Bio Electrical Impedance Analyser is a simple Non-Invasive tool that is used for the Human body composition Analysis. It has been found that the basic principle of Human Body composition Analysis is the measurement of fat vs lean muscle tissue. And it is well known fact that biological tissues the path of least resistance. While Analysing the body composition through Bio Electrical Impedance Analyser body resistance and body reactance are taken into account. Phase Angle is directly calculated from resistance and reactance and Phase Angle is an important indicator of cellular health and integrity. This paper aims at discussing the significance of Phase Angle in Analysis of Human Body Composition and developing and validating prediction equation of Phase Angle at different frequencies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A Review of the Cady White Paper, the Biophotonic Scanner, Supplementation an...Louis Cady, MD
In his return to the Orange County, CA area, Dr. Cady quickly reviews the key points of his previous presentation and integrates new science and citations about wellness and the key concepts of nutritional supplementation with balanced products. He then turns his attention to new developments in genomic science, reviews key scientific milestones, and describes how the NuSkin/Pharmanex line of AgeLOC products have profound implications for the improvement of energy, sexual functioning, mental focus, and weight loss through the optimization of the function of the human body.
The "Cady White Paper" Review & Rationale for Antioxidant and Nutrient supple...Louis Cady, MD
In this presentation, delivered at the 2nd Health Care Professional Summit in Los Angeles, CA - 9 24 2011 - Dr. Cady reviews the critical points in the Cady White Paper on the Biophotonic Scanner, as well as a cogent explanation from the literature about the need to monitor antioxidant status and supplement appropriately.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A Review of the Cady White Paper, the Biophotonic Scanner, Supplementation an...Louis Cady, MD
In his return to the Orange County, CA area, Dr. Cady quickly reviews the key points of his previous presentation and integrates new science and citations about wellness and the key concepts of nutritional supplementation with balanced products. He then turns his attention to new developments in genomic science, reviews key scientific milestones, and describes how the NuSkin/Pharmanex line of AgeLOC products have profound implications for the improvement of energy, sexual functioning, mental focus, and weight loss through the optimization of the function of the human body.
The "Cady White Paper" Review & Rationale for Antioxidant and Nutrient supple...Louis Cady, MD
In this presentation, delivered at the 2nd Health Care Professional Summit in Los Angeles, CA - 9 24 2011 - Dr. Cady reviews the critical points in the Cady White Paper on the Biophotonic Scanner, as well as a cogent explanation from the literature about the need to monitor antioxidant status and supplement appropriately.
Efficiency of Stem Cell After Spinal Cord Injury with Clip-Compression_ Crims...Crimsonpublisherssmoaj
Efficiency of Stem Cell After Spinal Cord Injury with Clip-Compression by Tae Hoon Lee* in Crimson Publishers: Surgery Journal Impact Factor
Our experiment grafted mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) to influence behavioral deficiency in rodent animal models of clip compressive surgery inducing spinal cord injury (SCI) of central nervous system. Our research proved the effect of grafted stem cells to the injured spinal cord region, focusing the application of mouse embryonic stem cells for regeneration of spinal cord nervous injury. Therefore, our research suggests manifest results that implantation of mouse embryonic stem cell could show behavioral improvement after severe spinal cord damage.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/fulltext/SMOAJ.000533.php
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For more articles on Surgery Journal Impact Factor
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Design of the floating-type memristor emulator and its circuit implementationIJRES Journal
Memristor is a kind of nonlinear resistance with memory ability. The resistance of the memristor
changes depending on the charge quantity or the magnetic flux passing through it. As a basic two-terminal
device, the memristor should be connected with other electronic devices in any form and not limited to the
grounding-type. In this paper, a new memristor emulator is proposed based on HP memristor model and then a
floating-type memristor emulator is designed. Finally, the corroding physical circuits are built to verify the
correctness of the design.
Application and development of numerical simulation technology in CastingIJRES Journal
The basic theory of the numerical simulation of casting and casting process, also the development and application of numerical calculations in the foundry engineering. Outlined the main feature of the softwares of numerical simulation of casting both here and abroad , analyzes the softwares played a significant role in actual casting and research, meanwhile pointed out the problems and development direction of the casting simulation softwares. Description reasonable use of simulation software can improve the quality of castings, Optimize the casting process, shorten the duration of the casting design and reduce costs.
