Revolutionary development has taken place in the design methodology of thin walled structures since the introduction of direct strength method (DSM) (Dr. B Schafer 2004). DSM gives direct approach for analyzing and designing the cold formed steel sections. The effort has also been put to extend DSM for the cold formed steel sections with perforations by Dr. C D Moen(2008). Though this method gives fairly accurate results for columns with medium height, but the method is not suitable for very short and slender columns. In this paper effort has been put to suggest modification in DSM formulae for slender columns. Particular column section was modelled with finite element method with different height and thickness combinations. The same section was then analyzed by DSM in CUFSM 4.06 software. Sufficient database was created through this, and the variation in the results with DSM was incorporated in modified formula in terms of thickness and length.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Engineers try to have high-strength, high ductility, high crack resistance, and faultless structures. The most reliable approach is "No cracks - no problems,"
When all is not possible, there are different methods of prevention of catastrophic failure: increase crack resistance by ductile material, by local heating; decrease SIF by placing holes on the crack path, by patching, by stiffing elements or by using composite materials. "Leak-before-break" is an effective strategy to prevent catastrophic failure of pressure vessels. It is better to allow a semi-elliptical crack to grow through the wall and to detect it by leaking than to have the dynamic start and failure of the whole vessel. There are two characteristics of the material: crack resistance for semi-elliptical crack and crack resistance for through crack.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
In this study, Non-linear response of concrete with differential value of Young’s Modulus is determined by the stress strain expression. The modulus of elasticity is varied throughout to evaluate the non-linear response of concrete structure at a constant load. The modeling of structure is done in STAAD PRO Vi8 software. In this study, single storey-single bay frame is modeled which is subjected to dead load and uniform loads, has been considered for the non-linear response of concrete structures. A structural element such as Column is used for evaluation of the non-linear response of concrete material. From this, deflection of the column element is carried out by using STAAD PRO software with different initial tangent modulus of elasticity at a constant loading.
Stresses Analysis of Petroleum Pipe Finite Element under Internal Pressure IJERA Editor
This paper described the results of a nonlinear static mode within ANSYS of elastic and elastic-plastic
behaviour of thin petroleum pipe that is subjected to an internal pressure and therefore a linear stress analysis
performed using ANSYS 9.0 finite element software Such an analysis is important because the shape of most
structures under internal pressure is cylindrical[1].
In this paper is considered only. Elastic and elastic-plastic finite element analysis is used to predict the principle
stresses, effective stress results are compared with those obtained from theatrical equations in order to predict
the limit and failure loads for this type of loading also the relationships between redial, hoop stresses and
displacement has been used to develop a through understanding. The analysis was completed using ANAYS
Version 9.0. (a finite element program for Microsoft Windows NT). The program allows pre-processing,
analysis and post-processing stages to be completed within a single application. The program can be used to
model a large number of situations including buckling, plastic deformation, forming and stress analysis
problems.
r mm
(In this study ,a thin pipe of internal radiu
r
i
596 .9 mm
and of external
o
609 .6
objected to an
internal pressure
2
i
4 .83 / mm
which is gradually increased to near the ultimate load that may be sustained by the pipe. The pipe is modelled as
an elasto-plastic material using the Von Mises yield criterion which is normally used for metallic materials[2].
The specification of the load in several increments enables the spread of the plasticity to occur gradually and its
effect on the stress distribution to be assessed. Key words: finite element analysis, elastic-plastic behavior, thin
walled pipe equivalent stress, TWT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Buildings with consideration of Effect of...ijsrd.com
To study the effect of failure of load carrying elements i.e. columns on the entire structure; 15 storey moment resistant RC buildings is considered. The buildings are modeled and analyzed for progressive collapse using the structural analysis and design software SAP2000. Normally it has been considered only the failure of primary load carrying members like columns, beams, struts, foundations etc. to understand the progressive collapse scenario. This paper involves the effect of slabs in progressive collapse with the failure of column.
