Experiment 1 And 2

Experiment 1 and 2
Korleyfah Mouth
Chem 331 Thursday 2:00pm
Dr. Lijuan Li
20A Preparation of CuCl2~2DMSO
20B Preparation of RuCl2~4DMSO
Abstract In order to synthesize our metal complexes, we were able to make both Copper and
Ruthenium metals. From this, we combined each metal complex with DMSO by refluxing the
compound. The metal complexes were analyzed through their melting point and IR spectroscopy to
determine whether the metal bonded to a Sulfur atom or an Oxygen atom of the DMSO. After
analyzing the IR spectrum, it was determined that S=O shifted to a lower wavenumber in
CuCl2~2DMSO and that S=O shifted to a higher wavenumber in RuCl2~4DMSO.
Introduction Depending on the metal, it will bond to DMSO through its oxygen or sulfur atom. This
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IR spectroscopy was used to analyze the product and an emission spectrum was obtained.
Results and Discussion Product
Theoretical yield
Actual yield
Percent yield
Melting point °C
RuCl2~4DMSO
0.189 grams
0.082 grams
43.38 %
203.4–204.6
Frequency (cm−1)
Bond responsible
(DMSO) 1017.65
S=O stretching
(RuCl2~4DMSO) 1105.54
S=O stretching
When analyzing the IR spectrum of Ruthenium complex with DMSO, the prominent peak is
presented at 1105.54 cm−1. This peak indicates that S=O bonded in DMSO. For DMSO, the

frequency is around 1050 cm−1. From our spectra obtained for DMSO where the S=O peak is at
1017.65 cm−1. Since the bond appears at a higher frequency, this shows that the bond is
strengthened by the reaction. This indicates that when the copper metal was combined with DMSO,
it bonded with the Sulfur atom. Combining ruthenium with sulfur atom caused it to donate a pi
electron as a back donation.
Conclusions From both experiments, we were able to detect which Sulfur and Oxygen atom bonded
to the metal. Copper metal was added to DMSO to bond with the oxygen by weakening the S=O
therefore lowering the IR spectrum. As for Ruthenium metal, it was added to DMSO to bond with
the sulfur compound, strengthening the S=O therefore increasing the IR spectrum. Based on the IR
spectrums and melting points, my product for both metal were pure. References
Boschmann, E; Wollaston, G.J. Chem. Edu. 1982, 59,57
Ebsworth, E. A. V.; Ranking, D.W.H.; Cradock,
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The Design of a Uniform Pore Structure Is Favorable to...
The isotherms of three samples investigated by the nitrogen adsorption/desorption were shown in
Figure 2. The curves of all three samples show hysteresis behavior and belong to type IV
isotherms31. It suggests that our samples exhibit mesoporous structure with pore sizes larger than
5.6 nm (Table 2). The pore diameter of thiol–functionalized SBA–15 calculated by the BJH theory is
smaller than that of SBA–15, which is attributed to the anchoring of thiol moiety to the silanol group
in the interior wall of SBA–1540. The decrease of pore size, while maintaining type IV isotherm
characteristics in thiol–functionalized SBA–15, is one possible reason that thiol moieties are located
along the interior pore channels of SBA–15, not in the internal framework of SBA–15. The further
decrease of pore size in Bi–thiol–functionalized SBA–15 can be explained by the attachment of
bismuth to the thiol group, narrowing the inner pore channel of SBA–15. The BET surface areas of
SBA–15, thiol–functionalized SBA–15, and Bi–thiol–functionalized SBA–15 are 847, 512, and 347
m2/g, respectively. The pore volumes of those are 1.03, 0.85, and 0.62 cm3/g, respectively (shown
in Table 2). The gradual decrease of the surface area and pore volume can also be understood in the
attachment of thiol group to the inner wall of SBA–15 or bismuth to the thiol group as discussed
above. Interestingly, the pore diameter of Bi–SBA–15 is similar to that of SBA–15, indicating that
bismuth is not impregnated to the