Efficiency of Stem Cell After Spinal Cord Injury with Clip-Compression_ Crims...Crimsonpublisherssmoaj
Efficiency of Stem Cell After Spinal Cord Injury with Clip-Compression by Tae Hoon Lee* in Crimson Publishers: Surgery Journal Impact Factor
Our experiment grafted mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) to influence behavioral deficiency in rodent animal models of clip compressive surgery inducing spinal cord injury (SCI) of central nervous system. Our research proved the effect of grafted stem cells to the injured spinal cord region, focusing the application of mouse embryonic stem cells for regeneration of spinal cord nervous injury. Therefore, our research suggests manifest results that implantation of mouse embryonic stem cell could show behavioral improvement after severe spinal cord damage.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/fulltext/SMOAJ.000533.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles on Surgery Journal Impact Factor
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/smoaj/index.php
Please follow the below link for our LinkedIn page
https://www.linkedin.com/company/crimsonpublishers
Design of the floating-type memristor emulator and its circuit implementationIJRES Journal
Memristor is a kind of nonlinear resistance with memory ability. The resistance of the memristor
changes depending on the charge quantity or the magnetic flux passing through it. As a basic two-terminal
device, the memristor should be connected with other electronic devices in any form and not limited to the
grounding-type. In this paper, a new memristor emulator is proposed based on HP memristor model and then a
floating-type memristor emulator is designed. Finally, the corroding physical circuits are built to verify the
correctness of the design.
Application and development of numerical simulation technology in CastingIJRES Journal
The basic theory of the numerical simulation of casting and casting process, also the development and application of numerical calculations in the foundry engineering. Outlined the main feature of the softwares of numerical simulation of casting both here and abroad , analyzes the softwares played a significant role in actual casting and research, meanwhile pointed out the problems and development direction of the casting simulation softwares. Description reasonable use of simulation software can improve the quality of castings, Optimize the casting process, shorten the duration of the casting design and reduce costs.
Criterion of functional fullness in many-valued logicIJRES Journal
Using Slupecki’s criterion of functional fullness we give very simple proof of Jablonskij’s criterion. Then using
Jablonskij’s criterion we get criterion of minimal closed sets: a subset of functions of Pk ( k2 ) is full in k P , if
it contains a non-fictitious two-ary function taking all values and functions of minimal closed sets of some type.
The criterion is very useful. In particular, Slupecki’s criterion uses 27 functions, Jablonskij’s criterion uses 21
functions, the criterion of minimal closed sets uses 3 functions in 3-valued logic. The criteria use 255, 231, 6
functions in 4-valued logic respectively and 3125, 3005, 10 functions in 5-valued logic.
Comparison of the Performances of Two Commercial Membranes in Demineralizatio...IJRES Journal
In this work, comparison of the performances of two commercial membranes in demineralization of drinking water of M’rirt city (conductivity 2140 μS/cm) by nanofiltration in continuous mode was carried out. The pilot used (supplied by the French Company TIA, Techniques Industrilles Appliquées) is an industrial nanofiltration pilot plant having two modules equipped with various spiral commercial membranes with an area of 7.6 m2. Two configurations were tested: simple pass and supplied batch configuration. The water parameters were followed as a function of the running conditions (time, pressure) in order to follow the behaviour of the membranes tested.
Nonlinear Algebraic Systems with Three Unknown VariablesIJRES Journal
Work is devoted to the study of nonlinear algebraic systems with three unknowns and is a
continuation of the author's research in this area. Previously, for nonlinear algebraic of system of equations
was built analog determinant of Kramer and it is given a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of
solutions of nonlinear algebraic systems with a complex dependence on the variables. For two-parameter
systems in the abstract case, it is obtained the results to determine the conditions for finding the number of
solutions.
In this paper describes the method of determining the conditions on the coefficients of algebraic systems to
establish the number of solutions of the algebraic system of equations, when an unknowns part in the system as
polynomials in any finite degree. This method can be applied to other algebraic systems with more than
three unknown variables.
Energy Demand Analysis of Telecom Towers of Nepal with Strategic Scenario Dev...IJRES Journal
Telecom towers, technically known as BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) are the most energy intensive part of cellular network architecture and contribute up to 60 to 80% of total cellular power consumption and varies in response to the real traffic demand throughout the day and night. But, thelack of grid availability highlightsa potential barrier to telecom industry growth in Nepal. Nepal has approximately 5,222 telecom towers of which about 22% do operate on diesel generators (DGs) while the remaining by grid electricity with some shares of renewable energy technologies (RETs: solar and/or wind). Despite the large carbon imprint, the uncertainty in power availability has compelled telecom operators to use DGs to ensure continuous supply of power for the better network availability, which translates huge operating costs along with adverse environmental impact. So, it becomes an imperative solution for telecom operators to evaluate all alternatives in order to increase network reliability with reduced energy cost. This study report intentionally focus on current energy consumptionof such telecom towers and forecast thefuture energydemand with reference to growing subscriber trend up to 2025 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System)withBusiness As Usual (BAU) scenario. A clean energy technology (CET) scenario with possible RET options is also developed and compared with base case scenario through some policy mechanics on behalf of environmental benefits and sustainable cellular communication. Furthermore, this study concludes a potential energy cum cost saving with RET adoption with basic cost economics analysis.
