The Paperless partograph – The new user-friendly and simpler tool for monitor...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Health research, clinical registries, electronic health records – how do they...Koray Atalag
This is a talk I gave at my own organisation - National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI) of the University of Auckland on 6 Aug 2014. Abstract as follows:
In this talk I’ll first cover the topic of clinical registry – an invaluable tool for supporting clinical practice but also gaining momentum in research and quality improvement. NIHI has been very active in this space: we have delivered the prestigious and highly successful National Cardiac Registry (ANZACS-QI) together with VIEW research team and also very recently launched the Gestational Diabetes Registry with Counties Manukau DHB & Diabetes Projects Trust. A few others are in likely to come down the line. This is a huge opportunity for health data driven research and NIHI to position itself as ‘the health data steward’ in the country given our independent status and existing IT infrastructure and “good culture” of working with health data . NIHI’s ‘health informatics’ twist in delivering these projects is how we go about defining ‘information’ – using a scientifically credible and robust methodology: openEHR. This is an international (and now national too) standard to non-ambiguously define health information so that they are easy to understand and also are computable. We build software (even automatically in some cases!) using models created by this formalism. I’ll give basics of openEHR approach and then walk you through how to make sense out of all these. Hopefully you may have an idea about its ‘value proposition’ (as business people call) or Science merit as I like to call it ;)
With almost half of oncology studies failing due to a lack of patient retention, there is a critical need to develop more efficient and patient focused strategies. Jessica Thilaganathan at CRF Health sits down with International Clinical Trials to explain why electronic clinical outcome solutions could be the answer. (Published with permission of International Clinical Trials).
This report summarizes the results of a campus-wide survey initiative, conducted by the Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute (SC CTSI), focused on the development of a clinical data warehouse for research (CDWR) and a clinical trials management system (CTMS) as well as general barriers to conducting clinical research at the University of Southern California (USC) and Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA).
Learn more about SC CTSI http://www.sc-ctsi.org/
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team
monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists
of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.
There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals
capture and the MEWS scoring system.
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team
monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists
of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.
There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals
capture and the MEWS scoring system.
The Paperless partograph – The new user-friendly and simpler tool for monitor...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Health research, clinical registries, electronic health records – how do they...Koray Atalag
This is a talk I gave at my own organisation - National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI) of the University of Auckland on 6 Aug 2014. Abstract as follows:
In this talk I’ll first cover the topic of clinical registry – an invaluable tool for supporting clinical practice but also gaining momentum in research and quality improvement. NIHI has been very active in this space: we have delivered the prestigious and highly successful National Cardiac Registry (ANZACS-QI) together with VIEW research team and also very recently launched the Gestational Diabetes Registry with Counties Manukau DHB & Diabetes Projects Trust. A few others are in likely to come down the line. This is a huge opportunity for health data driven research and NIHI to position itself as ‘the health data steward’ in the country given our independent status and existing IT infrastructure and “good culture” of working with health data . NIHI’s ‘health informatics’ twist in delivering these projects is how we go about defining ‘information’ – using a scientifically credible and robust methodology: openEHR. This is an international (and now national too) standard to non-ambiguously define health information so that they are easy to understand and also are computable. We build software (even automatically in some cases!) using models created by this formalism. I’ll give basics of openEHR approach and then walk you through how to make sense out of all these. Hopefully you may have an idea about its ‘value proposition’ (as business people call) or Science merit as I like to call it ;)
With almost half of oncology studies failing due to a lack of patient retention, there is a critical need to develop more efficient and patient focused strategies. Jessica Thilaganathan at CRF Health sits down with International Clinical Trials to explain why electronic clinical outcome solutions could be the answer. (Published with permission of International Clinical Trials).
This report summarizes the results of a campus-wide survey initiative, conducted by the Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute (SC CTSI), focused on the development of a clinical data warehouse for research (CDWR) and a clinical trials management system (CTMS) as well as general barriers to conducting clinical research at the University of Southern California (USC) and Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA).
Learn more about SC CTSI http://www.sc-ctsi.org/
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team
monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists
of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.
There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals
capture and the MEWS scoring system.
