International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel Three-Dimensional Adaptive Localization (T-Dial) Algorithm for Wirele...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Efficient Security Way of Authentication and Pair wise Key Distribution wi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel Three-Dimensional Adaptive Localization (T-Dial) Algorithm for Wirele...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Efficient Security Way of Authentication and Pair wise Key Distribution wi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Security based Clock Synchronization technique in Wireless Sensor Network for...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
NETWORK PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT WITH OPTIMIZATION SENSOR PLACEMENT IN WIRELES...ijwmn
From one side, sensor manufacturing technology and from other side wireless communication technology
improvement has an effect on the growth and deployment of Wireless Network Sensor (WSN). The
appropriate performance of WSN has abundant necessity which has dependent on the different parameters
such as optimize sensor placement and structure of network sensor. The optimized placement in WSN not
only would optimize number of sensors, but also help to reach to the more precise information. Therefore
different solutions are proposed to reduce cost and increase life time of sensor networks that most of them
are concentrated in the field of routing and information transmission. In this paper, places which they need
new sensors placement or sensor movements are determined and then with applying these changes,
performance of WSN will calculate. To achieve the optimum placement, the network should evaluate
precisely and effective criteria on the performance should extract. Therefore the criteria should be ranked
and after weighting with using AHP algorithms, with use of Geographical Information System (GIS), these
weighted criteria will combined and in the locations which WSN doesn’t have enough performance, new
sensor placement will create. New proposed method, improve 21.11% performance of WSN with sensor
placement in the low performance locations. Also the number of added sensor is 26.09% which is lowest
number of added sensors in comparison with other methods.
Reliable and Efficient Data Acquisition in Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMTST Journal
The sensors in the WSN sense the surrounding, collects the data and transfers the data to the sink node. It
has been observed that the sensor nodes are deactivated or damaged when exposed to certain radiations or
due to energy problems. This damage leads to the temporary isolation of the nodes from the network which
results in the formation of the holes. These holes are dynamic in nature and can grow and shrink depending
upon the factors causing the damage to the sensor nodes. So a solution has been presented in the base paper
where the dual mode i.e. Radio frequency and the Acoustic mode are considered so that the data can be
transferred easily. Based on this a survey has been done where several factors are studied so that the
performance of the system can be increased.
Proactive Data Reporting of Wireless sensor Network using Wake Up Scheduling ...ijsrd.com
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), gather the data by using mobile sinks has become popular. Reduce the number of messages which is used for sink location broadcasting, efficient energy data forwarding, become accustomed to unknown earthly changes are achieved by a protocol which is projected by a SinkTrail. The forecast of mobile sinks’ location are done by using logical coordinate system. When sensor nodes don’t have any data to send, at that time they switch to sleep mode to save the energy and to increase the network lifetime. And due to this reason there is a chance of the involvement of nodes that are in sleeping state between the path sources to the mobile sink which is selected by the SinkTrail protocol. Before become the fully functional and process the information, these sleeping nodes can drop the some information. Due to this reason, it is vital to wake-up the sleeping nodes on the path earlier than the sender can start transferring of sensed data. In this paper, on-demand wake-up scheduling algorithm is projected which is used to activates sleeping node on the path before data delivery. Here, in this work the multi-hop communication in WSN also considers. By incorporating wake-up scheduling algorithm to perk up the dependability and improve the performance of on-demand data forwarding extends the SinkTrail solution in our work. This projected algorithm improves the quality of service of the network by dishonesty of data or reducing the loss due to sleeping nodes. The efficiency and the effectiveness projected solution are proved by the evaluation results.
The wormhole attack in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) decreases the network performance by dropping the No. of Packets. Many techniques have been proposed to so far reduce the impact of the wormhole attack by detecting and preventing it. But, related work indicates that no technique is perfect for every kind of circumstances of WSNs. Among the existing techniques, Watchdog technique has better performance in preventing the wormhole attack. It utilizes the local knowledge of the next hop node and eavesdrops it. If it gets that spending time of the Packet is more than the given threshold, then it characterizes that node as wormhole attacker. However, this method has several shortcomings that it does not track the link transmission errors, which may be because of congestion in WSNs and also it not offers high mobility for maximum No. of nodes, which eventually decreases the WSNs performance. In order to handle this issue, a new multipoint relay based Watchdog monitoring and prevention technique is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique utilizes the dynamic threshold value to detect the wormhole attacker node, and then clustering and the Watchdog based optimistic path is selected for communicating the Packets. Thus, it reduces the overall Packet dropping, which improves the performance of the WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIHOP QUALITY PATH BASED DATA COLLECTION IN WIRELESS SENS...Editor IJMTER
In recent years there has been an increased focus on the use of sensor networks to sense and measure
the environment. This leads to a wide variety of theoretical and practical issues on appropriate protocols for data
sensing and transfer. Recent work shows sink mobility can improve the energy efficiency in wireless sensor
networks (WSNs). However, data delivery latency often increases due to the speed limit of mobile sink. Most of
them exploit mobility to address the problem of data collection in WSNs. The WSNs with MS (mobile Sink) and
provide a comprehensive taxonomy of their architectures, based on the role of the MS. An overview of the data
collection process in such a scenario, and identify the corresponding issues and challenges. A protocol named
weighted rendezvous planning (WRP) which is a heuristic method that finds a near-optimal traveling tour that
minimizes the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Focus on the path selection problem in delay-guaranteed
sensor networks with a path-constrained mobile sink. Concentrate an efficient data collection scheme, which
simultaneously improves the total amount of data and reduces the energy consumption. The optimal path is chosen
to meet the requirement on delay as well as minimize the energy consumption of entire network. Predictable sink
mobility is exploited to improve energy efficiency of sensor networks.
