The document discusses factors, prime numbers, composite numbers, and methods for finding highest common factors (HCF) and lowest common multiples (LCM) of numbers. It defines factors as numbers that divide evenly into a given number. Prime numbers have exactly two factors, 1 and the number itself. Composite numbers have more than two factors. The HCF is the largest number that divides two numbers, found by listing all common factors. The LCM is the smallest number that is a multiple of two numbers, found using the prime factors of each number.