This document summarizes Bridgeport, Connecticut's plans to increase sustainable energy and promote urban revitalization. Key points include: - Bridgeport developed a sustainability plan called BGreen 2020 to reduce emissions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, green building, and alternative transportation. - Several renewable energy projects have been implemented, including a fuel cell park, solar installations, and plans to convert food waste and sewage into electricity. - These projects aim to cut costs and emissions while creating jobs and economic opportunities in Bridgeport.

1. Sustainable Energy:
An Element of Urban Revitalization
Philip Michalowski, AICP
David Kooris, AICP
Ben Toby
Daniel Donovan

2. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AN ELEMENT OF URBAN REVITALIZATION

3. PANEL
Moderator: Philip Michalowski, AICP, Director of Planning, Milone & McBroom
Panel: David Kooris, AICP, Director of Planning and Economic Development, Bridgeport, CT
Ben Toby, Vice President of Sales, FuelCell Energy
Daniel Donovan, Principal, NuPower, LLC

4. BGreen
2020 A Sustainability Plan for Bridgeport, Connecticut Energy Generation Infrastructure Supporting Economic Development
David M. Kooris
Director, Office of Planning and Economic Development

5. CT’s Most Populous City: ~150k
Spatially Confined: 16.1 Sq Mi
Lower Income: Median HH Income less than ½ that for County

6. Where We’ve Been
•2009: From Vision to Plan:
Establishing a Framework
–Mayor’s Executive Order
–Carbon Inventory
–Public/Private Partnership
–CAC And Five Technical Committees
–Comprehensive Sustainability Plan
•Developing Stakeholder Relationships
•Identifying Project and Program Opportunities

7. •Land Use / Transportation
•Energy
•Recycling
•Business, Jobs & Purchasing
•Green Spaces
•Water Resources
•Outreach and Education
“Recipient of Governor’s 2010 Climate Change Award”
BGreen 2020

8. City Energy Plan Using EECBG (2010)
% Increase
Sector-Based 22% (adjusted 24%)(E)
Population-Based 18% (adjusted 14%)(E)
Sector-Based 11% (adjusted 13%)(BAU)
Population-Based 10% (adjusted 6%)(BAU)

9. A Quantified Strategy for Emissions Reduction
Green Building
Renewable Energy
Land Use and Transportation
MSW/Recycling & Water
Attainable through Utility,
State, Regional, & Federal
Actions (not quantified)

10. Setting Achievable But, Difficult Targets
Boost Bridgeport’s Regional Train Ridership
Transfer Auto To Bus Transit
Carpool, Vanpool, & Car Share
TOD
Walk and Bike
Switch to Alt Vehicle Fuels
Reduce Municipal Fleet Emissions
Benefit from CAFÉ Standards

11. Energy Efficiency & Generation
•Energy Improvement District
•Comprehensive Energy Plan
•Green Energy Park
•Fuel Cell Park
•Biomass Projects to Convert Food Waste & Sludge to Electricity
•Municipal Building Retrofit/ Performance Contracting
•Solar Leasing Initiatives
•Residential Aggregation & Weatherization Programs
•First Municipality in CT to Implement C-PACE (Commercial & Industrial Property Assessed Clean Energy)
Total Energy Consumption in $ for all City Buildings
Facilities Consolidation + Retrofits
2300000
2500000
2700000
2900000
FY 08
FY 09
FY 10
FY 11
FY 12
$

13. Waste Recovery Plant
•Owned by Waste Management
•~70 Mw
•Anchor Entity Reclassifying Waste
•Opportunities for Carbon Sequestration for Economic Development

14. Fuel Cell
•Non-Combustion Generation from Natural Gas
•Second Largest in World
•15 MW
•Developed by Fuel Cell Energy
•Owned by Dominion
•CT Project 150
•Grid PPA with CL&P

15. Green Energy Park
•~5 MW Solar (~3MW) and Fuel Cell (~2MW)
•Grid Generation by UI
•City Land – 20 Year Lease
•Legislative Action on Generation
•Regulatory Relief on Return

16. Sludge and Waste Food Digesters
Sludge
•City RFP
•~1.5MW
•Direct Energy Sale to Facility
•Remove ~200 Trucks
Food
•~3MW
•PPA with City via Virtual Net Metering & Local Industrial Purchase
•Legislative Action (CT & NYC)
•Spinoff ED Potential