Time Orient Multi Attribute Sensor Selection Technique For Data Collection In...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Security based Clock Synchronization technique in Wireless Sensor Network for...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
NETWORK PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT WITH OPTIMIZATION SENSOR PLACEMENT IN WIRELES...ijwmn
From one side, sensor manufacturing technology and from other side wireless communication technology
improvement has an effect on the growth and deployment of Wireless Network Sensor (WSN). The
appropriate performance of WSN has abundant necessity which has dependent on the different parameters
such as optimize sensor placement and structure of network sensor. The optimized placement in WSN not
only would optimize number of sensors, but also help to reach to the more precise information. Therefore
different solutions are proposed to reduce cost and increase life time of sensor networks that most of them
are concentrated in the field of routing and information transmission. In this paper, places which they need
new sensors placement or sensor movements are determined and then with applying these changes,
performance of WSN will calculate. To achieve the optimum placement, the network should evaluate
precisely and effective criteria on the performance should extract. Therefore the criteria should be ranked
and after weighting with using AHP algorithms, with use of Geographical Information System (GIS), these
weighted criteria will combined and in the locations which WSN doesn’t have enough performance, new
sensor placement will create. New proposed method, improve 21.11% performance of WSN with sensor
placement in the low performance locations. Also the number of added sensor is 26.09% which is lowest
number of added sensors in comparison with other methods.
Reliable and Efficient Data Acquisition in Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMTST Journal
The sensors in the WSN sense the surrounding, collects the data and transfers the data to the sink node. It
has been observed that the sensor nodes are deactivated or damaged when exposed to certain radiations or
due to energy problems. This damage leads to the temporary isolation of the nodes from the network which
results in the formation of the holes. These holes are dynamic in nature and can grow and shrink depending
upon the factors causing the damage to the sensor nodes. So a solution has been presented in the base paper
where the dual mode i.e. Radio frequency and the Acoustic mode are considered so that the data can be
transferred easily. Based on this a survey has been done where several factors are studied so that the
performance of the system can be increased.
Proactive Data Reporting of Wireless sensor Network using Wake Up Scheduling ...ijsrd.com
In Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs), gather the data by using mobile sinks has become popular. Reduce the number of messages which is used for sink location broadcasting, efficient energy data forwarding, become accustomed to unknown earthly changes are achieved by a protocol which is projected by a SinkTrail. The forecast of mobile sinks’ location are done by using logical coordinate system. When sensor nodes don’t have any data to send, at that time they switch to sleep mode to save the energy and to increase the network lifetime. And due to this reason there is a chance of the involvement of nodes that are in sleeping state between the path sources to the mobile sink which is selected by the SinkTrail protocol. Before become the fully functional and process the information, these sleeping nodes can drop the some information. Due to this reason, it is vital to wake-up the sleeping nodes on the path earlier than the sender can start transferring of sensed data. In this paper, on-demand wake-up scheduling algorithm is projected which is used to activates sleeping node on the path before data delivery. Here, in this work the multi-hop communication in WSN also considers. By incorporating wake-up scheduling algorithm to perk up the dependability and improve the performance of on-demand data forwarding extends the SinkTrail solution in our work. This projected algorithm improves the quality of service of the network by dishonesty of data or reducing the loss due to sleeping nodes. The efficiency and the effectiveness projected solution are proved by the evaluation results.