The research of technology for automatically cutting Patterns' edge with edge...IJRES Journal
With the designed optical systems, machine vision systems, laser cutting machine body constitute automatic boundary cutting machine vision systems with the clothing patterns. The use of digital image processing technologies, such as filtering, edge detecting and edge tracking algorithms ,has effectively extracted continuous contour of patterns which will significantly distinguish the foreground from background as cutting information of the target edge called cutting vectors, and thus cutting vectors control the laser cutting equipment SPIN1006 to precisely cut the target pattern. This technology can achieve the automatic boundary cutting of the full version of alien costumes’ pattern.
The implementation of BPJS health program At public health center martapura i...IJRES Journal
Improving the quality of health services at the primary level is very important to reduce the burden of services which will be covered hospital when the BPJS program applied. The aimed of this study is to describe the implementation of the program of BPJS in Public Health Center (PHC) Martapura. This study was a qualitative research with case study design. The informants are the head of PHC and manager program were taken by purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews using in-depth interview guide. Result of this study was since the enactment BPJS January 1, 2014, Banjar Regency Health Office only once to disseminate ie in March 2014. This makes the health center to get the barriers in the field of the sustainability of the information obtained from the health department with the information captured on the official website BPJS. Another barriers was the disbursement claims that have not been implemented which should have been right to health centers for services provided. Support from the health department and BPJS needed to inform about the national health insurance program regularly to health centers so that health centers do not confusion in implementing the program.
Alumina-Based Composites Reinforced With Ductile ParticlesIJRES Journal
Al2O3/Metal composite ceramics were fabricated by the use of mechanical milling and pressureless sintering. Al2O3 + 10 vol.% of La, Mn, Si or Y were mixed and milled during 12 h at 300 rpm in a horizontal mill, then with the powder mixture it was conformed cylindrical samples by uniaxial pressing using 300 MPa. Pressed samples were sintered during 2 h in an electrical furnace at 1500°C. During sintered it was used an argon atmosphere inside the furnace in order to inhibit metal oxidation. XRD results indicate that alumina and metals retain its crystalline structure. Reached density by samples is small and less than 90%. Scanning electron microscopy observations show alumina’s microstructure with very fine and homogeneous distributions of metal particles. Both the Mn and Si are not suitable metals to improve the mechanical properties of alumina, in particular the fracture toughness. Considered rare earth metals such as yttrium and lanthanum, have yielded favorable results in improving the fracture toughness of the alumina. However, it should be made more dense materials with them to better explore this potential.
An Enhanced P2P Architecture for Dispersed Service DiscoveryIJRES Journal
Service discovery is a critical issue in Service Oriented Computing (SOC).Service discovery protocols used to detect and discover services offered by the nodes in the network. It must be scalable, reliable and robust service discovery mechanism. In traditional discovery mechanism uses decentralized service discovery approach named as chord4s.This method suffer from some problems such as scalability, node failure and efficient query routing. This paper addresses additional functionalities of chord4s protocol. In this paper data availability in chord4s protocol is improved by distributing functionally equivalent services to different successor nodes. If one node fails service consumer gets equivalent services from the other successor nodes. In this paper efficient query routing can be improved by getting multiple services with single query. Quality of service also improved by qos aware service discovery methods. Semantic information of services is integrated in order to increase flexibility, accuracy of service discovery.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel i...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of alkyl substituted piperdin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones on mild steel
corrosion in 1N sulphuric acid solution was studied by weight loss method and electrochemical techniques. The
influence of halides viz., KCl, KBr and KI on the corrosion inhibition of thiosemicarbazones were also
investigated. Results show that alkyl substituted piperidin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones alone provided
satisfactory inhibition on the corrosion of mild steel and it was also found that the inhibition efficiency increased
synergistically in the presence of halide ions. The synergistic effect of halide ions was found to follow the order:
KI > KBr > KCl. The inhibitor reduced the corrosion rate through adsorption.
PID Compensator Control Scheme of Synchronous Buck DC-DC Converter with ZVS L...IJRES Journal
This paper deals with PID compensator control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions with the help of a Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS)Logic Circuit. Since the freewheeling diode is replaced by a high frequency switch MOSFET in this buck configuration, the SR control technique itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A newPID compensator control techniqueis introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light load. This is also cost effective and highly efficient simple control method without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator with the help of ZVS logic circuit for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter in MATLAB Simulink.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Optimizing Shock Models In The Study Of Deteriorating SystemsIJRES Journal
This research is to make a detailed study of deteriorating systems using the shock model approach. Cumulative damage models in which the damages due to various shocks accumulate and the system failure is viewed as the first passage problem of the cumulative damage process past a threshold are analyzed. We consider the cumulative damage models in a totally different perspective by considering the optimal stopping in an accumulative damage model. The stopping rule is that the cumulative damage may surpass a prescribed threshold level only with a small probability but should approach the threshold as precise as possible. Finally we analyze shock models for which the system failure is based on the frequency of shocks rather than the cumulative damage caused by them. Numerical examples and discussions are provided to illustrate the results.