Environmental Effects Of Acid Rain
From the precise moment that man first polluted the world, from burning fossil fuels to
urbanization; a chain reaction was created that brought along significant problems for future
generations. Many people were unaware of the threatening long–term effects that came along with
these massive innovations. One of the many serious threats is acid rain and the majority of people
did not notice the effects of this worldwide dilemma. It is now apparent that acid rain has made a
significant negative impact on our everyday lives. Acidic precipitation impacts the environment,
people, animals, and industries in the world. When we burn fossil fuels, nitrous and sulfuric gases
are released into the atmosphere and these gases react with water and oxygen, therefore, making
acid rain.(National Geographic,2017) Acid rain comes in many forms like snow, hail, and dust
particles too. (Environmental Protection Agency, N.d) This silent killer destroys many habitats,
ecosystems, wears down buildings and statues, and can contaminate many bodies of water in
Canada. Acid rain is more prevalent near the eastern side of Canada and has also made a huge
impact in Sudbury, Ontario. Acidic precipitation was very common in the mid–19th century due to
industrialization and lack of technology and knowledge of pollution. As we reflect on past history,
we need to find new solutions to minimize or eliminate carbon emissions. This giant environmental
problem affects the entire world and its inhabitants and we

Notes On Properties And Formation Of Sulfur Oxides
LaGuardia Community College – CUNY
SCC201 General Chemistry I
Properties and Formation of Sulfur Oxides
Taylor Radigan
12/07/2014
Instructor: Dr. D. Miller Background Information
"Sulfur is capable of forming two common oxides, SO2 and SO3. One question that we might ask is
whether the direct reaction between sulfur and oxygen leads to the formation of SO2, SO3, or a
mixture of the two. This question has practical significance because SO3 can go onto react with
water to form sulfuric acid, H2SO4, which is produced industrially on a very large scale. Consider
also that the answer to this question may depend on the relative amount of each element that is
present and the temperature at which the reaction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In concentrations above 25% of air by volume, oxygen renders many organic compounds highly
flammable. Oxygen is required by most living organisms for cellular respiration as well as for most
forms of combustion. It is very commonly used in the steel industry and to create a large number of
chemicals. In the form of ozone (O3), it forms a thin layer around the earth, protecting it from the
ultraviolet radiation of the sun. (Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility – Office of Science
Education, n.d.) When oxygen is reacted with acetylene (C2H2), the reaction produces a
tremendously hot flame used for welding. (Royal Society of Chemistry, n.d.)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the products of the reaction between sulfur and oxygen. At room
temperature, it is a colorless gas that has the odor of burnt matches. Sulfur dioxide mixes with
atmospheric water vapor and is a key component of acid rain. (Thompson, 2003) It is the third most
common gas produced during volcanic eruptions, behind water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide
(CO2). (U.S. Geological Survey, 2010) In large volcanic eruptions, sulfur dioxide is converted to
sulfuric acid and forms fine sulfate aerosols. These aerosols reflect the sun's radiation back into
space and result in in cooling of the earth's surface below them. (U.S. Geological Survey,

Development And Environmental Management : Csc Fall 2014
Sustaniable Development and Environmental Management – CSC Fall 2014
Instructor: Dr. Rostern Tembo
Student: Melanie Rivers
What is Acid Rain
The term Acid Rain describes any form of precipitation, including snow and smog, with high levels
of nitric and sulfuric acids. This can come from a number of sources including; the burning of fossil
fuels such as coal in factories, automobiles, ash from erupting volcanoes and even rotting
vegetation.
The release of the gases, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are released into the
atmosphere where it reacts with water, oxygen and other particle matter to form nitric and sulfuric
acids. This mixture is then returned to the earth's surface as precipitation.
Acidity is measured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, he did not use the term Acid Rain until 1872, though no one really paid much attention to
what he was saying.
During the 1950s Eville Gorham; a young Canadian ecologist began publishing a series of papers
where he stated that acid precirocation could affect the buffering capacity of lakes, soils and
bedrock. He and a colleague F.J.H. Mackereth, while working in England's Lake District, discovered
a number of acidified turns or small mountain lakes fed by rainwater. They asserted that the
acifdification of the water was caused by air pollution contaminates.
Acid rain as a worldwide threat began when Swedish researcher Dr. Svante Oden theorized in the
1960s that pollution blowing from other countries was the cause of Sweden's increasingly acidic
waters. He then published his findings in the local newspaper and then popular scientific journals.
He demonstrated for the first time ever, that rain and surface water throughout Europe were
becoming more acidic and the winds were scattering sulfur and nitrogen based pollutants across the
continent. His findings also showed how acid rain was causing the decline in fish, forest growth and
disintegration of materials.
Public attention in the United States increased in the 1970s, when the New York times published
reports of problems happening in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. This
area was established as an outdoor laboratory for ecological study in 1955 to study the relationship
between forest