The wormhole attack in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) decreases the network performance by dropping the No. of Packets. Many techniques have been proposed to so far reduce the impact of the wormhole attack by detecting and preventing it. But, related work indicates that no technique is perfect for every kind of circumstances of WSNs. Among the existing techniques, Watchdog technique has better performance in preventing the wormhole attack. It utilizes the local knowledge of the next hop node and eavesdrops it. If it gets that spending time of the Packet is more than the given threshold, then it characterizes that node as wormhole attacker. However, this method has several shortcomings that it does not track the link transmission errors, which may be because of congestion in WSNs and also it not offers high mobility for maximum No. of nodes, which eventually decreases the WSNs performance. In order to handle this issue, a new multipoint relay based Watchdog monitoring and prevention technique is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique utilizes the dynamic threshold value to detect the wormhole attacker node, and then clustering and the Watchdog based optimistic path is selected for communicating the Packets. Thus, it reduces the overall Packet dropping, which improves the performance of the WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIHOP QUALITY PATH BASED DATA COLLECTION IN WIRELESS SENS...Editor IJMTER
In recent years there has been an increased focus on the use of sensor networks to sense and measure
the environment. This leads to a wide variety of theoretical and practical issues on appropriate protocols for data
sensing and transfer. Recent work shows sink mobility can improve the energy efficiency in wireless sensor
networks (WSNs). However, data delivery latency often increases due to the speed limit of mobile sink. Most of
them exploit mobility to address the problem of data collection in WSNs. The WSNs with MS (mobile Sink) and
provide a comprehensive taxonomy of their architectures, based on the role of the MS. An overview of the data
collection process in such a scenario, and identify the corresponding issues and challenges. A protocol named
weighted rendezvous planning (WRP) which is a heuristic method that finds a near-optimal traveling tour that
minimizes the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Focus on the path selection problem in delay-guaranteed
sensor networks with a path-constrained mobile sink. Concentrate an efficient data collection scheme, which
simultaneously improves the total amount of data and reduces the energy consumption. The optimal path is chosen
to meet the requirement on delay as well as minimize the energy consumption of entire network. Predictable sink
mobility is exploited to improve energy efficiency of sensor networks.
Time Orient Multi Attribute Sensor Selection Technique For Data Collection In...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Node Deployment in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMTST Journal
Optimal sensor deployment is necessary condition in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor
network. Effective deployment of sensor nodes is a major point of concern as performance and lifetime of any
WSN. Proposed sensor deployment in WSN explore every sensor node sends its data to the nearest sink node
of the WSN. In addition to that system proposes a hexagonal cell based sensor deployment which leads to
optimal sensor deployment for both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor deployment. Wireless sensor
networks are receiving significant concentration due to their potential applications ranging from surveillance
to tracking domains. In limited communication range, a WSN is divided into several disconnected sub-graphs
under certain conditions. We deploy sensor nodes at random locations so that it improves performance of the
network.This paper aims to study, discuss and analyze various node deployment strategies and coverage
problems for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN.
DATA TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR EFFECTIVE AND SECURE COMMUN...IJEEE
Data transmission occurs from transmitting node to sink node, which communicate each other via large number of intermediate nodes or directly to an external base station. A network consists of numbers of nodes with one as a source and one or more as a destination node.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
AN IMPROVED DECENTRALIZED APPROACH FOR TRACKING MULTIPLE MOBILE TARGETS THROU...ijwmn
Target localization and tracking problems in WSNs have received considerable attention recently, driven
by the requirement to achieve high localization accuracy, with the minimum cost possible. In WSN based
tracking applications, it is critical to know the current location of any sensor node with the minimum
energy consumed. This paper focuses on the energy consumption issue in terms of communication
between nodes whenever the localization information is transmitted to a sink node. Tracking through
WSNs can be categorized into centralized and decentralized systems. Decentralized systems offer low
power consumption when deployed to track a small number of mobile targets compared to the centralized
tracking systems. However, in several applications, it is essential to position a large number of mobile
targets. In such applications, decentralized systems offer high power consumption, since the location of
each mobile target is required to be transmitted to a sink node, and this increases the power consumption
for the whole WSN. In this paper, we propose a power efficient decentralized approach for tracking a
large number of mobile targets while offering reasonable localization accuracy through ZigBee network
DATA AGGREGATION AND PRIVACY FOR POLICE PATROLSijasuc
With a widespread growth in the potential applications of Wireless Sensor Networks, the need for reliable
security mechanisms for them has increased manifold. This paper proposes a scheme, Privacy for Police
Patrols (PPP), to provide secure data aggregation that relies on multilevel routing. Privacy factors have
been identified and implemented. Aggregates are prepared and the summary of information is gathered
and stored in a repository. The above defined approaches are integrated in police patrol applications and
preliminary results are obtained.
Data Security and Data Dissemination of Distributed Data in Wireless Sensor N...IJERA Editor
A data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks has been engaged for modifying configuration fields and circulating management controls to the mote. Earlier, a data dissemination protocol faces the henceforth two consequences. First, they are works on sink based model; only the sink can circulate data item to other motes. Such model is not suitable for large user wireless sensor networks. Second, those protocols are not provide with any security and hence intruders will make problems to misuse the network. We provided the seDrip protocol. It allows the network mentors to authorize multiple network uses with various permissions to simultaneously and directly distributed data items to the mote. seDrip is implemented in an laboratory of network restricted resources mote to depict its large capability in practice.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising field for research. As the use of this field increases, it is
required to give proper security to this field. So to ensure the security of communication of data or messages and to
control the use of data in WSN is of great importance. As sensor networks interact with responsive data and operate
in unfriendly unattended area, from the time of system design these security concerns should be addressed. The paper,
presents a modified Motesec security protocol which is a security mechanism for Wireless sensor network. In this
protocol a hash function based approach is used to detect replay attacks. For data access control key lock matching
method i.e. memory data access control policy is used to prevent unauthorized data access. Encoding and
reconstruction scheme is used to find out attacker. Flooding attack detection by comparing data rate. There is currently
massive research is present in the area of wireless sensor network security..Keywords: GPS,GCM,LBS Android.