17. Thermal Loop
•Low Temperature
•Capture Waste Heat from Waste-Energy and Fuel Cell
•Eliminate Need for Local Heating Plants for 6 Million Sq Ft of Buildings
•Lower Operating Costs; Competitive Advantage
•CEFIA
•C-PACE

18. Bridgeport Biodiesel & American Oil Solutions
Biodiesel
•DEEP Permits for Yellow and Brown Grease
•EPA Permits for Sale
•Expanding from 1- 10 Million Gallons / Year
American Oil
•Recycles Tires
•Oil, Metal
•Gas to Run Process and Power Building
•Water Heated for Facility

19. Green Workforce Housing
•Adaptive Re-Use
•375 Units
•LEED Certified
•Public Support in Acquisition
•Public Support on Environmental and Parking
•Remake City Gateway

20. Microgrid & Virtual Net Metering
Microgrid
•Legislative Action
•PILOT Program – Awarded First Round
•~1.5 MW
•Natural Gas
•N+1 Redundancy
•State Pays for Interconnect and City Pays for Generation
Virtual Net Metering
•Legislative Action
•Up to 5 Municipal Meters
•Up to 10 Meters if Connected to Microgrid

21. Resiliency
•Rebuild By Design
•HUD Post-Sandy Initiative
•10 Communities
•Planning for 2080
•Combination of Soft and Hard Solutions

22. THANK YOU!
David M. Kooris
Director
Office of Planning and Economic Development
City of Bridgeport
999 Broad Street, 2nd Floor
Bridgeport, CT 06604
David.kooris@bridgeportct.gov
203-576-7221

23. Ultra-Clean | Efficient | Reliable Power
Bridgeport CT: National Leadership in Clean Energy
Presentation for SNEAPA
October 2014

24. 24

25. Manufacture / EPC Global manufacturing profile
•North America
•Europe
•Asia via partner Engineering, Procurement and Construction
•Project development
•Project Finance
R&D Design megawatt–class distributed power generation solutions
•Global fuel cell platform
•Robust intellectual property portfolio
•Developing hybrid applications of existing technology for new markets
Integrated Fuel Cell Company
Services Operate & Maintain power plants
•Over 100 DFC® plants operating at more than 50 sites in 9 countries
•>2.8 billion kWh ultra-clean power produced
•> 300 MW installed/backlog
Providing turn-key distributed power generation solutions
NASDAQ: FCEL
25

26. Scalable Solutions
Individual fuel cell
&
350 kW fuel cell stack
Four-Stack Module
1.4 megawatts
Completed module
1.4 megawatts
2.8 MW DFC3000®
•Utilizes two modules
•Adequate to power 2,800 homes
1.4 MW DFC1500®
•Utilizes one module
•Adequate to power 1,400 homes
59MW fuel cell park
•Utilizes 21 DFC3000 plants
Global platform – scale enhances economics
26

27. Near-zero Emissions
Power Source
Efficiency (%LHV)
NOx (lb/MWh)
SOx (lb/MWh)
PM¹⁰ (lb/MWh)
CO₂ (lb/MWh)
Average U.S. Grid
33%
3.43
7.9
0.19
1,408
Average U.S. Fossil Fuel Plant
36%
5.06
11.6
0.27
2,031
DFC® Fuel Cell on Nat Gas
47%
0.01
0.0001
0.00002
940
DFC® Fuel Cell on Nat Gas (CHP)
80%
0.006
0.00006
0.00001
550
DFC® Fuel Cell on Biogas (CHP)
80%
0.006
0.00006
0.00001
0
Source for non-DFC data: “Model Regulations For The Output Of Specified Air Emissions From Smaller scale Electric Generation Resources Model Rule and Supporting Documentation”, October 15, 2002; The Regulatory Assistance Project report to NREL
27