Essay On Anapaite And Sulfur
Introduction
Around the world, we the people, are surrounded by numerous minerals that we might not even be
aware of. After researching the minerals sulfur and anapaite, I have come to a conclusion that
minerals are an engaging topic to dig into. The two minerals I analyzed had both similar and
different qualities. While examining the minerals by using specific character traits I discovered
interesting data on each substance.
Salient Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur) is a yellow pigmented element that makes up 3% of the earth's mass.
With the chemical formula of S8 , sulfur is additionally classified as an element. Furthermore, sulfur
is found in multiple locations that vary from hot springs within volcanic regions to specific sulfates
such as iron pyrites or gypsum. Sulfur has a steep dipyramidal crystal structure with tabular crystals
along with its orthorhombic crystal system. At the same time, sulfur has two directions which are
extremely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, one trait the minerals share in common is how they both have tabular crystal
structures. This means both of the minerals have crystals that can be either thick or thin. Another
similarity between sulfur and anapaite is that each mineral has a nonmetallic luster. That said, the
minerals don't appear to have a metal–like sheen although they have different lusters. Anapaite has a
glassy luster while sulfur has a more greasy luster. Bringing up differences, the two minerals do
seem to have some alike attributes but there are many differences that go into the pair. For
instance,sulfur has a yellow streak while anapaite has a white streak. . Adding on, the mineral family
for anapaite is phosphates which is an acid that contains a specific group {PO43 or
OPO(OH)2}.Although sulfur and anapaite are two enthralling minerals to learn about each of them
has their own feature that may appear similarly or differently to the

The Methyl Red, Microbiology Laboratory Theory And...
The Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer broth is a combination medium that contains peptone,
glucose, and a phosphate buffer that produce proteins, fermentable carbohydrates, and a consistent
pH level (Leboffe, Microbiology Laboratory Theory and Application). The Methyl Red test uses the
Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer broth to determine if an organism produces stable or unstable acid
by performing a mixed–acid fermentation of glucose. If an organism produces a stable acid, it is
positive for executing the mixed–acid fermentation which then lowers the pH level in the broth to
4.4 and turns it red. Unstable acids convert to neutral products and the broth will stay yellow or turn
orange, both indicate a negative mixed–acid fermentation (Leboffe, Microbiology Laboratory
Theory and Application). Two of the four bacteria used had red broth indicating positive test results
for mixed–acid fermentation with glucose, they were Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris, my
known bacteria. The other two bacteria, Alcaligenes faecalis and Enterobacter aerogenes, and
unknown bacteria D were negative for mixed–acid fermentation. Based on these test results, my
unknown could be Alcaligenes faecalis or Enterobacter aerogenes. The Voges–Proskauer test used
the Methyl Red and Voges–Proskauer broth to determine if an organism produces acetoin after the
degrading of glucose during a 2,3–butanediol fermentation (Leboffe, A Photographic Atlas for the
Microbiology Laboratory). Only one bacteria,

Control The Wildfires Of Alberta Canada
Humans maintain the park and influence mandatory controlled fires as well as control the wildfires.
Wildfires are required to burn in order to keep the ecosystem in check. In Banff National Park, these
fires burn in old growth areas. Once the fire is burned out it leaves nutrients in the soil to aid in
regrowth for future plants. After the fire Grizzly Bears rummage through the now loose and nutrient
rich soil for certain roots that are apart of their diets. These roots are only accessible to the Grizzly
Bear after a fire has cleared out the forest. Once regeneration starts, the nutrients in the soil allow
other food sources to begin growth and bears start to forage for them. The cycle continues once the
forest has regrown. Banff National Park in Alberta Canada has a very interesting climate. The study
site only a few miles away from the city of Banff resides on the front ranges of the Rocky
Mountains. The Continental Divide is only 45 km (28 miles) west of the study location. The climate
around the park as a whole is interesting. It is commonly known to be completely different weather
at varying temperatures all over the park. Throughout the day, the weather frequently changes
dramatically. Areas studied included dry meadows, shrub–fields and shrub–lands, open or immature
forest and mature forests. All of which have a nutrient rich post–wildfire soil. The forests are
primarily spruce, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir and alpine larch. The town of Banff is the climate