The Drill Geometry Influence on PCB Drilling PerformanceIJRES Journal
To adapt to the rapid development of PCBs, a high-property drill is desired. An applicable way is demonstrated by a design method based on analysis of drill structure, cutting force experiment , cutter wear observation to improve the drilling performance.Finally the drill wear is well improved by web thinning and chip dividing groove grinding.
Automated airfield controller system for avoiding air crashes in runwayIJRES Journal
This work is an attempt to develop an advanced technology in airport control systems. As the existing system is manually operated, it is difficult to find solutions for some unexpected problems, for example: fire accident, ice, rain, fog and snow which may occur on the runway during the landing of the flight, which leads to air crashes in the runway . To take protective measures, introducing an automatic system to detect whether the runway is safe before landing the flight and this system also takes protective measures until the flight completely stops in the Airport. GPS (Global Positioning System) is used for inform the user to about exact location of the landing zone in the runway. Stepper motor is used as barrier system to control entry for vehicles and human. Zigbee transceiver is used as wireless communication protocol between aircraft and airfield controller system.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
In vivo characterization of breast tissue by non-invasive bio-impedance measu...ijbesjournal
Biological tissues have complex electrical impedance related to the tissue dimension, the internal structure
and the arrangement of the constituent cells. Since different tissues have different conductivities and
permittivities, the electrical impedance can provide useful information based on heterogeneous tissue
structures, physiological states and functions. In vivo bio-impedance breast measurements proved to be a
dependable method where these measurements can be adopted to characterize breast tissue into normal
and abnormal by a developed normalized coefficient of variation (NCV) as a numerical criterion of the bioimpedance
measurements. In this study 26 breasts in 26 women have been scanned with a homemade
Electrical Bio-impedance System (EBS). Characteristic breast conductivity and permittivity measurements
emerged for Mammographically normal and abnormal cases. CV and NCV are calculated for each case,
and the value of NCVs greater than 1.00 corresponds to abnormalities, particularly tumours while NCVs
less than 1.00 correspond to normal cases. The most promising results of (NCV) for permittivity at 1 MHz,
it detects 73% of abnormal cases including 100% tumor cases while it detects 82% of normal cases. The
numerical criterion NCV of in-vivo bio-impedance measurements of the breast appears to be promising in
breast cancer screening.
ANS Testing Device University of Miami Study PresentationMaxiMedRx
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Sudopath Sudoscan testing device diabetic study by university of miami. Evaluating a New Approach to Detect Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using the ES Complex-TSS
The Impact Visceral Abdominal Fat and Muscle Mass Using CT on Patients with S...semualkaira
The association between abdominal visceral
fatty area (VFA) and muscle mass and mortality is not fully understood despite the fact that being overweight is an established
risk factor for the onset and severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). We
assessed the effect of VFA on severe AP (SAP) mortality
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of adipose
and muscle parameters with the severity grade of AP
A Paradigm Shift in the Utilization of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis in Clinical...semualkaira
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE), frequently referred to as
plasmapheresis. is an automated procedure which separates whole
blood into plasma and blood cells. The plasma is discarded and
replaced with physiologic fluids and returned to the patient along
with the blood cells. Theoretically, any disease in which a humoral
phase is implicated in the pathogenesis may be at least partially
mitigated by removal of the patient’s plasma and replacement with
physiologic solutions. In clinical practice, TPE is used in a hospital
setting, usually as a last resort, to treat autoimmune diseases by removing circulating antibodies and/or immune complexes. Recently, it was demonstrated that TPE has several immunoregulatory
properties besides removal of circulating antibodies and immune
complexes. Both controlled and uncontrolled clinical studies have
demonstrated that TPE is associated with only a few mild adverse
reactions and can be performed safely in an outpatient setting.