APPLICATION OF DUAL RESPONSE AND TOLERANCE ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR ROBUST DES...IAEME Publication
High quality products, processes and services are achieved at least cost through robust design. It is tried by many methods namely Dual Response approach, Tolerance analysis approach using response surfaces, Taguchi methods, Optimization Techniques etc. This paper aims at the robust design by Dual Response and Tolerance analysis approaches for the resistance spot welding characteristics of low carbon steel sheets
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Engineers try to have high-strength, high ductility, high crack resistance, and faultless structures. The most reliable approach is "No cracks - no problems,"
When all is not possible, there are different methods of prevention of catastrophic failure: increase crack resistance by ductile material, by local heating; decrease SIF by placing holes on the crack path, by patching, by stiffing elements or by using composite materials. "Leak-before-break" is an effective strategy to prevent catastrophic failure of pressure vessels. It is better to allow a semi-elliptical crack to grow through the wall and to detect it by leaking than to have the dynamic start and failure of the whole vessel. There are two characteristics of the material: crack resistance for semi-elliptical crack and crack resistance for through crack.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
In this study, Non-linear response of concrete with differential value of Young’s Modulus is determined by the stress strain expression. The modulus of elasticity is varied throughout to evaluate the non-linear response of concrete structure at a constant load. The modeling of structure is done in STAAD PRO Vi8 software. In this study, single storey-single bay frame is modeled which is subjected to dead load and uniform loads, has been considered for the non-linear response of concrete structures. A structural element such as Column is used for evaluation of the non-linear response of concrete material. From this, deflection of the column element is carried out by using STAAD PRO software with different initial tangent modulus of elasticity at a constant loading.
Stresses Analysis of Petroleum Pipe Finite Element under Internal Pressure IJERA Editor
This paper described the results of a nonlinear static mode within ANSYS of elastic and elastic-plastic
behaviour of thin petroleum pipe that is subjected to an internal pressure and therefore a linear stress analysis
performed using ANSYS 9.0 finite element software Such an analysis is important because the shape of most
structures under internal pressure is cylindrical[1].
In this paper is considered only. Elastic and elastic-plastic finite element analysis is used to predict the principle
stresses, effective stress results are compared with those obtained from theatrical equations in order to predict
the limit and failure loads for this type of loading also the relationships between redial, hoop stresses and
displacement has been used to develop a through understanding. The analysis was completed using ANAYS
Version 9.0. (a finite element program for Microsoft Windows NT). The program allows pre-processing,
analysis and post-processing stages to be completed within a single application. The program can be used to
model a large number of situations including buckling, plastic deformation, forming and stress analysis
problems.
r mm
(In this study ,a thin pipe of internal radiu
r
i
596 .9 mm
and of external
o
609 .6
objected to an
internal pressure
2
i
4 .83 / mm
which is gradually increased to near the ultimate load that may be sustained by the pipe. The pipe is modelled as
an elasto-plastic material using the Von Mises yield criterion which is normally used for metallic materials[2].
The specification of the load in several increments enables the spread of the plasticity to occur gradually and its
effect on the stress distribution to be assessed. Key words: finite element analysis, elastic-plastic behavior, thin
walled pipe equivalent stress, TWT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Buildings with consideration of Effect of...ijsrd.com
To study the effect of failure of load carrying elements i.e. columns on the entire structure; 15 storey moment resistant RC buildings is considered. The buildings are modeled and analyzed for progressive collapse using the structural analysis and design software SAP2000. Normally it has been considered only the failure of primary load carrying members like columns, beams, struts, foundations etc. to understand the progressive collapse scenario. This paper involves the effect of slabs in progressive collapse with the failure of column.