Case Study : Interactions Of Hazardous Materials
Brittni Curry Case Study Interactions of Hazardous Materials In the incident that occurred at SJV
Refinery which processes crude oil daily by utilizing the Atmospheric/Vacuum Distillation process.
Improper release of command during construction plans led to the uncontrolled release of acid gas
into atmosphere. A welder was in close proximity of the gas, causing the gas to ignite. The area was
evacuated and the emergency response team began to take command, following set emergency plans
that had been set into place. Appropriate fire services were notified along with the plant manager.
The Emergency response team was unable to isolate the pipeline. The refinery houses many
different hazardous materials that have the potential to harm life and property. There is a plastic
recycling center that is on the south fence line of the plant, a residential area 1000 feet from the
perimeter and a major highway is a quarter(1/4) of a mile away. The following information
discusses several things. First we will look at the interactions of the acid gas itself and some of its
properties. In order to determine what steps will be taken to isolate the acid gas and to potentially
combat the fire, the research of interactions between the hazardous materials that are located on site
and near the fire along with adjoining facilities must be examined. In this study we will go over
processes of the Unified incident commander, and will discuss what corrective actions should be

The Natural Environment Must Be Restored Essay
The natural environment must be restored. Development of the world has seen the establishment and
growth of various types of industries. However, even as these industries produce many needs of the
world's societies, they have at the same time produced an incredible amount of wastes that are
polluting and harming our environment. As such, modern societies have been forced to think about
how to develop indicators to measure and handle these wastes in order to protect the environment
and ensure human wellbeing. In the crude oil industry, the degree of sulfur content is very important
as it is used to grade the crude oil a sweet crude oil is one with low sulfur content, and a sour crude
oil is one with high sulfur content. This means therefore that the crude oil industry is involved in
removing sulfur content from crude oil as sweet crude is preferred to sour crude [1].When distillate
crude oil is processed into useful products, there will be many wastes, which dissolve in water
thereby producing sour water. However, sour water consists of hazardous substances, mostly
hydrogen sulﬁde (H2S), therefore it must be treated prior to the discharge for reuse or disposal to the
water bodies. In addition, polluted water is fatal to benthic organisms and also causes depletion of
dissolved oxygen [2]. This has led to some industries facing problems with the current
environmental protection regulations due to high cost of petroleum wastewater disposal processes
and the harmful effect on

Essay on History of Chemistry and Technology
In this paper I will be writing about chemistry and technology. The paper will be on how much
chemistry is used in modern technology. The first thing I'm writing about is Sulfur, sulfuric acid.
The next thing is Phosphorus, phosphoric acid. The last thing is Nitrogen. Chemistry is more
important than I ever imagined it would be.
The first thing is Sulfur is a member of the sixth main group of the periodic table. It is a yellow solid
which is not soluble in water. It is not a metal. In nature, it occurs in two crystalline structures:
Monoclinic and hexagonal. Sulfur burns in air as a blue flame, producing sulfur oxide. It forms
sulfides with a number of metals. It is used in the production of some medicines, rubbers and
fungicidal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the characteristic gleam of white phosphorous in the dark, which has led to glowing
materials being called phosphorous. Then comes Phosphoric acids are those which come from
phosphorus derived from oxygen–containing acids. Phosphoric acids are relatively strong and non–
volatile. They have a pleasant–smelling odor and are non–toxic. When added to some drinks, they
are taste boosters, making these drinks have more intensive tastes. They are produced by dissolving
phosphoric oxide in water. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is the most important of all of the
phosphorous–containing acids. It is found in numerous physiologically important compounds (for
example in DNS). Besides the better–known H3PO4, there are other phosphorous–containing acids
such as H3PO3 which is produced as an intermediate in the dissociation reaction with water at a
temperature of over 200° C.
The last thing is Nitrogen is the first element of Group V main group elements, a group that is called
the nitrogen group. The nitrogen atom has five electrons in its outermost electron shell. Nitrogen is a
colorless, odorless gas which is found as a two–atom molecule in nature. The two nitrogen atoms
are joined by a triple bond. Each nitrogen atom has one unbounded electron pair. Nitrogen was
recognized as one component of air in 1777 by C.W. Scheele. At the time, it was found not to be
essential for either combustion processes or organism respiratory functions. It is almost completely
insoluble in water. It does