Keywords: secure communication architecture, wireless Sensor network security.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
From Siloed Products to Connected Ecosystem: Building a Sustainable and Scala...
F33022028
1. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
22 | P a g e
Design & Implementation Of An Algorithm For Proximity
Estimation In Sensor Network
Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik
1
IV Sem M.E.( Embedded System and Computing) Deptt. Of Computer Science and Engg G.H.Raisoni college
of Engg. Nagpur16(India)
2
H.O.D Deptt. Of Computer Science and Engg G.H.Raisoni college of Engg. Nagpur16(India)
Abstract
Sensor networks are often used to
perform monitoring tasks, such as in animal or
vehicle tracking and in surveillance of enemy
forces in military applications. In this project we
will be introduce the concept of proximity queries
that allow us to report interesting events that are
observed by nodes in the network that are within
certain distance of each other. An event is
triggered when a user programmable predicate is
satisfied on a sensor node. To study the problem
of computing proximity queries in sensor
networks using existing communication protocols
and then propose an efficient Algorithm that can
process multiple proximity queries, involving
several different event types. This project gives
solution utilizes a distributed routing index,
maintained by the nodes in the network that is
dynamically updated as new observations are
obtained by the nodes. This project presents an
extensive experimental study to show the benefits
of this techniques under different scenarios.
Keywords:—position estimation, wireless sensors
network, decentralized algorithm, position-based
routing, location identification
I. INTRODUCTION
Sensor networks are used in a variety of
monitoring tasks. This survey will be study of new
decentralized algorithms for the detection of events
that are observed by nodes within certain distance of
each other, i.e. events that are reported by sensor
nodes in spatial proximity. An event is triggered
when a user-programmable predicate is satisfied on a
sensor node. The definition allows different types of
events, depending on the sensing capabilities of the
nodes in the network and on the application. For
instance, in an application where nodes are used for
collecting meteorological data, an event may be
defined for when the temperature readings on a
sensor exceed a certain threshold. Another type of
event, in the same application may be defined when
temperature readings fall below another, lower value.
When both events are detected, each by a different
node and these two nodes are in proximity, this may
indicate an abrupt, abnormal shift in temperature in
the terrain. In a military Surveillance application,
events may be used to detect the movement of
friendly and enemy forces. Proximity alerts then
may be used for the early warning of approaching
enemy forces. In another application of wild animal
tracking, we may want to raise an alert when a
predator in spotted in an area occupied by a flock
that observe, assuming that the presence of each
animal can be detected by the use of RFID
technology. Sensor networks consist of wireless,
battery-powered sensing devices, have introduce
new challenges in data management and have spawn
several recent proposals for embedded database
systems, such as COUGAR and TinyDB. Most of
the proposed techniques explore in network
processing to carefully synchronize the operation of
the nodes and utilize the, Multi-hop communication
links to leverage the computation of expensive
queries, such as those involving aggregation.
Continuous monitoring queries and distributed join
algorithms have also been considered. Alternative
methods try to reduce the cost of data processing in
sensor networks through probabilistic techniques,
data modelling or through the use of decentralized
algorithm. In this project algorithms will fall in the
latter category. Application of existing methods for
computing set-expressions in data streams in the
evaluation of proximity queries is an open research
question due to the different settings and cost
considerations. Most of these fundamental
techniques have been devised to support event-based
monitoring applications. For example, in animal
tracking, an event such as the presence of an animal
can be determined by matching the sensor readings
to stored patterns. This project proposes an event
detection mechanism based on matching the contour
maps of in-network sensory data distributions. In
kernel-based techniques are used to detect abnormal
behaviour in sensor readings. Since most
applications depend on a successful localization, i.e.
to compute their positions in some fixed coordinate
system, it is of great importance to design efficient
localization algorithms. It can also be used in
hospital environments to keep track of equipments,
patients, doctors and nurses. For these advantages
precise knowledge of node localization in ad hoc
sensor networks is an active field of research in
2. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
23 | P a g e
wireless networking. Recent advances in wireless
sensor network (WSN) technology have enabled
deployment of sensor networks in numerous
applications, ranging from medical and
environmental monitoring to detection and tracking
of intruders. Localisation of sensor nodes of a
wireless sensor network is an essential prerequisite
for its successful operation. However, localisation in
WSNs is often constrained by the low cost, low
energy and conjuration requirements. Thus, it is
unreasonable to expect that every sensor node can be
equipped with a GPS receiver (a GPS receiver is
large, heavy and expensive, as opposed to a sensor
node which is supposed to be small, light and
cheap). While there are many algorithms for node
localisation reported in the literature this project
focus on range-free, a cost-effective alternative to
the more expensive range based methods. In range-
based systems, every sensor node requires hardware
that can deduce the distance between the sensors.