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team
monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists
of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.
There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals
capture and the MEWS scoring system.
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals capture and the MEWS scoring system.
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team
monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists
of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.
There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals
capture and the MEWS scoring system.
IMPACT OF HEALTH INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIED E...hiij
The Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) is based on a patient score that helps the medical team
monitor patients to identify a patient that may be experiencing a sudden decline in care. This study consists
of a detailed review of clinical data and patient outcomes to assess impact of technology and patient care.
There are a total of thirteen hospitals included in this review. These facilities have implemented vitals
capture and the MEWS scoring system.
INTERGRATIVE REVIEW 14
Equipment and Product Safety
Introduction
Equipment, drugs, and medical supplies have significant impact on quality of patient care and they account for high proportion of health care costs. Hospitals should make informed choices about what to procure in order to meet priority health needs and avoid wasting the limited resources (Chu, Maine, & Trelles, 2015). Procurement is an important part of managing equipment and products, and stock control, effective storage, and maintenance are also significant factors in health services. Many firms have produced information about important drugs, however, there is less information available about essential equipment and medical supplies (Weinshel, et al., 2015). This results in procurement of items which are inappropriate because they are incompatible with existing equipment, technically unsuitable, and spare parts are unavailable. Despite this, there is little information available about these aspects of management of equipment and medical supplies.
According to “American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), there is convincing evidence that unhealthy surgery environment contributes significantly to ineffective care delivery, medical errors, and stress among nurses (Magill, O’Leary, Janelle, & Thompson, 2018). This integrative literature review was executed to find evidence between surgery operation environment and products on patient safety. This paper is intended to be resourceful in management and procurement of equipment and medical products at primary health care level. It includes guiding concepts for care and maintenance, selecting products and equipment, and safe disposal of medical waste.
Purpose of research
The integrative literature review aim at analyzing pieces of research which have been conducted on surgical environment and product and their effect on patient safety and outcome.
Background
Although there are various improvement ongoing, the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a risk and cost within hospitals. Unsafe, inappropriate, and negligent surgical products and equipment affect one in ten patients, on average in the US. Despite the advancement in use of surgical techniques and ergonomic improvements in operating rooms, cases of surgical site infections (SSIs) are high and they cause patient mortality and morbidity. Necessarily, there is increased emphasis on prevention of these infections. The risk of error in operating environment is greater. Some of the environmental and products risks include risk of patient falling and risks of infections. In this light, nurses should promote use of evidence-based care to promote patient safety and improve the quality of care.
Patient safety is an important element in health care. Within the principles of WHO, patient safety is the reduction of risk of harm or injury associated with health care. Hospitals are focused in creating healthy and safe ...
428 Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology November/December 2016
Features
Abstract
Monitor watchers, or personnel whose job it is to
watch the central cardiac monitor and alert
clinicians of patient events, are used in many
hospitals. Monitor watchers may be used to
improve timely response to alarms and combat the
effects of alarm fatigue. However, little research
has been done on the use of monitor watchers,
and their practices have not been well described.
Therefore, the purpose of our study was to
examine the use of monitor watchers and their
characteristics, training, and practices.
Participants were recruited to complete an online
survey on monitor watcher practice via two
professional nursing organizations. A total of 413
responded to the survey, including 411 nurses and
two non-nurse professionals, and 61% reported
that their hospital used monitor watchers. Of
these, 60% indicated that their hospitals have
been using monitor watchers for more than 10
years, and 62% said that the monitor watchers
were located remotely from the patient care unit.
Many (68%) reported that monitor watchers
worked 12-hour shifts, and a majority said that
monitor watchers were required to have a
certificate in electrocardiographic monitoring
(67%) and be high school graduates (64%). Most
(70%) respondents reported that monitor
watchers alerted the nurse of an event via a
mobile phone carried by the nurse. The results of
this survey revealed that monitor watcher
practices varied widely. Further research is needed
to determine if the use of monitor watchers has an
impact on patient outcomes.