We report our experience in treating patients with TPE on an outpatient basis with several different medical conditions (Alzheimer’s disease, Long Covid, PANDAS) and prophylactically in older
individuals for the attenuation of inflammaging
A Paradigm Shift in the Utilization of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis in Clinical...semualkaira
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE), frequently referred to as
plasmapheresis. is an automated procedure which separates whole
blood into plasma and blood cells. The plasma is discarded and
replaced with physiologic fluids and returned to the patient along
with the blood cells. Theoretically, any disease in which a humoral
phase is implicated in the pathogenesis may be at least partially
mitigated by removal of the patient’s plasma and replacement with
physiologic solutions
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
An understanding of the electronic bipolar resistance switching behavior in C...IJRES Journal
In this study, TiO2 films and devices were prepared by sol-gel method. The bipolar resistive switching
phenomena was observed in the Cu/TiO2/ITO device. The conduction mechanism of devices were analyzed. It was
found that the conduction mechanism is dominated by space charge limited current in high resistance state, and
Schottky emission in low resistance state.
A fast and effective impulse noise filterIJRES Journal
In order to eliminate the high density salt and pepper noise effectively in the image, this paper
proposes a new algorithm that can eliminate the noise .Other similar algorithms need to adjust the filtering
window in the image which is polluted by different concentration of noise constantly. The proposed algorithm
use the fixed small scale of filtering window only, at the same time of filter, it can reserve the detail of the image
features well. The proposed algorithm extracted the noise points from the contaminated image firstly, according
to the relationship between the gray value of signal points and noise points, then determine which is the real
noise. The experimental results show us that the proposed algorithm achieved satisfactory result in filter out
noise, especially in the treatment of the images that have high levels of noise pollution, and it is better than
other algorithm.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter.
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 2 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2014 ǁ PP.45-56
www.ijres.org 45 | Page
Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase
Angle As Health Parameter.
Munna Khan1
, Shabana Mehfuz1
and Ghazala Perveen Khan1
*
Electrical Engineering Department Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025.
Abstract: Bio Electrical Impedance Analyser is a simple Non-Invasive tool that is used for the Human body
composition Analysis. It has been found that the basic principle of Human Body composition Analysis is the
measurement of fat vs lean muscle tissue. And it is well known fact that biological tissues the path of least
resistance. While Analysing the body composition through Bio Electrical Impedance Analyser body resistance
and body reactance are taken into account. Phase Angle is directly calculated from resistance and reactance and
Phase Angle is an important indicator of cellular health and integrity. This paper aims at discussing the
significance of Phase Angle in Analysis of Human Body Composition and developing and validating prediction
equation of Phase Angle at different frequencies.
Keywords: Phase Angle, Body Mass Index, %Fat Mass, sex,age, Fat Free Mass, Total Body Water,
Impedance Index(Ht.2
/Z).
I. Introduction
Phase Angle is an important parameter in analysis of the body composition of subjects. It gives the linear
relationship of reactance and resistance in series and parallel circuit and is defined as Phase Angle = arc tan
(reactance/resistance).
Fig1:Body Phase Angle
Phase angle is an indicator of cell health and integrity. For low phase angle would imply that the low
reactance of cell and henceforth, cell death or cell breakdown in the selective permeability of the cell membrane.
High phase angle would imply higher reactance and large quantities of intact cell membrane and body cell mass.
Frequency plays an important role in determining how the cell tissues will react.At low frequency (in the range
1 to 5 kHz (Kilo Hertz))the current have difficulty overcoming the cell membranes, and are therefore will only
pass through the extra-cellular mass, which means they practically hold no reactance component. That's why,
multi frequencies are used to calculate ECW (Extra Cellular Water). As the frequency increases, so does the
phase angle and with it the capacitive resistance (reactance). The maximum frequency is reached at about 50
kHz. Higher frequencies will cause both, the resistance and the reactance to decrease again. Cole defined this
relationship between frequencies and resistances in 1968, and the graphical representation of the correlation
between resistance and reactance at different frequencies is called a Coleplot.
2. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 46 | Page
Fig 2: Cole plot showing the variation of Phase Angle with increasing frequency
At high frequency the current is conducted by both Extra Cellular Water and Intra Cellular Water and
penetration of Cell Membrane occurs. Therefore, generally phase Angle is taken as 50 KHz while developing
the prediction so that current is conducted by both Extra Cellular Water and Intra Cellular Water.
The use of multi-frequency analysis provides an improved differentiation with regard to cell loss or water
displacement, by assessing variations in mass of the extra-cellular mass ECM and the body cell mass BCM.
This process is especially beneficial in patients with a changed grade of hydration in the lean body mass, and
patients with serious illness such as kidney or heart failure, or patients with edema and diseases that require the
crucial monitoring of water balance (dialysis, intravenous nutrition).
The relationship between Basal metabolic rate and body weight and body composition have been evaluated
using Sex age weight and Impedance Index as the parameter for developing the prediction equation at multiple
frequency. Research have shown that phase angle is an Important parameter for developing Basal metabolic
rate. It should be noted that Basal Metabolic rate and Resting Metabolic Rate are used interchangeably, except
that readings for Basal Metabolic Rate are more accurate. This paper aims at developing the multiple Regression
equation for Basal Metabolic rate and validating the results with clinical data. Generally we used indirect
calorimetry for measuring REE or RMR or BMR. However, for this paper we have used Maltron-II BIA
Analyser.
