The "Energy Budget" Book presented at the 5th DC Stakeholder Summit took place on Tuesday 18th of April in Dubai at Le Meridien Hotel.

1. The Energy Budget
Presented by George Berbari
CEO DC PRO Engineering
District Cooling Stakeholders Summit
Le Meridien Dubai Hotel & Conference Centre, Dubai
18– 19th April 2017

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4. 4
“The Energy Budget”
Book Background
• Energy is a simple, yet very complex subject that takes years of extensive
research to partially comprehend.
• Global Warming is affecting the human race and planet Earth drastically and
will be further accelerated by current and future human activities.
• Measures taken so far to tackle Global warming are inadequate and there is
a pessimist sense among most environmental activists.
• A new approach is required:
• Simple but well structured.
• Have a Creative Financing mechanism.
• Continuously Measured and monitored.
• A message of Hope:
• Human intelligence will prevail.

5. 5
“The Energy Budget”
Chapters 1 to 3
• The extensive research for my book took me on an educational journey of how
energy is spent in the major countries around the world, that is summarized in
the first three chapters and illustrate how energy is generated and utilized.
• Historic Energy development – Firewood for warmth and meal cooking,
hydropower used by mills, wind energy used by sail boat, animal energy in
transport and work….
• Modern Context of Energy usage:
• Buildings
• Industry
• Transportation
• Others (agriculture, street lighting, etc.)

6. 6
“The Energy Budget”
Chapters 1 to 3 (Cont’d)
• Most Emissions is coming from Fossil fuels (32 Billion Ton of CO2 / Year)
• Agriculture, livestock and land use produce methane Gas that Global warming
equivalent to 21 times of CO2.
• The top two methane producers are the 1.5 Billion Cows and Rice agriculture.
• China & USA are the top two CO2 emitters in the world (25 &16% respectively)
and deserves a closer look at their energy consumption patterns.
• China is the factory of the world where Industry consumes 57.6% of the total
primary energy consumed of 3.75 Billion tonnes of standard coal equivalent
(SCE).
Standard coal
equivalent(SCE)
Tonne of Oil
Equivalent (TOE)
Mega Joules
(MJ)
Million BTU
MMBTU
1 0.7 29,310 27.77

7. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 2 extracts: Forms of Energy

8. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 2 extracts: Forms of Energy

9. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 2 Extracts : Forms of Energy

10. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 3 extract: How is energy consumed?

11. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 3 extract: How is energy consumed?

12. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 3 extract: How is energy consumed?

13. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 3 extracts: How is energy consumed?

14. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 4 extracts: District Energy extract
• District Energy is a subject so dear to my heart that I have devoted 20 years of my
career to developing, promoting and helping evolve the cooling approach and its
inherent design strategies and technologies.
• District Energy in China has substantial market penetration in the residential and
commercial sectors. However, District Energy schemes in the country
predominantly use inefficient constant‐flow pumping systems instead of the more
efficient variable‐flow systems; further, they have avoided installing the necessary
energy metering systems.
• The situation is changing in China, though, with more and more efficient buildings
and model cities being built. The Green Buildings coming up in the country are
being fitted with measuring, metering and variable‐flow pumping technologies.

15. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 4 extracts: District Energy extract
4.a District Energy & Renewables
• District Energy Will play a vital role in energy conservation and storage.
• District Energy is one of the best technology to integrate intermittent
renewable energy.

16. Tesla Batteries Power Pack
Lowest Price in industry: US $ 400 / kwh
Expected Lifetime: 10 Years
Round Trip Efficiency: 88 – 89%
Footprint: 68 – 70 kwh/m2
Stratified Chilled water
Thermal Storage Tank
Several Suppliers: US $ 18 - 20 / kwh
Expected Lifetime: 50 Years
Round Trip Efficiency: 98 -99%
Operating Efficiency: 105 – 110%
Footprint: 200 – 220 kwh/m2
District Energy & Renewables (additional info)
Electric Batteries Vs Chilled Water Thermal Storage

17. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 4 extracts: District Energy extract
4.b District Energy … Comparing it to city’s metro system
District
Energy
Vs.
Many
A/C
Units
Metro
Vs.
Traffic
Jam

18. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 4 extracts: District Energy extract
4.b District Energy … Comparing it to city’s metro system
• Both DC & Metro are essentials aspects of the infrastructure of any modern City.
• District Energy (DE) is trying to reduce # of A/C, Heat Pumps and boilers .
• Metro is trying to use number of Cars, Buses, Bikes, etc.
• Both Metro & DE are trying to save primary energy and reduce emissions.
• What would a $ 1 Million US dollar investment in Public transport or DE results in
emissions reductions?
• Metro vis‐à‐vis bus service 12,000 tonnes
• District Energy vis‐à‐vis traditional AC 18,750 tonnes
• Tri‐generation vis‐à‐vis traditional AC 29,000 tonnes

19. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 5 extracts: The Future of metering
• What is dragging us down, though, is the fragmentation and duplication of
metering and billing processes by every utility, which is leading to waste of human
energy and to high costs.
• Are we missing something here in all this? Why this massive waste of human
effort? And why isn’t the proper benchmark, such as kWh/m2 per month or
season, or thermal kWh or BTU per m2 per month per season reported?
• My vision for the future, which is endorsed by several utilities, is that there will be
one intermediate private‐sector firm responsible for all the utility meters as well as
for the billing and the collection of property tax in a jurisdiction. The firm will
report the collated figures to the local authorities concerned. Such a structure will
ensure transparency and reduction in costs. The intermediate firm can expand its
model to even include the billing and the collection of telecommunications and
cable‐service‐related fees.

20. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 6 extracts: Renewable energy & our Future
• Renewable Energy is the new superstar on the horizon. According to the
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), which is based in Abu Dhabi,
UAE, around 40‐50% of all power capacity infrastructure projects that have been
put in place since 2009 are based on Renewable Energy.
• Typically, Renewable Energy includes bio‐energy (biomass, waste‐to‐energy,
biofuels), geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy.
• I predict that Hydrogen will play a key role in resolving the energy storage
dilemma. Whenever we have excess electric energy produced by the intermittent
renewables, then we can accelerate the production of hydrogen and sored it in
pressurized containers or over pressurize the main hydrogen piping grid.

21. The Hydrogen Council (additional Info)
• Announced in January 2017 by 13 leading companies.
• Committed to spend 1.5 Billion Dollar a year to accelerate the energy
transformation.
• Reduce production cost to less than $ 2 / Kg of H2 using renewable energy.
• Increase Cars Fueling Stations and H2 Cars.
• Develop Fuel Cells for mini combined heat and power (CHP) and Cars.
• Enhance Hydrogen storage and liquefying facilities,

22. The Hydrogen Council

23. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 7 extracts: The energy budget
• The current model, where the utility companies are directly billing the end‐users is
inadequate.
• Should we be allowed to consume as much as we want to, as long as we are
paying for them? Can that approach change without influencing our personal
freedom or without limiting our choices?
• Each City, Town, Factory, building, Home and person shall take control on their
energy consumption by creating an energy budget with specific measurable
reduction targets.
• The city or town would take the global target and bringing it down to measure and
benchmark every facility per m2 for a year and every persons in terms of domestic
water and liquid fuel per person.
• Efficient facilities and persons will benefit from base rates while inefficient
facilities and persons will endure higher rates with the difference generating a city
green fund.

24. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 7 extracts: The energy budget
In 2014 in the United States, electrical power was sold at a national average of US
Cents 12.5/kWh. The average household consumption was 72 kWh/m2/year while
commercial consumption was 179 kWh/m2/year . In the Energy Budget scenario, the
proposed slab rates would be as per the following table:
In 2014, commercial and residential
electricity sales in the United States
were around USD 321 billion out of
the USD 825 billion of total electricity
sales. An increase in revenue of 15‐
20%, accrued through penalties,
would generate an additional fund of
between USD 48 billion and USD 64
billion a year, unless of course, if
people consciously curbed power
consumption!

25. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 7 extracts: The energy budget
Samples of Industrial Benchmark:
1. Steel: 1.8 Kg of CO2 emission per Kg of steel produced in 2015 compared to 3.5 Kg
of CO2 emission per Kg of steel produced in 1975. Our current consumption of steel
stands at 0.215 Kg / Capita / year.
2. Milk: FAO estimates milk collection, processing and bottling consumes 100‐120 MJ
of electrical energy per tonne of milk. In Large industrial plants electrical energy is
limited to approximately 65‐85 MJ/tonne (to which approximately 25‐30 MJ/tonne
of thermal energy must be added).

26. “The Energy Budget”
Chapter 7 extracts: Perception vs. Reality
Should our Energy policies left to one man even if he is an elected president or
shall we have a Governor and board for Energy that can act independently
similar to the US FED?

27. Thank you
www.dcproeng.com
www.georgeberbari.com
email: gberbari@dcproeng.com