It highlights the concept, need , characteristics and components of Expert System

1. An introduction to Expert Systems
• Need for Expert Systems
• Characteristics of Expert Systems
• Components of expert system
• Capabilities of Expert Systems
• Benefits of Expert System

2. Expert System
An expert system is a computer program that uses
artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to simulate
the judgment and behavior of a human or an
organization that has expert knowledge and
experience in a particular field . An expert system
incorporates knowledge base containing
accumulated experience and an inference or rules
engine - a set of rules for applying the knowledge
base to each particular situation that is described
to the program.
Contd…

3. The system's capabilities can be enhanced with
additions to the knowledge base or to the set of
rules. Current systems may include machine
learning capabilities that allow them to improve
their performance based on experience, just as
humans do.

4. Need for Expert Systems
Expert systems are necessitated by the limitations
associated with conventional human decision-making
processes, including:
1. Human expertise is very scarce.
2. Humans get tired from physical or mental workload.
3. Humans forget crucial details of a problem.
4.Humans are inconsistent in their day-to-day decisions.
5. Humans have limited working memory.
Contd…

5. 6. Humans are unable to comprehend large
amounts of data quickly.
7. Humans are unable to retain large amounts of
data in memory.
8. Humans are slow in recalling information
stored in memory.
9. Humans are subject to deliberate or
inadvertent bias in their actions.
10. Humans can deliberately avoid decision
responsibilities
11. Humans lie, hide, and die

6. Characteristics of Expert Systems
1. High performance-The expert system should be
capable of responding at a level of competency equal
to or better than that of an expert in that field.
2. Adequate response time- The system must also
perform well in a reasonable amount of time,
comparable to or better than the time required by an
expert to reach a decision.
3. Understandability- The system will be able to explain
the steps of its reasoning while executing, so that it is
understandable.
Contd..

7. 4. Reliable- The expert must be reliable and not prone to
crashes, otherwise it will not be in use.
5. Flexibility- On account of the large amount of
knowledge an expert system may have. It is important
to have 'efficient mechanism' for adding, changing and
deleting the knowledge.
6. Explanation-Human life and property depends on the
answers of the expert, because of the great potential
harm it can cause. Expert system must be capable of
justifying the conclusion in the same way that a human
expert explains why certain conclusion was reached. In
the developmental phase, the expert system is used to
confirm that knowledge has been correctly acquired
and is being currently used by the system.

8. Components of expert system
The components of Expert System( ES) include −
a. Knowledge Base
b. Knowledge Acquisition
c. Inference Engine
d. User Interface
e. External interface

9. a. Knowledge Base
It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge. Knowledge is
required to exhibit intelligence. The success of any Expert system
majorly depends upon the collection of highly accurate and precise
knowledge.
b. Knowledge Acquisition
The success of any expert system majorly depends on the quality,
completeness, and accuracy of the information stored in the
knowledge base. The knowledge base is formed by readings from
various experts, scholars, and the Knowledge Engineers. The
knowledge engineer is a person with the qualities of empathy, quick
learning, and case analyzing skills. He acquires information from
subject expert by recording, interviewing, and observing him at work,
etc.
He then categorizes and organizes the information in a meaningful
way, in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules, to be used by interference
machine. The knowledge engineer also monitors the development of
the ES. Contd..

10. c. Inference Engine
Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Inference
Engine is essential in deducting a correct, flawless
solution.
In case of knowledge-based ES, the Inference Engine
acquires and manipulates the knowledge from the
knowledge base to arrive at a particular solution.
In case of rule based ES, it −
• Applies rules repeatedly to the facts, which are
obtained from earlier rule application.
• Adds new knowledge into the knowledge base if
required.
• Resolves rules conflict when multiple rules are
applicable to a particular case.
Contd…

11. d. User Interface
User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES
itself. It is generally Natural Language Processing so as to be used by the
user who is well-versed in the task domain. The user of the ES need not be
necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence.
• It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation. The
explanation may appear in the following forms −
• To get remedies for the problem.
• To know the private knowledge of the system if the user is a student.
• To get some explanation for specific queries.
e. External interface
External interface provides communication between the external
environment and the expert system. When there is a formal condition to
be enforced, it is done via user interface. The external interface gets
minute-by-minute information by using the sensors like the atomic
reactors and fighter jet aircrafts.
Contd…

12. Capabilities of Expert Systems
The expert systems are capable of −
• Advising
• Instructing and assisting human in decision making
• Demonstrating
• Deriving a solution
• Diagnosing
• Explaining
• Interpreting input
• Predicting results
• Justifying the conclusion
• Suggesting alternative options to a problem

13. Benefits of Expert System
Expert systems offer an environment where the good
capabilities of humans and the power of computers
can be incorporated to overcome many of the
limitations.
Expert systems:
1. Increase the probability, frequency, and consistency of
making good decisions
2. Help distribute human expertise
3. Facilitate real-time, low-cost expert-level decisions by
the non expert
4. Enhance the utilization of most of the available data
Contd…

14. 5. Permit objectivity by weighing evidence without bias
and without regard for the user’s personal and
emotional reactions
6. Permit dynamism through modularity of structure
7. Free up the mind and time of the human expert to
enable him or her to concentrate on more creative
activities
8. Encourage investigations into the subtle areas of a
problem
9. They can work in the environment dangerous to
humans.
10. Error rate is low as compared to human errors
11.Production cost is reasonable. This makes them
affordable.