APPLICATION OF DUAL RESPONSE AND TOLERANCE ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR ROBUST DES...IAEME Publication
High quality products, processes and services are achieved at least cost through robust design. It is tried by many methods namely Dual Response approach, Tolerance analysis approach using response surfaces, Taguchi methods, Optimization Techniques etc. This paper aims at the robust design by Dual Response and Tolerance analysis approaches for the resistance spot welding characteristics of low carbon steel sheets
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Gold Mining in Metric Tons. The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Canada, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, South Africa, and Rest of World. Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for each region for the period 2007 through 2012. Also, a six-year historic analysis is provided for these markets. The report profiles 106 companies including many key and niche players such as AngloGold Ashanti Limited, Barrick Gold Corporation, Compa
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Objective Capital's Global Resources Investment Conference 2011
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embedded in an insulating material. This system, assumed to a series of flattened cylindrical quantum dots with
a finite barrier at the boundary, is studied using the triangular potential. The electronic states and the effective
mass of 1 Γ miniband have been computed as a function of inter-quantum dot separation for different zinc
compositions. Calculations have been made for electrons, heavy holes and light holes. Results are discussed and
compared with those of the Kronig-Penney and sinusoidal potentials
Chitosan capped Silver nanoparticles used as Pressure sensorsIOSR Journals
In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles, capped with chitosan (biopolymer ). The majority of the particles produced in this way had sizes around 18 nm. Composite films of capped silver nanoparticles and chitosan polymer were studied to understand the charge transport under different pressure. Films of different compositions were prepared to measure current voltage curves across the film thickness. The results reveal that these materials exhibit electrical conductivity as predicted by the “classical theory of percolation”. Pressure dependent electrical conductivity and these composites can be explored to develop low cost pressure sensors.
HeroConf 2015. Re-evaluating Success: The Value of PPC AuditsMegan Ginecki
Generally speaking, the word "audit" has been plagued with a negative connotation, with thoughts of time-consuming investigations, and detailed reports of failures. This session will help break that connotation, and show effective approaches to audits, which in turn would help them reduce inefficient spend, increase click through and conversion rate.
Limit Strength Prediction of Light Gauge Steel I Section by Finite Element Me...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), network congestion, Ordinal Optimiz...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Effect of Perforation in Channel Section for Resistibility against Shear Buck...ijtsrd
The steel structure have maximum complexity in designing against load bearing capacity as well as stability to withstand under different types of stresses, thus several types of sections were proposed to enhance stability under variable kind of loads, further channel section and I – sections have maximum capability to resist maximum stress and loads in different conditions. In present investigation analysis is performed on ABAQUS to identify the strength ability during unity load with shear buckling evaluation by performing simulation of shear buckling prediction using ABAQUS FEM package in channel section with different shape hole in web i.e. circular, elliptical, hexagonal, pentagonal and rhombus, the parameters and results were validated from present previous research work present in literature, these different hole profiles in channel section are investigated for shear stress, deformation, eigen value shear force, reaction force and shear buckling coefficient. Thus, minimum shear stress is found in hexagonal hole profiled channel section with respect to different hole diameter, IS 808 – 1989 was considered for design of channel section. Ram Raj Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha "Effect of Perforation in Channel Section for Resistibility against Shear Buckling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47811/effect-of-perforation-in-channel-section-for-resistibility-against-shear-buckling/ram-raj-raghuwanshi
In a multi-storied building, the beam-column joint is one of the most critical regions. Usually the beam-column joint was considered as rigid frames. Various researchers over the past years indicated that the joint is not rigid. Now it is also stated that instead of the failure in beam and column, failure can also occur in joint hence joint must be considered as a structural member. The Indian standards define a joint as the portion of the column within the depth of the deepest beam that frames into the column. In framed structures the bending moment and shear forces are maximum at the junction area. So, beam column joint is one of the failure zones. Among the beam column joints, the exterior joint is more critical. The exterior beam column joint have been a study for about 30 years since now. Still there are many more to be understood. In the present work a building is designed in STAAD. Pro V8i and an exterior beam column joint is considered. This joint is modelled in NX CAD and imported to ANSYS to analyse it to derive the shear stress and the corresponding deformation. Pramod Verma | Prof. Pratiksha Malviya "Exterior Beam Column Joint: An Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21589.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21589/exterior-beam-column-joint-an-assessment/pramod-verma