Failure to respond to clinical alarms in a
timely fashion is a critical patient safety
issue. Hospital personnel are looking for
strategies to improve the response to alarms
in an effort to ensure that critical events are
identified in a timely manner. Various alarm
notification strategies have been proposed to
ensure that those providing care to patients
are notified of true and actionable alarms.
These methods include the use of middle-
ware that sends alarms to the bedside
clinician’s wireless device, as well as the use
of monitor watchers.
Monitor watchers, or personnel whose job
it is to watch the central cardiac monitor and
alert clinicians of patient events, are used in
many hospitals. However, little research has
been done on the use of monitor watchers
and little is known about whether they make
a difference in the detection of arrhythmias
or in the outcomes of patients. Anecdotal
evidence suggests that the practices and
responsibilities of these monitor watchers
vary across institutions.
The little available research has focused on
monitor watcher arrhythmia detection,
communication, response times, workload,
effect on nurses’ electrocardiographic
knowledge, and patient outcomes.1–10 A
single-site study from 1997 showed that the
presence of dedicated monitor watchers was
not associated with lowe.
The Perception of Emergency Medical Staff on the Use of Electronic Patient Cl...ijtsrd
Background The electronic recording of patient information in ambulance services has provided healthcare professionals with the ability to send patient data to their GP or other relevant services electronically. It is critical to comprehend how paramedics view and adjust to electronic platforms as technology continues to advance. Objective To identify the facilitators and barriers EMS staff encounter when using e PCR. To explore the overall perception of EMS staff towards the utilization of e PCR in EMS settings. Method Four databases were searched including PubMed, Scopus, Medline and Science Direct. Result All 11 publications were evaluated for qualitative data and the publication was found to be of fair or good quality. Studies investigating the perception of staff found mixed perceptions. The search generated a total of 1365 potential articles. After the initial screening process, 229 duplicate records were removed Out of the remaining 1136 papers, 1079 were excluded as they did not meet the selection criteria the title, abstract, and keywords. Of the remaining 57 papers, a full text screening eliminated 46 for the study design quantitative studies n=22 , no perception of staff documented n=19 and no full text available n=5 . Thus, 11 papers that met the inclusion criteria were selected for final analysis. The risk of bias was quantified using CASP. A qualitative synthesis was conducted and three major themes emerged Facilitators, Barriers and overall perception of staff. Conclusion This systematic review found that EMS staff hold complex and diverse views on e PCR systems. While several facilitators and barriers impact e PCR adoption, it has been found that e PCR has the potential to enhance documentation, communication, data driven decision making and finally the ability to improve overall patient care quality. To ensure successful adoption, addressing technical issues, data security and training requirements and organisational barriers is important. Reshma Joe | Jomin George "The Perception of Emergency Medical Staff on the Use of Electronic Patient Clinical Records Systems in Emergency Medical Service: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62365.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/62365/the-perception-of-emergency-medical-staff-on-the-use-of-electronic-patient-clinical-records-systems-in-emergency-medical-service-a-systematic-review/reshma-joe
EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF FEATURE SELECTION ON IMPROVING PATIENT DETERIORATION ...IJDKP
Large amount of heterogeneous medical data is generated every day in various healthcare organizations.
Those data could derive insights for improving monitoring and care delivery in the Intensive Care Unit.
Conversely, these data presents a challenge in reducing this amount of data without information loss.
Dimension reduction is considered the most popular approach for reducing data size and also to reduce
noise and redundancies in data. In this paper, we are investigate the effect of the average laboratory test
value and number of total laboratory in predicting patient deterioration in the Intensive Care Unit, where
we consider laboratory tests as features. Choosing a subset of features would mean choosing the most
important lab tests to perform. Thus, our approach uses state-of-the-art feature selection to identify the
most discriminative attributes, where we would have a better understanding of patient deterioration
problem. If the number of tests can be reduced by identifying the most important tests, then we could also
identify the redundant tests. By omitting the redundant tests, observation time could be reduced and early
treatment could be provided to avoid the risk. Additionally, unnecessary monetary cost would be avoided.
We apply our technique on the publicly available MIMIC-II database and show the effectiveness of the
feature selection. We also provide a detailed analysis of the best features identified by our approach.
Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene
in hospital: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Nantasit Luangasanatip,1, 2 Maliwan Hongsuwan,1 Direk Limmathurotsakul,1, 3 Yoel Lubell,1, 4
Andie S Lee,5, 6 Stephan Harbarth,5 Nicholas P J Day,1, 4 Nicholas Graves,2, 7 Ben S Cooper1, 4
Relationships of Providers’ Accountability of Nursing Documentations in the C...IJEAB
Documentation demonstrates the unique contribution of nursing to the care of clients. This study investigated the relationships of Providers accountability of nursing documentations in the clinical settings. Judgmental and simple random sampling techniques were used to select documented nursing actions for 264 clients. One research question and four null hypotheses guided the study. The instrument used for data collection was checklist on Nursing documentation in the clinical setting. Descriptive statistics of frequency, means and standard deviation (SD) were used to summarize the variables. Pearson Product Moment correlation was used to answer the research question, while analyses of variance (ANOVA) was adopted in testing the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result indicated that significant correlation existed between legal implications of nursing documentation and the core principles of nursing documentation. Significant differences were also observed among providers’ accountability of nursing documentations with regard to promotion of interdisciplinary communication, legal implications of documentation, impacts on quality assurance and nursing science.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Exploring the Understanding of Specimen Collection and Delivery and Establishing a Barcode Technology System
1. Abstract of Emerging Trends in Scientific Research, 2015, Vol.4
DOI: 10.18488/journal.1002/2015.4/1002.4
4th
International Conference on Emerging Trends in
Scientific Research
28-29 November, 2015
Nippon Hotel, İstanbul-Turkey
Conference Website: www.pakrdw.com
16
Paper ID: 496/15/4
th
ICETSR
Exploring the Understanding of Specimen Collection and
Delivery and Establishing a Barcode Technology System
Tzu-Chuan Hsu1
--- Zu-Chun Lin2
--- Szu-Ying Lai3
--- Hsiu-Yen Huang4
1
Department of Nursing, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
2
Department of Nursing, Office of Research & Development, Tzu Chi University of Science & Technology,
Hualien, Taiwan
3
Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science & Technology
4
Quality of Control, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract
Patient safety is an indicator for hospital accreditation and reflects health care quality.
Erroneous specimen collection and delivery may be caused by a lack of understanding or
an unfriendly work environment and procedure. Thus, reducing the error rate for
specimen collection and delivery is crucial for enhancing patient safety. However, few
current studies have addressed the differences between nurses, laboratory personnel,
and hospital couriers in their understanding of specimen collection and delivery. The
introduction of technology into clinical care creates safer, more efficient, and seamless
care approaches. However, clinically, a specimen collection and delivery system
established according to informatics theory is absent. The objective of the present study is
to (a) analyze the understanding the knowlwdge of specimen collection and delivery of
nurses, laboratory personnel, and hospital couriers; (b) analyze the correlation between
the demegraphics and understanding of specimen collection and delivery among various
personnel; (c) compare differences in the understanding of specimen collection and
delivery anomalies shown in patient safety systems and the knowledge of specimen
collection and delivery; and (d) establish a barcode specimen collection and delivery
system according to an Informatics Research Organizing Model (IROM). The present
study collected data from 137 participants and employed descriptive and inferential
analysis, specifically, Pearson product–moment correlation and analysis of variance. The
participants’ average years of service exceeded 7 years. Among the three groups, nurses
answered the least number of questions correctly, with an average of 8.29 correct
answers. A correlation was observed among age, identity, service unit, and understanding
scores. Statistics for patient safety from January 2013 to December 2014 indicated that
month, unit, years of service, and shift were correlated with error rate. The most common
error was failure to label test tubes. For blood specimen collection, the greatest number of
errors was observed in both patient safety incidents and level of understanding. The
results of the present study have been used as a reference for planning clinical education
and included in the system alerts according to the IROM concepts. The system was
completed in August 2015 and is currently undergoing testing. A pre- and postintroduction
performance analysis will be conducted after the test results have indicated no anomalies.
Keywords: Patient safety, Specimen collection and delivery error, Barcode system, Informatics research
organizing model (IROM).