Essay On Sulfur Dioxide In Environment
The Sulfur Dioxide in Environment
The sulfur dioxide was regarded as the acknowledged toxic gas, and is also one of main factors for
acid rain. Due to its severe toxicity, the major pollution incidents have even happened in human
beings' history. During 1st December and 15th December 1930, the toxic gases including the sulfur
dioxide caused great loss for Meuse Valley in Belgium. The toxic gases led to thousands of people
in the industrial zone of Meuse Valley were catched with respiratory diseases, and "nearly 63 people
were dead within a week". ( Benery B, HoetPH, Nemmar A. 2001) Additionally, many livestocks
also could not survived and died of the toxic gases. In the incident, the mixture of SO2 and SO3
were the main dioxide smog. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the production process and process operation can also release certain sulfur dioxide. In daily
life, the automobile exhaust also contain certain sulfur dioxide. With the popularization of
automobile, the automobile exhaust has been one of main pollution sources for the environment.
The sulfur dioxide has great detriment for plants and human beings. Its toxicity is large and has
corrosivity and decomposability. "Sulphur is a highly noxious venom for people's health, although
we can be more resistant than other creatures that live with us. For example, the level of 0,3 µg per
cubic metre of air implies a potential risk for human health, but for trees, 0,2 µg is extremely
dangerous. In 1956, the London smog (caused by sulfuric acid mist) led to more than 4700 deaths.
The pollution of sulfur dioxide has direct effect on human beings and animals' life. When human
body absorbs the sulfur trioxide or sulfuric acid mist formed by sulfur dioxide, its stimulation and
detriment would be more significant, even though its density is only 1/10 of sulfur dioxide. Some
experiments have proved that the physiological reaction caused by sulfuric acid mist is four times of
sulfur dioxide. If he density of sulfur dioxide increases double each year, the death rate would
increase by 11%.
The sulfur dioxide not only has detriment for human begins and animals, but also has detriment for
plants. There has been experiment on the effect of sulfur dioxide on tomato. "Sulphur

Hypothesis Of Acid Rain
Objective:
What is the effect of acid rain have on the growth of radish seeds?
Hypothesis:
The seeds that are not in acid rain will germinate more because the acid rain will cause most of the
seeds to not germinate because the acid will burn the chemical the seed needs to germinate
Materials
Diluted Sulfuric Acid
(Acid Rain)
Normal Rain
60 Radish Seed
Glass marking pencil
Masking tape
2 petri dishes
Sponges (2)
Graduated cylinder
Procedure:
Label the petri dishes with "regular" and "acid".
Place a sponge in each petri dish.
Pour 30 mL of water in the petri dish labeled "water" and 30 mL of the diluted sulfuric acid into the
petri dish labeled "Acid Rain".
Evenly space 30 radish seeds on the sponges in each petri dish.
Seal the petri dishes securely with the masking tape, and the place them under the the sun.
Data/Observations:
Effect of Acid Rain Radish Seeds
Group
Light
Acid
Observation
1
30
25
2

29
22
3
27
16
Acid was a darker green
4
25
12
More leaves on the acid plants
5
24
17
6
25
19
Acid was a darker green
7
26
22
8
18
19
Average
25.5
19
Graph
Conclusion:
The experiment was done to see how acid rain affects seed germination. The experiment was done
with 60 radish seeds, sulfidic acid, and water.We put 30 seeds in a petri dish with a sponge that is
soaked in sulfuric acid and we put the other 30 seeds in another petri dish with a sponge that is

The Differences Of Sulfur ( Sulphur ) Allergy?
What is Sulfur (Sulphur) Allergy? The Difference Between Sulfa, Sulfite, Sulfate, and Sulfur!
What is Sulphur (sulfur) allergy? Are you allergic to Sulfa, Sulfite, Sulfate, or Sulfur? Which one
causes an allergy? There's quite a bit of confusion about the difference between these compounds
because their names sound similar. Many people think if they are allergic to sulfa drugs or sulfites
and thus it is necessary for them to avoid dietary supplements containing sulfates or sulfur such as
glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and organic sulfur.
In this article, I am going to explain the difference between these four substances and hopefully it
will clear up some of the confusion.
Sulfa Drugs (Sulfonamides)
Sulfa drugs were the first antibiotics to treat and prevent bacterial infections in humans.
Sulfa drugs contain a chemical group called sulfonamide, which is not usually allergenic by itself,
but when a sulfonamide molecule is metabolized in the body, it is capable of binding to proteins,
thus forming a larger molecule that can serve as an allergen.
Sulfa drugs (sulfonamide) do contain sulfur, but the allergic reaction is not sulfur per se, rather it is
the byproduct of sulfonamide metabolism.
Symptoms of sulfa allergy include:
Headache
Hives
Rash
Swelling of the face, mouth, tongue, and throat
Wheezing or difficulty breathing
Drop in blood pressure
Asthma attack in people with asthma
Anaphylaxis (a severe, life–threatening reaction that requires immediate