Energy intake assessment is necessary for nutritionist, as it gives them the hazy idea about the eating habits
and general disorders about in the body of individual. An estimated 25 million Indians have diabetes, and this is
forecast to grow to 57 million by 2025.The rural section of the country is facing the different challenge of under
nutrition. It is found mostly in rural areas and is concentrated in a relatively small number of districts and
villages; with 10 percent of villages and districts accounting for of all underweight children. So; all in all, we
can say that India is facing the dual challenge of obesity and undernourishment. Individuals who are overweight
or obese are at the risk of developing cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic disease, osteoarthritis and certain
types of cancer. On the other hand underweight individuals are malnourished and have a high risk of fluid-
electrolyte imbalances, renal and reproductive disorders. Body composition analysis (BCA) therefore; was
therefore, necessary to yield data about normal growth, maturity, and longer life.
Besides this, numerous studies indicate that malnutrition is another serious health concern that Indian
subject face (Chatterjee, 1990; Desai, 1994; The World Bank, 1996). It threatens their survival as well as that of
their children. The negative effects of malnutrition among women are compounded by heavy work demands, by
poverty, by childbearing and rearing, and by special nutritional needs of women, resulting in increased
susceptibility to illness and consequent higher mortality. Attention must therefore be paid to determine the body
composition of females so that appropriate measures can be taken if women in India are facing abnormality in
their health due to their abnormal nutritional status.
The purpose of the current study was to use the body composition of Indian subjects database to develop
and predict two sets of equation ;REE using independent sets of variable sex, weight and Stature of body at the
frequencies of 5KHz, 50KHz, 100KHz, 200KHz.The other set of REE is developed using sex, age, Impedance
index, weight and Phase Angle. We have included parameter of Phase Angle in predicting REE at different
frequency because it provide physician with more accurate data regarding different Extracellular to Intracellular
water. T he graphic presentation of the results is another benefit. It provides a summary and overview and helps
visualize the data.
3. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 47 | Page
The obtained equations are of the form:
REE(f1,f2)=a0Sex+
Subjects and Procedure:
Human Body Composition data of 54 subjects (49males and 5 females) within the age group of 23 yrs to 50
yrs were studied through Maltron-II Body Composition Impedance Analyzer method; where excitation current
of 800µA at different frequencies of 5 KHz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz and 200 KHz were applied to the source or drive
distal electrodes on the hand and foot; and the voltage drop due to impedance is detected by sensor electrodes on
the wrist and ankle. The figure and block diagram representation of the control process is shown below:
a1 Wt.+a2 ZI(f1,f2)+C1 .......(1)
REE=b0Sex+b1Wt.+b2 ZI(f2). +b3 (PA)+C2 ………(2)
Where REE(f1,f2,f3,f4) is the Resting Energy Expenditure of individual at the frequency of 5KHz, 50 KHz
.REE is Resting Energy Expenditure at constant frequency .C1 and C2 are intercepts of equation (1) and (2)
respectively and a0, b0 are coefficients multiplied by sex variable of equation(1) and(2) respectively and a1, b1
are coefficients multiplied by Wt. variable of equation(1) and(2) respectively.a2,b2 is the coefficient multiplied
by Impedance Index at frequency of 5KHz, 50 KHz, 100KHz and 200KHz.,b3 is the coefficient multiplied by
phase angle coefficient.
Fig3: Procedure for measuring experimental data of using Maltron-II Bio Electrical Impedance Analyzer.
These clinical data were then utilized to calculate the Impedance Index i.e. (height2
/impedance) at different
frequencies of 5 KHz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz and 200 KHz. The calculated impedance index of each individual at
different frequency is formulated in the form of Table (1). Finally multiple regression analysis of these data was
4. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 48 | Page
carried out to develop and design a linear model with the help of R software (version 2.14.1).Two sets of REE
were developed. REE using independent sets of variable sex, weight and Impedance Index of body at the
frequencies of 5KHz, 50KHz, 100KHz, 200KHz.The other set of REE is developed using sex, age, Impedance
index, weight and Phase Angle at the frequencies of 5KHz, 50KHz, 100KHz, 200KHz. For this, an algorithm
was developed and statistical analysis of the data was done; the flow chart showing the actual process carried
out to generate the linear model and Descriptive statistics is shown below in fig. (4) and Table (1) respectively.
Variables Mean ± S.D.