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
A research became necessary after the collapse of steel structure during the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe
earthquakes. Reduced beam section emerged as one of the best solution. Guidelines about the cut, that is to be
introduced in the flange of the beam section, are obtained from FEMA 350. Here, a G+15 storey steel building is
modeled using RBS as a component in one building and regular beam section as a component of the other in
STAAD PRO V8i. Time history analysis is carried out in this paper. Displacement, storey drift, time period and
base shear of both the buildings are compared as the result. Base shear shows no change but considerable change
in displacement and storey drift is observed
Theoretical study of axially compressed Cold Formed Steel SectionsIJASCSE
Conceptual and finite element analysis oriented design of cold formed steel columns are presented in this paper. Total four 1 meter channel lipped section with thickness of 1, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.9 are tested. All columns were tested under a pure axial load, Conceptual design results are compared with finite element analysis for axially loaded compression members. The results provide useful information regarding allowable load estimation of cold formed steel column section. Based on the results, design recommendations were proposed. The proposed design approach is recommended for the design of complex shape of cold formed steel section, where design rules are not available in standards.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Extension of Direct Strength Method for Slender Cold Formed Steel Column Sections with Perforations
1. Pravin Awalkonde Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -4) April 2015, pp.49-54
www.ijera.com 49|P a g e
Extension of Direct Strength Method for Slender Cold Formed
Steel Column Sections with Perforations
PravinAwalkonde*, Akshata Deshpande**
*(M Tech Scholar, VJTI, Mumbai 19)
** (M Tech Scholar, VJTI, Mumbai 19)
ABSTRACT
Revolutionary development has taken place in the design methodology of thin walled structures since the
introduction of direct strength method (DSM) (Dr. B Schafer 2004). DSM gives direct approach for analyzing
and designing the cold formed steel sections. The effort has also been put to extend DSM for the cold formed
steel sections with perforations by Dr. C D Moen(2008). Though this method gives fairly accurate results for
columns with medium height, but the method is not suitable for very short and slender columns. In this paper
effort has been put to suggest modification in DSM formulae for slender columns. Particular column section was
modelled with finite element method with different height and thickness combinations. The same section was
then analyzed by DSM in CUFSM 4.06 software. Sufficient database was created through this, and the variation
in the results with DSM was incorporated in modified formula in terms of thickness and length.
Keywords-cold formed steel, DSM, slender columns, perforation.
I. Introduction
In India mass housing is the need of the hour, for
which cold formed steel can be proved as very
economical and efficient alternative. Cold Formed
Steel has the potential to be that solution as it has
Attractive appearance, Fast construction, Low
maintenance, Easy extension, Lower long-term cost,
Non-shrinking and non-creeping at ambient
temperatures, No requirement of formwork, Termite-
proof and rot proof, Uniform quality, Non
combustibility. Also it is a recyclable. Effective
width method is widely accepted around the world
and in India for the design of cold formed steel
structures, but the new method which gives direct
approach known as Direct Strength Method (DSM)
has also evolved significantly. DSM is the future of
thin walled structures and as if today it is only
accepted in few countries. Also DSM is to be
extended to sections with perforations,so that its
applicability can broaden. This paper deals with the
extension of DSM to the sections with perforations
for slender columns and intends to give modification
in the formulae given by Moen C. D. et al. (2011).
Lots of research is going on to simplify the design of
Cold Formed Steel sections to make it more reliable
and practically acceptable. Addition of perforations
serves lot of advantages for the practical purpose but
at the same time it generates complications in design.
Considerable efforts are required to study the impact
of hole on the strength of the member. The aim of the
current research is to study and compare the capacity
of perforated columns with the DSM equations and
Finite Element Method and study the applicability of
the modified DSM equations to the slender column
sections with perforation, which gives an opportunity
to optimise the design.