Acid Rain Effects
From the precise moment, man first polluted the world, from burning fossil fuels to urbanization,
many people were uneducated about the threatening long–term effects that came along with these
massive innovations. One of the many serious threats is acid rain and a lot of people don't notice the
effects of this worldwide dilemma. It is now apparent that acid rain will now affect our everyday
lives. Acid precipitation impacts the environment, the people, many animals, and industries in the
world. When we burn fossil fuels nitrous and sulfuric gases are released into the atmosphere and
these gases react with water and oxygen, therefore, making acid rain.(National Geographic,2017)
Acid rain comes in many forms like snow, hail, and dust particles too. (Environmental Protection
Agency, N.d) Acid rain destroys many habitats, ecosystems, wear down buildings and statues, and
can contaminate many bodies of water in Canada. Acid rain is prevalent near the eastern side of
Canada and has also made a huge impact in a city named Sudbury. Acid precipitation was very
common in the mid 19 century due to industrialization and lack of technology and knowledge of
pollution. We need to find new ways of producing electricity we burn too many fossil fuels,
therefore, creating carbon emissions that are extremely harmful to the world and people around us
and triggering the acid rain effect. Acid rain is a giant problem for the world and especially Canada
it affects the environment around us and

Impressive Benefits Of Organic Sulfur
hat if I told you there is a "miracle mineral" that strengthens immunity, fights the effects of stress
and pain, increases energy levels, improves skin complexion, and provides allergy relief? Would you
be interested? If yes, then you are in the right place.
Did you know Organic Sulfur is the third most abundant mineral in the human body and is
absolutely essential for health? It is one of the basic building blocks of life and is essential in
maintaining our health.
Organic Sulfur Benefits – 23 Surprisingly Impressive Benefits
1. Organic Sulfur works like chelation therapy.
Organic sulfur is one of the most powerful and effective solutions for detoxifying the entire body
because it oxygenates your cells, alkalizes your blood and removes toxins and heavy metals that
lead to cellular malfunction and disease (Clark).
Organic sulfur can easily bind with most toxins to form a sulfate, such as mercury sulfate, lead
sulfate, barium sulfate, arsenic sulfate, aluminum sulfate, strontium sulfate, etc., By bonding with all
the toxic heavy metals, Organic Sulfur can safely chelate and remove these toxic metals from our
bodies. Sulfur does not bind to iodine, which is a good thing (Parcell).
2. It helps with allergies, asthma, and emphysema.
Sulfur helps all the cells in the body to work better and keep the system clean by binding to mucous
membranes and forming a natural block against allergens. Thus leading to a reduction or elimination
of allergies.
It helps alleviate emphysema

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
OF LABSA
Sulphonation – The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation
is an exception. Treatment of benzene with "oleum" (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid)
will give the sulfonic acid, the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig
– 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot
aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall
neutral and therefore more stable than other, positively charged intermediates. Hence, under forcing
reaction conditions, the energy difference in progressing in either the forward or backward sense
from the Wheland intermediate is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bulk Density: 700kg/dm3 approx... The regeneration is carried out by heating with air at 150 degree
Celsius. A checking about the effective regeneration is made by verifying the Silica gel indicator
through the sight glasses, as well as by verifying the outlet temp., of the regeneration air on the
recording thermometer. When the regeneration is accomplished the silica gel mass has a temperature
quite near 150 degree Celsius. Therefore it is necessary to cool the silica gel thus allowing it to
adsorb the humidity of the air crossing it. Note – The four way valves are provided with a drive by
pneumatic cylinders which are remote controlled energizing some solenoid valve suitably. Air
drying and cooling Air that is utilized in the production of LABSA has to be cooled first and then
dried to ensure its feasibility for further reactions. Air is cooled by passing it through a heat
exchanger containing the coolant mono–ethylene glycol; at a temperature of 0 to –2 degree Celsius.
The coolant ensures condensation of air to around 5 degree Celsius. After cooling air to the required
temperature it has to be dried to remove traces of moisture present in it. For this purpose air is
passed through a cylinder filled with silica gel. The silica–gel brings the dew point of the water in
the air down to stay –40 degrees Celsius. This means that the air is dry as if the air was cooled down
to –40 degrees Celsius. In practice two cylinders with silica–gel are used; one for

