sun, there are
different colours on the font faces
which add to doing one thing for the
print product, potentially generating
interest from the consumer through
the striking nature of the front
cover. The colour and font style of
the newspapers name is always the
same, therefore a continuation of
this will prompt a sense of
familiarisation from the consumer,
hopefully securing consistent buys
from the same viewership for the
media producer.
15. Conciseness – Unlike The Sun, The Times doesn’t keep the story to a bare minimum and
only report the key facts and details. Instead, The Times reports all the key facts as well as
other background and secondary information, they also use other sources, such as use of
experts and people with first hand experience. For example, on the front cover on the
right, The Times have secured an interview with the boss of National trust, a feature that
The sun may have trouble securing. The lack of conciseness isn’t the sign of a weak
journalistic piece, it instead shows that all the information included is relevant and it can’t
be cut out or it would have been by the editor. The lack of conciseness may also be due to
the viewership of The Times been an ABC1 demographic, instead of the predominantly
C2DE demographic consuming The Sun.
Clarity – Even though the conciseness is compromised on this particular piece, it’s still
clear and easily readable to the consumer. As long as the newspaper story is easy to
follow and it’s in a traditional and consistent layout, that’s all that counts for the media
producer.
Accuracy – What The Times have done on this particular story about fracking is clever.
Instead of putting in facts and then the consumer would have to put their trust in the
actual newspaper, The times have asked the national trust boss about the statistics and
facts and then published those quotes in the story. This therefore means that the
consumers are more likely to listen to the expert, compared to the journalist, who isn’t
trained in the fracking field. This also shows a differentiation between The Sun and The
Times in terms of accuracy. Where as The Sun may guess on facts and statistics, the times
have both the national and international credibility to get the interviews with key people,
therefore ensuring 100/5 accuracy on stories are achieved. However, a generalisation
must not be made, The Times do sometimes make a mistake and a libelous story is
generated, but not that often.
Avoidance of ambiguity – A media distributor like The Times usually tend to avoid
ambiguity, instead checking their facts thoroughly or using statistics on their pieces
through a quote from an expert. This is a clever tactic of bypassing and avoiding
ambiguity. As for opinions, you can see from the headline that The Times have avoided
ambiguity by reporting factual information, such as: “We’re open to fracking, says
National Trust boss”. If they were trying to be ambiguous, they would say something like:
“National Trust boss could be open to fracking” this leaves the doubt and the uncertainty
of how he feels on the matter. All of their stories tend to avoid ambiguity also, as do most
other media distribution groups.
16. Bias – Telling both sides to every story and making sure they aren’t bias toward a certain
group or person because as a media provider, they’re function is to report the news not
their personal ideologies and opinions. This isn’t easy for newspapers to do, due to all the
media producers backing a political party. The Times backed labour in 2005 but switched to
back the conservative part in the last election, therefore consumers sometimes see them as
a newspaper who actually looks at the policies and pledges their allegiance accordingly,
instead of always backing the same part. This leads to The times been regarded as one of
the top three newspapers in the UK. However, even on political stories, The Times remain
biased most of the time (I can’t say all of the time because all newspapers sometimes
breach codes about bias behavior, The times been no exception).
Register – In comparison with my other factual journalism analysis piece, the register of The
Times extract is formal with the addition of some specialist lexis also. The reason for this
shift in register across the tow extracts lays with the social class of the reader. For ample,
The Sun have a majority of viewership in the C2DE demographic, where as The Times hold a
majority of viewership in the ABC1 target audience group. While there is a lot of text, most
of which is written in a formal register, there aren’t as many specialist lexis within most
stories, due to the paper still trying to inform the consumer, like ever paper, in terms that
they’ll understand. On the other hand, generalisations can’t be made and research doesn’t
extensively research the mass majority of the UK and make generalisations from 10,000
consumers, not the UK as a whole. This therefore means you can make assumptions but
not state facts about the social class of newspaper readers.
Evidencing of argument – The Times, the producer of this example, is one of the only
newspapers that comes in a tabloid form and doesn’t have just a paragraph, an image and a
headline on the front page. Instead, this media distributor normally has the story in some
detail on the front, a moderately sized headlines and a reasonable image. This could be to
do with social class again but it isn’t really relevant to the evidencing of argument section.