While this information improves localisation
accuracy. Range-free systems, on the other hand, use
only the connectivity or proximity information to
localise themselves. The assumption is that (small)
subsets of sensor nodes, called anchors, know their
exact position within some global coordinate system.
The anchors broadcast their position and this
information is received by sensor nodes that are
within their respective communication range.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Miloš Jevtic, Nikola Zogovic, (2009) done
wireless sensor network (WSN) simulator surveys.
They examine four WSN simulators: ns-2, Castalia
(OMNeT++ based), TOSSIM, and
COOJA/MSPSim, and define a set of criteria to
evaluate and compare the simulators. They provide
short descriptions of simulators and tabular
comparison based on the criteria. Since none of the
simulators under survey is a universal solution,
rough guidelines on which simulator to use in
particular situation’s Sanjiv Rao and V Vallikumari,
(2012) published, the recent advances in electronics
and wireless communication technologies have
enabled the development of large-scale wireless
sensor networks that consist of many low-powers,
low-cost and small size sensor nodes. Sensor
networks hold the promise of facilitating large-scale
and real time data processing in complex
environments. Some of the application areas are
health, military, and home. In military, for example,
the rapid deployment, self-organization, and fault
tolerance characteristics of sensor networks make
them a very promising technique, for military
command, control, communications, computing, and
the targeting systems. Deployment of nodes in
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a basic issue
to be addressed as it can influence the performance
metrics of WSNs connectivity, resilience and storage
requirements. Many deployment schemes have been
proposed for wireless sensor networks. In this paper
we consider the implications of various deployment
schemes for the connectivity and resilience of the
WSNs. Our approach to deal with the affective
trade-offs between resilience, connectivity and
storage requirements for each deployment schemes
in the literature, we survey four deployment models
random, grid, group and grid-group to show which
deployment scheme can be used to increase network
connectivity, without increasing storage
requirements or sacrificing resilience with respect to
some factor. Their contribution is tobe implemented
of WSNs using random, grid and grid-group
deployment Knowledge. WSNs have been simulated
with Network Simulator 2.34 for node
configuration, sink node configuration, topology
creation, with sensing capabilities, temperature and
energy by using Mannasim.Khalid K. Almuzaini
(2010) presented Node localization is an essential
component of many wireless networks. It can be
used to improve routing and enhance the security of
a network. Localization can be divided into range
free and range-based algorithms. Range-based
algorithms use measurements such as ToA, TDoA,
RSS, and AoA to estimate the distance between two
nodes. Range-free algorithms are based on proximity
sensing between nodes. Although this is typically
less accurate than range-based, it is cheaper and
easier to implement. A new range-free scheme is
proposed. Every target forms two sets of anchors.
The first set contains one-hop anchors from the
target. The second set contains two-hop and three-
hop anchors away from the target. Each target uses
the intersections between these anchors to estimate
its position. This new approach is simple, but is
more accurate than DRLS when the anchor ratio is
low.Cuong Pham Duc A. Tran (2011) Designed
data-centric sensor networks, sensor data is not
necessarily forwarded to a central sink for storage;
instead, the nodes themselves serve as distributed in-
network storage, collectively storing sensor data and
waiting to answer user queries. A key problem in
designing such a network is how to map data and
queries to their corresponding rendezvous nodes so
that a query can find its matching data quickly and
efficiently. Existing techniques are mostly aimed to
address a certain type of queries. The capability to
support queries of any type is desirable, yet remains
a challenge. We propose search efficient architecture
for data-centric sensor networks that can
simultaneously address range queries and top-k, the
two most popular query types. Importantly, the
proposed technique does not require location
information, hence applicable to a wide range of
sensor networks. Our theoretical findings are
complemented by a simulation-based
evaluation.Razia Haider, Dr. Muhammad Younus
Javed, Naveed S. Khattak (2008) they had invented
3. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
24 | P a g e
routing in sensor networks is a challenging issue due
to inherent constraints such as energy, memory and
CPU processing capabilities. The energy efficiency
is one of the key concerns in sensor networks for
their better performance, as sensor nodes are limited
in their battery power. In this research work,
different routing algorithms have been studied and
the main focus was on geographic routing in sensor
networks. A location based protocol EAGR (Energy
Aware Greedy Routing) has been presented for
sensor networks to extend the lifetime of the
network and to get higher data delivery rate and to
balance the energy consumption of nodes. In EAGR,
each node makes the local decision to choose its
next hop. This algorithm works on forwarding rule
based on location and energy levels of nodes. Each
node knows its own geographic location and its
energy levels and the location and energy level of its
Neighbours. The transmitting node writes the
geographic position of destination into the packet
header and forwards it to the destination by