Essay on Medicine During the Elizabethan Era
Medicine During the Elizabethan Era
The medicinal practices and problems of the Elizabethan Era were very important to the people,
although they are very different from those of today. There were many different beliefs and diseases,
like the Plague. Medicine was not an exact science and was related to Alchemy (Chemistry). Here,
some of the many practices and beliefs of the Elizabethan Era will be discussed.
One of the most widely known and important of the beliefs was the humours. It was believed that
every living creature was composed of four elements, the humours. They were blood, phlegm,
choler (or yellow bile), and melancholy (or black bile). It was believed that the overall total
combination of these four elements determined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He would also wish to know which part of the body was affected by the illness, because each part
was related to a certain star sign or constellation, and he would bear in mind under which star sign
each ingredient of certain medicines was under.
Alchemy (Early Chemistry) was another science closely related to medicine. Alchemy was the name
given to this science in Latin Europe in the 12th century. It was a belief that the human body was
closely related to the stars and the heavens. Over hundreds of years, the main goals of alchemists
were to turn any metal into gold and discover an elixir which could cure all ills or lead to
immortality. This magical elixir was called the philosopher's stone. Alchemy was based on the belief
that there are four basic elements – fire, earth, air and water – and three essentials – salt, sulfur and
mercury. The metals gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, and tin were all known before the rise of
alchemy. The liquid metal, mercury, and the burning rock, sulfur, were also known. Many processes
with these elements were known to alchemists. The art of alchemy was heavily spiritual. Alchemists
were the first to try out different ideas and experiment with different elements, but because of their
intense metaphysical and spiritual beliefs, they didn't develop modern day scientific methods.
Alchemist studied alchemy for hundreds of years, but they didn't

Sulforaphane Research Paper
Sulforaphane is a chemical compound found in various kinds of vegetables including broccoli,
cabbage, and kale. Sulforaphane can be categorized as an active chemical group called
isothiocyanate, found in food in its storage form of Glucoraphanin. Isothiocyanate is the chemical
group formed by substituting the oxygen in the isocyanate group with a sulfur. When the enzyme
Myrosinase invades Glucoraphanin, it produces something called ESP (epithiospecifier protein)
which in effect has no anti–cancer activity.
When amounts of sulforaphane are present in the stomach, it aids in eliminating a bacteria called
Helicobacter Pylori; a germ that enters your body and lives in your digestive tract. The accumulation
of Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) in the stomach can lead to stomach ulcers. Stomach Ulcers or
Peptic Ulcer Disease refers to painful sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach. Furthermore, the
development of Peptic Ulcer Disease initiates Stomach Cancer. Stomach Cancer stems from the
inflammation in your gut called gastritis, long lasting anemia, and growths in your stomach called
polyps. All these symptoms stem from the infection of H. Pylori in stomach. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the consumption of kale, the amount of the Helicobacter Pylori found in the stomach is
decreased. Therefore, because sulforaphane decreases the amount of Helicobacter Pylori it decreases
the risks of stomach ulcers, and in result, stomach cancer. However, the effectiveness of the
sulforaphane compound can be altered depending on the temperature. Previous studies show that
sulforaphane can be less or more effective in foods depending on the amount of heat implemented.
Moreover, the application of heat can enhance the absorption of sulforaphane, but the excessive
application heat can prevent most sulforaphane from being absorbed; a balance must