II. State Of Art of Analytical Methods
Used For Thin Walled Structures
2.1 Effective Width Method
The basis for the Effective Width Method is well
explained in textbooks and Specifications, the
essential idea is that local plate buckling leads to
reductions in the effectiveness of the plates that
comprise a cross-section (more formally this can be
understood as an idealized version of equilibrium in
an effective plate under a simplified stress
distribution vs. the actual plate with a nonlinear stress
distribution due to buckling).This reduction from the
gross cross-section to the effective cross-section as
illustrated in Fig. 1 is fundamental to the application
of the Effective Width Method.
2.2 Direct Strength Method
The direct strength method (DSM) recognizes
that the available models for local and distortional
buckling design are far from simple and have
significant limitations. It also recognizes that the
current trend is to increase the complexity of section
shapes and also increase the complexity of the
required mathematical models. It therefore proposes a
formal design procedure based on elastic buckling
solutions for the complete cross section. The
particular characteristic of this procedure is that italso
recognizes that, for economic design, it is
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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Figure 1: Effective Width Method and DSM
necessary to take advantage of post buckling
strength. It is therefore takes the conventional
effective width method and applies these to the
complete cross section.
DSM is relatively new and represents a major
advancement in Cold Formed Steel design because it
provides engineers and cold formed steel
manufactures with a tool to predict the strength of a
member with any general cross section. Cold-formed
steel members are manufactured from thin sheet
steel, and therefore member resistance is influenced
by cross-section instabilities (e.g. plate buckling and
distortion of open cross section) in addition to the
global buckling influence considered in thicker hot
rolled steel sections. DSM explicitly defines the
relationship between elastic buckling and load
deformation response with empirical equations to
predict ultimate strength.
2.2.1Basic Working of DSM
DSM shows that member strength (Mn) is the
minimum of the nominal strengths due to local
buckling (Mnl), distortional buckling (Mnd) and
global buckling (Me). With the buckling loads
determined by the elastic buckling analysis, the
nominal strengths of Mnl, Mnd and Mne can be
determined using the design equations as provided in
the Appendix 1 of the AISI Specification. Since the
DSM can virtually be used for any cold-formed steel
members, safety and resistance factors have been
developed both for pre-qualified members and for
non-qualified members. Pre-qualified members
represent the range of sections used in the
development of the DSM design equations and
Tables are provided summarizing these dimensions in
Appendix 1 of the AISI Specification. For non-
qualified members, the safety and resistance factors
provided in AISI Specification Chapter 1.1(b)
To calculate the capacity of cold formed steel
member with DSM, the elastic buckling properties of
a general cold formed steel cross-section are obtained
from an elastic buckling curve. This curve is
generated by employing the finite strip method.
2.3 Finite Element Method
Finite element model of the above section was
done using ABAQUS 6.12.0 finite element software
package. Abaqus is a general purpose finite element
modelling software for numerically solving a wide
variety of mechanical problems. As far as structural
analysis is concerned, the following types of analyses
are possible: Static analysis, Modal analysis,
Harmonic analysis, Transient dynamic analysis,
Spectrum analysis and buckling analysis. The
primary unknowns are the nodal degrees of freedom.
For structural analysis problems, these degrees of
freedoms are displacements. Other quantities such as
stresses, strains and reaction forces are derived from
the nodal displacements. In general, a finite element
solution may be broken into the following three
stages.
Pre-processing: defining the problem.
Solution: assigning loads, constraints and
solving.
Post processing: further processing and viewing
of the results.
III. Strategy for Extending DSM to
Columns with Holes
Direct Strength Method can be extended to the
columns with perforations by maintaining the
assumption that elastic buckling properties of a cold-
formed steel column can be used to predict strength.
