The document defines and provides examples of prime, composite, factors, proper factors, perfect, deficient, and abundant numbers. Prime numbers have exactly two factors, one and itself. Composite numbers have more than two factors. Perfect numbers have a sum of proper factors equal to the target number, like 6. Deficient numbers have a sum of proper factors less than the target number, like 8. Abundant numbers have a sum of proper factors greater than the target number, like 12.