establishing the sub-destinations. The sub-
destination nodes must be alive and geographically
near to the destination node to route the packet by
choosing the shortest and reliable path. Simulation
has been made by using OMNET++. Simulation
results show that the proposed algorithm gives better
performance in terms of higher data delivery rate
and less number of dead nodes. It has been noted
that the ratio of successful packet delivery will
increase in EAGR as number of nodes increased in
the network. Consequently, the proposed algorithm
can scale to thousands of nodes in future sensor
networks and can effectively increase the lifetime of
the sensor networks. Jaehun Lee, Wooing Chung,
and Euntai Kim (2009) proposed an efficient range-
free localization algorithm based on shortest path
information. The proposed method is a kind of
range-free localization algorithm which only uses
the proximity information between sensor nodes. In
the proposed method, an efficient distance vector
based on shortest path information is proposed. The
proposed method is applied to various kinds of
network topologies. The simulation results
demonstrate that the proposed method shows
excellent and robust location estimation
results.Miloš Jevtic, Nikola Zogovic, (2009) they
examined four WSN simulators: ns-2, Castalia
(OMNeT++ based), TOSSIM, and
COOJA/MSPSim, and define a set of criteria to
evaluate and compare the simulators. They provided
short descriptions of simulators and tabular
comparison based on the criteria. Since none of the
simulators under survey is a universal solution,
rough guidelines on which simulator to use in
particular situation .Amitangshu Pal (2010)
Publishesh that recent advances in radio and
embedded systems have enabled the proliferation of
wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks
are tremendously being used in different
environments to perform various monitoring tasks
such as search, rescue, disaster relief, target tracking
and a number of tasks in smart environments. In
many such tasks, node localization is inherently one
of the system parameters. Node localization is
required to report the origin of events, assist group
querying of sensors, routing and to answer questions
on the network coverage. So, one of the
fundamental challenges in wireless sensor network is
node localization. This paper reviews different
approaches of node localization discovery in
wireless sensor networks. The overview of the
schemes proposed by different scholars for the
improvement of localization in wireless sensor
networks is also presented. Future research
directions and challenges for improving node
localization in wireless sensor
networks.Vaidyanathan Ramadurai, Mihail L.
Sichitiu (2009) considered a probabilistic approach
to the problem of localization in wireless sensor
networks and propose a distributed algorithm that
helps unknown nodes to determine confident
position estimates. The proposed algorithm is RF
based, robust to range measurement inaccuracies and
can be tailored to varying environmental conditions.
The proposed position estimation algorithm
considers the errors and inaccuracies usually found
in RF signal strength measurements. They also
evaluate and validate the algorithm with an
experimental testbed. The test bed results indicate
that the actual position of nodes are well bounded by
the position estimates obtained despite ranging
inaccuracies.
Jin Zhu and Symeon Papavassiliou, (2006)
published that due to hardware, energy, cost and
other physical constraints, sensor-based networks
present various design, implementation and
deployment challenges. In this letter an analytical
model to estimate and evaluate the node and network
lifetime in a randomly deployed multi-hop sensor
network is presented. Based on this, we provide a
procedure for the creation of an energy efficient
sensor network organization, that attempts to extend
the lifetime of the communication critical nodes, and
as a result the overall network’s operation
lifetime.Umair Sadiq, Mohan Kumar (2011)
published a series of opportunistic contacts in space
and time among devices carried by mobile users, can
be utilized to forward messages from one user to
another in the absence of an end-to end connected
path. Existing routing metrics exhibit efficient
performance in either homogeneous (users have
similar mobility characteristics) or specific
heterogeneous (users exhibit varied mobility
characteristics) scenarios. However, in practice,
behaviour of users changes at different locations and
times, making it hard to generalize any one routing
algorithm. The adaptive forwarding scheme,
4. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
25 | P a g e
ProxiMol, proposed leverages two simple facts -
some users have better likelihood of message
delivery due to higher mobility, while others do due
to their location’s proximity to destination. Key
contributions of ProxiMol include: i) a model to
infer user’s location over time from its diffusion (a
measure of mobility); ii) an analytical result to
estimate distance between users; and iii) an
empirical method to estimate diffusion of a user.
These are used to compute the likelihood of delivery
taking into account both the mobility of a user and
her proximity to destination. In addition to this
robust forwarding scheme, a novel concept of
disconnected distance that captures partial paths in
networks with moderate levels of connectivity is
introduced. ProxiMol improves delivery ratios (10-
20%) and reduces delays by up to 50%, when
compared against previously proposed algorithms, in
user environments that range from relatively
homogeneous to highly heterogeneous
settings.Jaehun Lee, Wooyong Chung, Euntai Kim
and In Wha Hong , (2010) proposed a novel
localization algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network.