For a column with holes the elastic buckling loads
Pcrl, Pcrd, Pcre are calculated including the influence
of holes. In 2011, Moen C. D. has proposed equations
by keeping the same assumption and using the finite
strip analysis as a part of AISI research program to
extend DSM to columns with holes. These are
developed from classical buckling solutions for
columns and plates with holes (Moen and Schafer
2009b; Moen and Schafer 2009a) Elastic buckling
loads including the influence of holes are viable
parameters for predicting capacity in a Direct
Strength approach (Moen 2008).
However, when yielding controls strength,
modifications to the existing DSM design
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expressions for columns without holes were needed.
Engineering intuition tells us that column strength
should be limited to the squash load of the column at
the net section, Pynet =Anet x Fy, where A is the
cross-sectional area at a hole. The net section strength
limit has been confirmed in experiments (Ortiz-
Colberg 1981; Sivakumaran 1987; Miller and Peköz
1994; Abdel-Rahman and Sivakumaran 1998) and is
implemented in the DSM design expressions for
columns with holes.
DSM gives formula for flexural buckling as;
2
2
For, 1.5; 0.658 (1)
0.877
For, 1.5; (2)
=
c
c ne y
c ne y
c
c
g y
P P
P P
Py
Pcre
Py A F
IV. Analytical Study
The section is selected from S. Narayanan et al.
(2003), and analytical study is carried out on it. It is
observed that DSM gives very crude results for
slender and short columns with perforations. The
section is dimensioned in such a way that it will fail
in global buckling only, so that global buckling can
be studied thoroughly for slender columns. Analytical
study was carried out by two methods viz. direct
strength method and finite element method. Analysis
is done through available software packages, CUFSM
4.05 for DSM which is freely available at
http://www.ce.jhu.edu/bschafer/cufsm and ABAQUS
6.12.1 for finite element method.
4.1 Finite Element Modelling
Finite element model of the above section was
done using ABAQUS 6.12.1 finite element software
package. Abaqus is a general purpose finite element
modelling software for numerically solving a wide
variety of mechanical problems. For the given model
details are:
Element type:
Three ABAQUS finite elements commonly
employed in the elastic buckling analysis ofthin
walled structures are the S9R5, S4 andS4R elements
as shown in fig. 2 the S4 and S4R finite elements are
fournode general purpose shell elements valid for
both thick andthin shell problems. Both elements
employlinearshape functions to interpolate
deformationbetween nodes. S4R element has been
used formeshingthe model.
Figure 2: ABAQUS S4S4R shell element and
ABAQUS S9R5 shell element
Boundaryconditionsandloading:
Boundary condition for the modelled column is
pinned-pinned, free to wrap. End cross section nodes
are restrained in X and Z direction and nodes at the
centre are restrained in Y direction to prevent Rigid
Body motion.A reference load of 1 kN is applied as a
shell edge load over the perimeter of the column.
Column has perforations at 140 cm c/c. Modulus of
Elasticity is 212000 MPa and Poission’s Ratio as 0.3.
Analysis:
Liner Eigen buckling analysis was performed
with Abaqus 6.12.1. Eigen value obtained from the
analysis is used to calculate the buckling capacity of
section. It was observed that the convergence was
non-monotonic, hence to find accurate eigenvalue,
the models were meshed with 30mm and 10mm mesh
and then average of eigen values obtained through
this was taken.
4.2 Direct Strength Method
Finite Strip Modelling:
For finite strip analysis CUFSM 4.06, a freely
available program for elastic buckling analysis of thin
walled sections is used. The geometry of the section
is modelled by giving input as the coordinates of the
nodes. Thickness is assigned tonodes.
Material Properties:
The following material properties are assigned to
the section.
Young’s modulus = E = 212000 MPa
Figure 3: Boundary condition at mid height node
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Figure 4: Boundary condition at end nodes
Shear Modulus = G= 8000 MPa
Poison’s ratio = v = 0.3
Gross and net section properties:
The gross section and net section properties are
calculated with the section property calculator in
CUFSM. To determine the net section properties in
CUFSM, assign a thickness of zero to the elements at
the location of the perforations, but do not delete
them.