Even though The Times has this unconventional technique from a tabloid newspaper, they
still use the traditional technique of keeping some information back so the consumer will
read the story ad other stories later in the paper. This is because The Times, like all media
distributors, have to sell their media products so me how and this is a good way of doing so.
As well as this, The Times also make sure they tell both sides to the argument and cover
either sides opinions. For example, even though the story is a good thing for fracking, The
Times still put opinions and quotes from environmental and anti-fracking campaigners,
therefore keeping the argument balanced and unbiased.
17. Referencing sources – Like The sun extract and every other newspaper, if they have
sourced an image, quote or piece of information of someone else, the media distributor
needs to make sure they credit the original producer of that particular piece. If not, the
person in breach of using a sourced item without reference may find themselves with a
lawsuit, which I will talk about in the legal restraints section. However, like I previously
mentioned, it’s The sun and such that have to source things because they don’t have the
means, resources or credibility to get the interviews and the content of The Times.
Therefore, The Times don’t have to source because they’re the original producers. *this
isn’t for everything; at some point, every newspaper has to source something.
Codes of practice – With something as big as the print industry, all media distributors are
subject to at least one, if not all. The TSC, ASA, NUJ and print board codes will have to
followed by newspapers especially. The National union of journalists makes sure the media
producer isn’t been biased, controversial or racially insensitive, amongst other things. The
Trading Standards Agency makes sure the way in which the newspaper is been distributed
and sold is ethical, environmental and doesn’t harm anything, as well as many more codes.
Finally, the Advertising Standards Agency may not link directly to newspapers but they will
check the newspapers for adverts within the media product to see if all the adverts are in-keeping
with their codes on legal and ethical advertising.
Legal restraints – Libel, breach of embargo and gagging orders are just a few things that
newspapers and other media distributors can be prosecuted for on the grounds of legal and
ethical breaches. The Times and all the other papers are restrained from reporting and
collecting news unethically and must make sure its done legally also. While The Times are
very good for staying away from been libelous and such, they sometimes get it wrong; last
month, it was reported that Gerry McCann, father of Madeleine, had won a £55,000 pay
out from the Sunday times, after the newspaper reported that he and wife Kate had
hindered the search for their daughter in Portugal earlier in the year. This example shows
that no newspaper is safe or exempt from the rules and codes of legal journalism. However,
The Times have got credibility in the world of media because they report legally and
ethically most of the time.
18. Typography (colour) – In terms of colour, The Times don’t really vary the colouration and
layout of their newspaper from day to day. They have a few different coloured fonts on
the front page, but unlike The Sun, the name of the paper is black and white and doesn't
draw much attention to it. This could be seen as a foolish move but this could suggest that
The times choose to entice their audience through their journalism, instead of design. As
well as this, the continuation shows that The times want to keep their viewership and
have managed to find a target audience that they are happy with because every issue
doesn’t differ too much. Even though it may look restrained, the colour of the text
contrasts with the white background, as well as the purple and white text on this
particular example contrasting with the pink and blue background boxes.
Typography (font effects) – As well as the layout of this tabloid paper been different, it
has a textual difference to other tabloid papers too. Conventionally, the first paragraph of
a story is in bold and stands out from the rest of the content, however, the times have
decided to not follow the usual conventions and haven’t put an effect on it. Instead, the
media producer decides to put bold effects on the features that are advertised on the
front page, like this extract, and add the bold text to the key parts, while keeping the rest
of it standard. This helps to entice the audience to read the rest of the media product,
which suggests The times are trying to appeal to their target demographic with
unconventional techniques that aren’t used by other media distributors.
Typography (font style) – The font face may differ a bit from newspaper to newspaper, but
only slight variations are made. This is due to the print board and the NUJ codes restraining
them picking fonts that could be difficult to read for certain viewers. This font face is easy
to read and keeps the layout clean and consistent through the media product. The only
parts that are difficult to read are quotes that are occasionally used in stories that are
coloured in a pale grey colour. This colour doesn’t contrasts as well as black and is
sometimes difficult to view.