28. Competitive LCOE (USA)
$0.20
to
$0.15
$0.10
to
$0.07
$0.10
to
$0.05
$0.23
to
$0.18
$0.09 to $0.06
$0.12 to $0.09
$0.15 to $0.07
T&D
T&D
T&D
T&D
T&D
T&D
T&D
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
FuelCell Energy 2.8 MW
Wind
100 MW
$0.14 - $0.15(a)
$0.09 - $0.11(b)
$/kWh
Unsubsidized Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)
CT Baseload Power $0.14 CA Baseload Power $0.12
(d)
Distributed Solar PV(c) 10 MW
Combined
Cycle
550 MW
Nuclear
1,100 MW
Coal
600 MW
Intermittent Renewable Generation
Utility
Solar
PV(c)
10 MW
Central Generation(f)
(a)LCOE of $0.15/kWh with natural gas at $8/mmBtu or $0.14.kWh at $6/mmBtu; each $2/mmBtu change equates to about $0.01/kWh.
(b)Mid-term LCOE target of $0.09-$0.11/kWh based on global production volume of approximately 210 MW annually.
(c)Distributed solar based on rooftop installation in SW USA with 20-23% capacity factor; Utility solar based on tracking technology and 27-28% capacity.
(d)Installation and maintenance cost of Transmission & Distribution (T&D) is estimated to add up to $0.024/kWh.
(e)Gas peaking addresses intermittency of solar and wind when power is required but sun not shining/wind not blowing.
(f)Does not include waste disposal costs, incremental emission clean-up costs or nuclear-related security costs. Source: Company estimates, Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis—Version 7.0 , U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) & Oak Ridge National Lab.
Gas(e) Peaking 100-200 MW
28

29. 29
Combined Heat & Power Applications
300 kW Hot Water CHP for Onion Waste digester in California
2.8 MW Hot Water CHP Waste Water Digester Plant in California
1.4 MW Steam CHP for campus energy system at University in CT

30. Type: 14.9 MW fuel cell park Owner: Utility owned DOC: Dec-2013
30
•Power sold to grid
•Enhances grid resiliency
•Renewable baseload power
•Easy to site
–14.9 MW on only 1.5 acres
–Clean, quiet & vibration free
–Urban brownfield now a revenue generator
Dominion Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park
“The Dominion Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park is another important step in our efforts to identify and develop opportunities to produce clean energy that is reliable and cost effective"
Thomas F. Farrell II, Chairman
President and CEO
Dominion

31. 31
Strategic Benefits
•Adds new ‘clean energy’ generation to Dominion’s portfolio
•Private capital providing public benefits
•Local and state tax revenue
•Job creation in Connecticut
•Ultra-Clean power generation in an urban location
•Virtually zero NOx that causes smog
•Virtually zero PM10 the can contribute to asthma
•Revitalizing industrial urban area
•Meets 2% of CT RPS goals
•Meeting 10% of Project 150 program
•Viable distributed generation resource in utility service area and beyond
•Ultra-clean baseload power generation
•Ideal for use in combined heat and power applications
•Power islanding applications
•Modest space requirements
•About 10 MW of fuel cells per one acre, compared to
•About 1 MW of solar per one acre

32. 32
Operation & Maintenance
The fuel cell park is operated and remotely monitored by the FuelCell Energy Global Technical Assistance Center (GTAC) The GTAC remotely operates installations around the world, including:
•Monitoring operating status
•Performing remote troubleshooting, diagnostics and resolution
•Utilizing a quality tracking system
•Dispatching field service technicians Trained technicians staff the GTAC around-the-clock, 365 days per year Field service personnel provide on-site maintenance
Global Technical Assistance Center (GTAC)
Danbury, Connecticut

33. Type: 59 MW fuel cell park
Owner: Consortium w/ electric & gas utility
DOC: Dec-2013
33
•Scalable consisting of 21 DFC3000® power plants
–Only ~ 5.2 acres for 59 MW
•Supplying electric grid and district heating system
•Constructed in only 14 months
•Adequate to power ~ 140,000 S. Korean homes
World’s Largest Fuel Cell Park
“The scale of this installation is contributing to the power and heating needs of an urban population and generating the electricity in a highly efficient and ultra-low emission profile that supports our National renewable portfolio standard,” Tae-Ho Lee Chief Executive Officer Gyeonggi Green Energy

34. Thank you!
34

35. Fuel Cell Technologies
35

36. 36
How the Direct FuelCell® Works
Electrochemical Conversion of Fuel Heating Value to Electricity
–Inherently more efficient than engines and turbines
–Ultra-Clean:
•No combustion
•Virtually zero pollutants
•Negligible Nox (causes smog), Sox (causes acid rain), PM (aggravates asthma)
–Continuous baseload power
–Scalable with high efficiency
–Easy to site
•Low emissions, quiet, modest space requirements
–Hydrogen produced within fuel cell from clean natural gas
–No need for H2 infrastructure