To consider the effect of perforation the method
suggested by C D Moen and B W Schafer (2011) was
adopted and buckling capacity of section was found
out.
V. Parametric Study
A series of parametric study was carried for the
given section. The thickness was varied from 0.8mm
to 2 mm. seven different lengths (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.1,
4.6, 6.1, 7.6 m) were considered for all the
thicknesses. Every combination of length and
thickness was modelled with Abaqus 6.12.1 and
CUFSM 4.06.
VI. Results and Discussion
From the results it is observed that for the results for
short and slender columns are not accurate. There is
necessity for modifying the formulae in terms of
variable parameters such as length, thickness, λ etc.
It is observed that as the thickness increases the
difference increases, i.e the accuracy of DSM
decreases with increase in the thickness. The existing
formula for the P is;
2
0.877
For, 1.5;c ne
c
P
….(3)
Figure 5: First mode shape of the model
Figure 6: Section geometry of a proposed section
Table 1. Comparison of DSM and FEM
Lengt
h (M)
DSM
(KN)
FEM
(KN)
%
DIFF
Capacity
With
Modified
Formula(KN)
1 128.74 264.51 51.33 -
1.5 100.06 130.44 23.29 -
2 70.426 79.206 11.09 -
2.5 46.031 56.597 18.67 -
3 32.1 41.583 22.81 -
3.1 30.107 39.495 23.77 -
4.6 13.875 22.679
01
38.82 21.23939017
6.1 8.049 15.649
86
48.57 14.13234558
7.6 5.319 11.645
13
54.32 10.41877331
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Figure 7: Comparison between DSM and FEM
for 1.8 mm thick section
In the existing formula the dependency of P on
length, thickness and λ is not considered. But we
have observed that it plays important role in deciding
the P for global buckling. We need to incorporate the
dependency of P on length, thickness, λ.
This can be incorporated as follows;
For𝑡 < 1.5
𝑃 =
𝑡 + 0.4
𝜆
𝑡+2
1.2
×
𝑙
4 + 𝑡
× 𝑃𝑦 . . (4)
For1.5 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5
𝑃 =
𝑡 + 0.7
𝜆
𝑡+2
1.5
×
𝑙
4 + 𝑡
× 𝑃𝑦 . . (5)
This formula gives satisfactory results for
slender column sections with perforations with 5 to
15 % variation.
VII. Conclusion
Lots of research is going on to simplify the
design of Cold Formed Steel sections to make it more
reliable and practically acceptable. Addition of
perforations serves lot of advantages for the practical
purpose but at the same time it generates
complications in design. Considerable efforts are
required to study the impact of hole on the strength of
the member, especially slender members.
The above suggested modification in the formula
for slender column with perforation is just a small
step towards this and more rigorous study for
different sections with different boundary conditions,
perforations is needed to carry out to sharpen the
available formulae and achieve more accuracy in
predicting the buckling load carrying capacity of thin
walled sections.
Acknowledgements
Authors would sincerely like to thank
Mr.shivajisarwade (Ex-M Post Graduate student,
VJTI, Mumbai) for his valuable guidance and for
sharing his valuable work and
Mr.MohdZameeruddinMohdSaleemuddin (Phd
Research Scholar, VJTI, Mumbai) for his timely
inputs.
References
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 100 200 300
Length(m)
Buckling load (KN)
Comparison of DSM & FEM Values
DSM
FEM
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -4) April 2015, pp.48-54
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Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC;
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[13] Schafer BW. Designing Cold-Formed Steel
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Sofwares:
[15] CUFSM version 4.05 – A general purpose
cold formed steel component design
software based on North American
Standards.
[16] ABAQUS version 6.9 – ABAQUS Inc.
Pawtucket, RI, USA.