The proposed method is a kind of range-free
localization algorithm which only uses the proximity
information between sensor nodes. In the proposed
method, a robust weighted algorithm is presented to
calculate the average hop distances between sensor
nodes and anchor nodes. The proposed method is
applied to an isotropic network and three anisotropic
etworks. The simulation results demonstrate that the
proposed method shows excellent and robust
location estimation results Satoshi Kurihara , (2010)
described a method for accurately estimating the
topology of sensor networks from time-series data
collected from infrared proximity sensors. Our
method is a hybrid combining two different
methodologies: ant colony optimization (ACO),
which is an evolutionary computation algorithm; and
an adjacency score, which is a novel statistical
measure based on heuristic knowledge. We show
that, using actual data gathered from a real-world
environment, our method can estimate a sensor
network topology whose accuracy is approximately
95% in our environment. This is an acceptable result
for real-world sensor network applications.Qiang Le
(2009) presented the maximum likelihood
localization (ML) algorithm for multi-target
localization using proximity-based sensor networks.
Proximity sensors simply report a single binary
value indicating whether or not a target is near. The
ML approach requires a hill climbing algorithm to
find the peak, and its ability to find the global peak is
determined by the initial estimates for the target
locations. This paper investigates three methods to
initialize the ML algorithm:
1) centroid of k-means clustering, 2) centroid of
clique clustering, and 3) peak in the 1-target
likelihood surface.
To provide a performance bound for the
initialization methods, the paper also considers the
ground truth target positions as initial estimates.
Simulations compare the ability of these methods to
resolve and localize two targets. The simulations
demonstrate that the clique clustering technique
outperforms k-means clustering and is nearly as
effective as the 1-target likelihood peak methods at a
fraction of the computational cost.
III. CURRENT STUDY
This project will be introducing the concept
of proximity queries in sensor networks. It
captures a large number of interesting
queries that may be used in a variety of
monitoring applications in sensor networks.
This project will propose the use of a
distributed routing index for capturing the
spatial distribution of interesting types of
events in the sensor network. This routing
index requires minimal resources at each
node and is being updated dynamically,
when the nodes collaborate to provide
answers to proximity queries.
This project will provide a detailed
experimental evaluation where study the
effect of various parameters in the accuracy
of the algorithms. This will results
demonstrate that techniques are very robust
and can accurately process a variety of
proximity queries, while substantially
reducing the number of messages
exchanged in the network.
IV. PLATFORM USE
Mannasim is a Wireless Sensor Networks
simulation environment comprised of two solutions:
the Mannasim Framework;
the Script Generator Tool.
The Mannasim Framework is a module for WSN
simulation based on the Network Simulator (NS-2).
Mannasim extends NS-2 introducing new modules
for design, development and analysis of different
WSN applications. The Script Generator Tool (SGT)
is a front-end for TCL simulation scripts easy
creation. SGT comes blunded with Mannasim
Framework and it's written in pure Java making it
plataform independent.
V. MANNASIM OBJECTIVES
Mannasim goal is to develop a detailed
simulation framework, which can accurately model
different sensor nodes and applications while
providing a versatile testbed for algorithms and
protocols.
Numerous challenges make the study of real
deployed sensor networks very difficult and
financially infeasible. At the current stage of the
technology, a practical way to study WSNs is
5. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
26 | P a g e
through simulations that can provide a meaningful
perspective of the behavior and performance of
various algorithms
Configuring Access Points
To create an access point (AP) the first thing it to set
node-config structure. This is a ns-2 structure used
to define a bunch of mobile node parameters. In
Mannasim context the only difference from the
tradicional settings is the inclusion of -sensorNode
ON command. With this command whenever an
instance of a mobile node is instantiated a wireless
sensor node is automatically created. The box bellow
shows a sample configuration (note the use of val()
vector).
$ns_ node-config -sensorNode ON
-adhocRouting $val(rp)
-adhocRouting $val(rp)
-llType $val(ll)
-macType $val(mac)
-ifqType $val(ifq)
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen)
-antType $val(ant)
-propType $val(prop)
-energyModel $val(en)
On demand networks require that the AP or
other outsider send requests messages to the WSN.
These messages specify the situation when the
network should provide data to the requester.
To create a request message to be send by the AP the
following parameters should be set:
When requested data should be sent back to
AP (for example, send data when
temperature exceeds 25 celcius degrees).
request type - two values are possible:
REAL (0) when sensor node drops all data all data
from its buffer, gather new one, process and deliver
it to the disseminating module. BUFFER (1) when
sensor node process data from its buffer and give the
results to the disseminating module.The sample code
provided bellow defines the request time, schedules
when data structure that encapulates request data is
created and when request message will be sent.