37. 37
Fuel Cell Configuration
FUEL
OXIDANT
BIPOLAR PLATE
ANODE
MATRIX
CATHODE

38. 38
Fuel Cell Stack Configuration
Individual fuel cell component
400 components are used to build one 350 kW fuel cell stack
4 stacks are combined to build a 1.4 MW plant
The stacks are enclosed, creating the fuel cell module
Two modules are used for a 2.8 MW power plant

39. $0
$200
$400
2010
2011
2012
2013
Q3 2014
Product
Services
Advanced technology
Financial Highlights
USD in millions
USD in millions
USD in millions
Revenue
Gross Profit
Revenue Backlog
Product Cost per kW
$0
$100
$200
2010
2011
2012
2013
LTM - Q3
2014
-$20
-$10
$0
$10
2010
2011
2012
2013
LTM - Q3
2014
22% CAGR
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
2003
2007
current
mid-term
Current costs only 25% of first commercial sale in 2003
39

40. NuPower Thermal LLC Bridgeport District Heating Project
October 24, 2014
40

41. Bridgeport Thermal
41
Low Temperature District Thermal use of waste heat to provide economic, efficient and environmentally friendly domestic hot water and space heating

42. Bridgeport Thermal
42
Low Temperature District Heating
Proven Technology
• Greater Copenhagen Regional
Thermal – approximately 1.5 million
households, representing around 60% of
the Danish population with much of the
heat supplied generated by CHP.
• Stanford University – converted from
central cogen plant to low temperature
heat recovery system with addition of 20
miles of low temperature piping and 150
campus buildings

43. Bridgeport Thermal
LOW TEMPERATURE DISTRICT HEATING
43

44. Bridgeport Thermal
Flexible Pipe Installation
Copenhagen, Denmark
44
Buried Plastic Valves
Copenhagen, Denmark

45. Bridgeport Thermal
BUILDING INSTALLTION – THE HEAT EXCHANGER
45

46. Bridgeport Thermal
Low Temperature District Heating Overview
Several reliable waste heat sources
Large concentration of thermal customers
lower capital & operating cost and low line loss
Provide long term heating at discount to current heating option
46

47. City of Bridgeport, CT
47
Bridgeport Thermal

48. Bridgeport Thermal
48
BRIDGEPORT
19.4 SQ. Miles
Pop. – 146,425 (2012)

49. The Bridgeport Thermal Project
49
Bridgeport Thermal

50. The Bridgeport Thermal Project
50
Bridgeport Thermal

51. Bridgeport Thermal
Project Services
•Low Temperature Thermal Energy
•Heat Recovery
•Heat Delivery
•Converting Low Cost Electric Power to Chilled Water
51
Distribute Energy Products as Licensed Thermal Energy Carrier

52. Bridgeport Thermal
52
Project Team
Ramboll Group
•District Thermal Engineering Design Firm
•Focus – District Thermal/Building Design/Environmental Engineering Smith Engineering
•Engineering Consulting Firm
•Focus – Central Energy Plant Optimization and Customer Data Analysis Milone & MacBroom
•Regional Civil Engineering Firm
•Focus – Pipe Route Analysis and Permitting

53. Bridgeport Thermal
Thermal Customer Profile
Totaling approximately 3.5 million square feet
53
•Academic
•University of Bridgeport
•Housatonic Community College
•Commercial
•Webster Arena
•Peoples Bank
•Government
•City Buildings
•State Buildings

54. Bridgeport Thermal
Wheelabrator WtE Facility
67 MW
54
Emera Combined Cycle Facility
520 MW
Potential Heat Sources
United Illuminating Fuel Cell Facility
3 MW

55. Bridgeport Thermal
Project Steps
55
•Quantified customer cooling and heating loads
•Completed technical evaluation and selection of heat recovery
•Complete network design – November 2014
•Enter into customer and thermal host agreements – January 2015
•Develop turnkey bid packages
•Start construction – mid 2015

56. Bridgeport Thermal
NuPower Bridgeport Thermal LLC
Contact:
Daniel Donovan
ddonovan@nupowerllc.net
203.395.4148
56