Weight
Sex
Age
REE
Zi at 5 KHz
Zi at 50 KHz
PA at 50 KHz
60.35185 ± 12.1156493
49males and 5 females
20.74 ± 4.7324
1488.82 ± 192.1440632
38.006039±6.9973077
43.7616 ± 8.22416
7.8357 ± 0.719608
Table1: Descriptive statistics of Indian Subjects (n=54)
No
Yes
Fig4: Flowchart showing the general process to develop 2 sets of linear model of REE at the frequencies of 5
KHz and 50 KHz .
START
N=54,sex,age,Wt.,Phase Angle (PA)
at f2= 50KHz, Impedance Index(Zi)at
f1=5KHz.;f2=50K;f3=100KHz.f4=200
KHz.
(Zif1,f2,f3,f4=(Ht.2
/Z))k=1……N
K=K+1
Is K=N
REEf1,f2,~(lm(sex+Wt.+Zif1,f2 )
REE~(lm(sex+Wt.+Zif2+age+PA)
REEf1,f2,f3,f4 = (a0×sex+a1×Wt.+a2×Zif1,f2+c1)
REEf1,f2,f3,f4 = (b0×sex+b1×Wt.+b2× Zif2 +b3×PA+c2)
STOP
5. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 49 | Page
Prediction Equation developed:
It provides a summary and overview and helps visualize the data.
The obtained equations are of the form:
REE(f1,f2)=a0Sex+a1 Wt.+a2 ZI(f1,f2)+C1 .......(1)
REE=b0Sex+b1Wt.+b2 ZI(f2). +b3 (PA)+C2 ………(2)
Where REE(f1,f2,f3,f4) is the Resting Energy Expenditure of individual at the frequency of 5KHz, 50 KHz
.REE is Resting Energy Expenditure at constant frequency .C1 and C2 are intercepts of equation (1) and (2)
respectively and a0, b0 are coefficients multiplied by sex variable of equation(1) and(2) respectively and a1, b1
are coefficients multiplied by Wt. variable of equation(1) and(2) respectively.a2,b2 is the coefficient multiplied
by Impedance Index at frequency of 5KHz, 50 KHz, 100KHz and 200KHz.,b3 is the coefficient multiplied by
phase angle coefficient.
The table below shows the descriptive statistic and Prediction equation developed:
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of Indian subjects (n=54) together with REE equations developed
S.No. Prediction Equation developed Freque
ncy
used
Standard
Error
Residual
Error
Multiple
R2
Adjuste
d R2
1.
2.
3.
REE5k=157.516×sex+1.917×Wt.
+19.816×Zi5kHz + 597.143
REE50k=141.922×sex+2.215×W
t.+16.866×Zi50kHz + 608.065
REE=141.8153×sex+2.4003×Wt
+16.800×Zi50kHz + --15.221P
A+719.1448
5KHz
50KHz
50KHz
Intercept=44.
553
Sex= 26.924
Wt.=1.029
Zi5=1.867
Intercept=42.
501
Sex= 26.365
Wt.=0.963
Zi50=1.508
Intercept=87.
4385
Sex=
26.0804
Wt.=0.9611
Zi50=1.4924
PA50=10.50
65
56.89 on 50 df
0.9164
54.84 on 50 df
0.9223
54.24on 49 df
0.9255
0.9114
0.9176
0.9194
6. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 50 | Page
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study was able to develop REE prediction equation for Indian subjects. Data used in commercial
software provided 2 BIA equations at 5 KHz, 50 KHz as shown below:
REE(5KHz) = 157.516×Sex+1.917×Wt.+19.816×Zi5KHz+597.143 ………(3)
REE(50KHz) = 141.922×Sex+2.215×Wt.+16.866×Zi50 kHz + 608.065 ……..(4)
In a similar pattern the prediction equation for REE was developed at 50KHz frequency taking Phase angle
as independent variable. We have not taken the reading at lower and high frequency because as explained in
cole plot phase angle is low similarly the reactance component start decreasing at high frequency too and current
cannot bridge the cell membrane and will pass through Extra Cellular Space only.Therefore, reading is taken at
Phase angle 50 KHz and Zi 50KHz :
REE = 141.8153×Sex+2.4003×Wt.+16.800×Zi50 kHz -15.221PA+719.1448 ........(5)
where REE(5 KHz), REE(50 KHz),and REE is Resting Energy Expenditure of body KCal at5 KHz,50 KHz,
ZI5 kHz, Zi50 kHz is Impedance index of body at 5KHz and 50 KHz, frequency respectively in (cm2
/Ω). Value of
sex of the subject is taken as 1 for female and 0 for male subject.Wt.is the weight of the body in Kg. Besides,
development of BIA equations; statistical analysis of the data of data was also done the results of which were
tabulated in table (3).In addition to this graphical analysis of the data is shown in Fig (5), Fig (6), Fig (7), Fig
(8), Fig (9), Fig (10), Fig (8),and Fig (11). These figures showed different graphical plots such as scatter matrix
plot for Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) at different frequencies, normal distribution of standardized
residuals, Scale location plot, Residual verses leverage plot and standardized residual verses cook’s distance
plot. These plots for linear model objects give the diagnostic information about the linear model. Besides this, a
comparative study of measured and predicted Resting Energy Expenditure(REE) at the frequencies of 5KHz,
50KHzis tabulated in Table (4) and from the results it is observed that the predicted value of REE at these
frequencies are very much closer to the measured value.
7. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 51 | Page
Fig.5: Scatter Plot Matrix distribution of body composition of Indian subjects; showing the relationship
between Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in KCal, Impedance Index (Stature) (Height2
/Impedance) of body
at frequencies of 5KHz,50KHz in (cm2
/Ω) and Weight of body in Kg, sex of the subject and Phase Angle at
frequency of 50 KHz.
8. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 52 | Page
Fig.5: Residual Vs Fitted plot of body composition of Indian subjects; showing the relationship between
Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in KCal, Impedance Index (Stature) (Height2
/Impedance) of body at
frequencies of 5KHz,50KHz in (cm2
/Ω) and Weight of body in Kg, sex of the subject and Phase Angle at
frequency of 50 KHz.
9. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
www.ijres.org 53 | Page
Fig.6: Normal Vs Standardised residual plot of body composition of Indian subjects; showing the relationship
between Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in KCal, Impedance Index (Stature) (Height2
/Impedance) of body
at frequencies of 5KHz,50KHz in (cm2
/Ω) and Weight of body in Kg, sex of the subject and Phase Angle at
frequency of 50 KHz.
10. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
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Fig.7: Scale location plot of body composition of Indian subjects; showing the relationship between Resting
Energy Expenditure (REE) in KCal, Impedance Index (Stature) (Height2
/Impedance) of body at frequencies of
5KHz,50KHz in (cm2
/Ω) and Weight of body in Kg, sex of the subject and Phase Angle at frequency of 50
KHz.
11. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
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Fig.8: Residual Vs Leverage plot of body composition of Indian subjects; showing the relationship between
Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in KCal, Impedance Index (Stature) (Height2
/Impedance) of body at
frequencies of 5KHz,50KHz in (cm2
/Ω) and Weight of body in Kg, sex of the subject and Phase Angle at
frequency of 50 KHz.
Table 3: Comparative study of measured and predicted value of REE at different frequencies of participants for
N= 10 out of 54 data
S.No. REE predicted at
5KHz.
REE predicted at
50KHz
REE measured with PA REE measured
from BIA analyser
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1680.534
1627.974
1523.444
1522.183
1557.311
1264.354
1275.216
1281.328
1263.676
1244.305
1683.391
1627.192
1548.536
1518.145
1548.689
1273.414
1260.736
1288.475
1285.805
1230.446
1663.686
1618.155
1519.797
1527.219
1527.783
1273.737
1252.268
1271.153
1255.9
1234.989
1591
1489
1509
1588
1589
1168
1286
1240
1325
1271
III. CONCLUSION
The body composition parameters of the samples (54subjects) measured through instrument Maltron-II
Body Composition Impedance Analyzer at frequencies of 5 KHz,50KHz were utilized to obtain BIA equations.
To do the same; multiple regression analysis was carried out on clinical data through R (2.14.1) software. The
instrument has many advantages over other methods and is safe, rapid, portable, easy to perform and require
minimum operator training. The BIA prediction equation for Total Body water and Fat Free mass was
developed at different frequencies. These prediction equation developed in the present paper is the first BIA
prediction equation REEfor Indian subjects. The predicted REE of each individual are very close to the one
measured through instrument. However, it is observed that at higher frequencies the results are much closer to
the measured value. This is due to the fact that at low frequencies, the current cannot bridge the cellular
membrane and will pass predominantly through the extracellular space, whereas at higher frequencies
12. Interpreting Health Status Of Indian Population Using Phase Angle As Health Parameter
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penetration of the cell membrane occurs and the current is conducted by both the extra-cellular water (ECW)
and intra-cellular water (ICW). Based on these BIA equations, a general idea about the dietary habits of Indian
subjects can be predicted which can be utilized for variety of clinical and research applications; as information
about lean tissue mass, fat tissue mass, and fractional contribution of fat makes them excellent for monitoring
pharmaceutical therapy, nutritional or exercise intervention, sports training &/or other body composition
altering programs. Besides this, the information regarding the dietary habits of Indian subjects will give the
pharmaceutical companies a chance to explore the change in body composition of Indian subjects before and
after drug therapy. It will also provide coaches and researchers, the initial information about health criteria of
given population.
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