VI. CONFIGURING CLUSTER HEADS
The Cluster Head (CH) configuration is
similar to what was made for the Access Point. The
CH however, can execute data sensing and
processing so its configuration is a bit more complex
(as the sensor nodes executes more different tasks
more configuration adjustments should be made).To
create a sensor node just put in the tradicional node-
config structure the -sensorNode ON command. Just
like it was made in the AP configuration.Continuing
CH configuration, the user should set a node field to
represent the sensor node just defined, create a
tansport protocol (again an UDP transport protocol
is used in the example presented in the box bellow),
a sensor node application (as expected a
ClusterHeadApp) and an instance of a processing
module.
VII. CONFIGURING COMMON NODE
The Common Node (CN) configuration
presents the greater number of parameter to be set.
Since a CN has an application, a processing module
and a data generation module used to simulate
sensing tasks.
Sensor node creation is equal to Access
Point node creation. Just put in the tradicional node-
config structure the -sensorNode ON command.
Next step is to create common node
functionality modules including a transport protocol,
an sensor application, a processing and a data
generator. The data generator module is the
difference between a Cluster Head and a Common
Node configuration. In the example box presented
bellow an UDP transport protocol, an Aggregate
Processing processing module, a
TemperatureDataGenerator data generator module
and a CommonNodeApplication application module
were used.
6. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
27 | P a g e
VIII. RESULTS
Nodes in the proximity of 0
10
Nodes in the proximity of 1
9
28
29
32
48
Nodes in the proximity of 2
7
18
38
49
Nodes in the proximity of 3
29
42
Nodes in the proximity of 4
Nodes in the proximity of 5
24
38
40
Nodes in the proximity of 6
17
23
Nodes in the proximity of 7
2
14
46
Nodes in the proximity of 8
23
26
Nodes in the proximity of 9
1
22
Nodes in the proximity of 10
0
36
42
Nodes in the proximity of 11
18
Nodes in the proximity of 12
15
23
Nodes in the proximity of 13
18
29
43
Nodes in the proximity of 14
7
36
Nodes in the proximity of 15
12
21
45
Nodes in the proximity of 16
49
Nodes in the proximity of 17
6
40
Nodes in the proximity of 18
2
11
13
43
Nodes in the proximity of 19
34
46
Nodes in the proximity of 20
40
Nodes in the proximity of 21
15
44
46
48
Nodes in the proximity of 22
9
27
Nodes in the proximity of 23
6
8
12
Nodes in the proximity of 24
5
33
Nodes in the proximity of 25
34
Nodes in the proximity of 26
8
33Nodes in the proximity of 27
22
Nodes in the proximity of 28
1
Nodes in the proximity of 29
1
3
13
34
7. Dhananjay M. Sable , Latesh G. Malik / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.022-028
28 | P a g e
Nodes in the proximity of 30
45
Nodes in the proximity of 31
Nodes in the proximity of 32
1
Nodes in the proximity of 33
24
26
Nodes in the proximity of 34
19
25
29
Nodes in the proximity of 35
Nodes in the proximity of 36
10
14
Nodes in the proximity of 37
Nodes in the proximity of 38
2
5
Nodes in the proximity of 39
Nodes in the proximity of 40
5
17
20
Nodes in the proximity of 41
Nodes in the proximity of 42
3
10
Nodes in the proximity of 43
13
18
Nodes in the proximity of 44
21
Nodes in the proximity of 45
15
30
Nodes in the proximity of 46
7
19
21
Nodes in the proximity of 47
Nodes in the proximity of 48
1
21
Nodes in the proximity of 49
2
16
Proximity TCP ACK Event estimated
IX. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
This survey will introduce the concept of
proximity queries in snsor networks. The definition
captures a large number of interesting queries that
may be used in a variety of monitoring applications
in sensor network.This survey will be propose the
use of a distributed routing index for capturing the
spatial distribution of interesting types of events ia
the sensor network. This routing index requires
minimal resources at each node and is being updated
dynamically,
REFERENCES
[1] Sanjiv Rao and V Vallikumari, Associate
Professor, Dept of IT, Sri Sai Aditya
Institute of Science And Technology,
Surampalem, AP India. Professor, Dept of
CS&SE, College of Engineering, Andhra
University. International Journal Of
Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (
IJASSN ), Vol 2, No.2, April 2012
[2] Khalid K. Almuzaini Student Member and
T.AaronGulliverSenior Member
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering University of Victoria
Victoria, BC, Canada,
[3] Cuong Pham Duc A. Tran Department of
Computer Science University of
Massachusetts, Boston Razia Haider, Dr.
Muhammad Younus Javed, Naveed S.
Khattak Department of Computer Science,
Military College of Signal, National
University of Science & Technology,
Rawalpinid, Pakistan.
[4] Jaehun Lee, Wooyong Chung, and Euntai
Kim School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Korea.
[5] Vaidyanathan Ramadurai, Mihail L.
Sichitiu Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering North Carolina State
University
[6] Umair Sadiq, Mohan Kumar Department of
Computer Science and Engineering
University of Texas
[7] Satoshi Kurihara , Toshiharu Sugawara,
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Waseda University, Japan