Sulfur Research Paper
Associated with Hell and suffering, the word brimstone possesses an almost mythological nuance.
In reality, brimstone is simply an element– specifically sulfur. When reduced to chemical makeup,
brimstone loses its traditional implication surrounding eternal damnation. Sulfur exists in everyday
objects, such as matches, and even in foods such as cruciferous vegetables and coconut products.
However, this substance is still an integral ingredient to destructive forces such as fireworks and
volcanoes. In order to understand this complex element, the chemical makeup and historical uses of
sulfur must be analyzed. Then, the references in the Bible to brimstone may be understood deeper.
Though known for its repugnant smell, sulfur is much more than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the infamous destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, the Bible records, "Then the LORD
rained down burning sulfur on Sodom and Gomorrah––from the LORD out of the heavens"
(Genesis 19:24). Afterwards, Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed beyond recognition. This
illustrates the violent nature sulfur can sometimes possess. Sulfur, or brimstone, is also a component
used to allude to the fires of Hell. Revelation 20:10 refers to the end times and the ultimate
destruction of Satan and the fall of the domination of sin over the world, "And the devil who
deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet
are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever." The same book references the
fate of all those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior, ""But for the cowardly and unbelieving and
abominable and murderers and immoral persons and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their part
will be in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death," (Revelation 21:8).
The reference to brimstone, or more accurately, sulfur, in the Bible solidifies the destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah as well as the existence of Hell. God does not insist His people believe that
He destroyed the two evil cities with an unreactive element or compound. Neither does He describe
Hell as a place of mythical torture; conversely, He uses an

How Acid Rain Affects the Aquatic Ecosystem Essay
How Acid Rain Affects the Aquatic Ecosystem
Abstract This paper shows that acid rain is a reality. It is destroying our freshwater ecosystems and
must be stopped in order to save them. If the problem is not fixed soon the aquatic ecosystems will
be destroyed.
Table of Contents
1. What is acid rain?
2. Acidification of Freshwater
3. Effects of Freshwater Acidification
4. Where is Affected the most?
5. What is being done to fix it?
6. Conclusion
7. References
What is acid rain?
Acid rain is polluted rain, snow, or fog. The burning of fossil fuels, base metal smelting, and fuel
combustion in vehicles emits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (FAQ Acid Rain).
These gases enter the atmosphere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These types of soil and bedrock do not contain carbonates to neutralize the acid. Limestone
catchments contain large amounts of carbonates and thus neutralize acid very effectively (Acid Rain
and The Aquatic). In addition to the acidification of lakes, acid rain can strip toxic metals from the
catchment and contaminate the lake. These metals include aluminum, manganese, iron, zinc, copper,
nickel, vanadium, lead, and mercury (Buchdahl). These metals can be very toxic for fish as well as
humans. Aluminum concentrations as low as 0.05 mg 1–1 can kill fish and macro invertebrate fauna.
Lower levels of aluminum may not kill but can severely impair growth and reproductive ability, and
hinder respiratory ability of fish (Acid Rain and The Aquatic). Aluminum has been shown to cause
Alzheimer's and mercury can cause brain damage in humans. The tissue of fish absorbs mercury so
it can not be cooked or filleted out. Even at very small input rates, mercury biomagnifies from the
bottom to the top of the food chain (Krabbenhoft).
back to top

Effects of Freshwater Acidification
At the beginning of lake acidification, the biomass remains largely unchanged, but the diversity
drops considerably (Buchdahl). As the number of one species or group of species changes because
of the acidification, the entire ecosystem of the water body is affected through the predator–prey
relationship (FAQ Acid Rain).

Acid Rain Essay
Acid Rain
Do you ever look outside on a rainy night and think to yourself why are we destroying our own
habitat. Of course you don't. You are more rapped up in the beauty of a calm and serene shower with
the wind blowing and a gentle howl of the breeze trickling through the trees. Why would you think
of something bad? Well, maybe you should start thinking of rain as a bad thing. Maybe not rain, but
what is in the rain.
Not enough attention is being put toward the well being of the Earth. There are definitely forces at
work destroying our environment as we speak. Our government needs to explore all the deadly
toxins that go into our environment every second. Without this exploration we could kill ourselves.
Not only will we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Substances are released which run off into water bodies and toxic to water life. Acidic materials
deposited directly from the atmosphere also have the effect of altering the acid balance in water
bodies and this too has an effect on the life they support. Acidic deposition onto sensitive buildings
causes decay of stonework and other materials.(Environment Agency: Acid Rain, page 1)
Where does acid rain come from? Acid rain is made from man–made emissions and a few natural
compounds. A few of the emissions responsible for acidic rain is sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen. Ammonia, which is mainly from agricultural process is also responsible for a lot of the
acidity in rain. In the atmosphere it mixes with certain compounds and neutralizes them. The
neutralized compounds break down when the products the reactions are deposited, acidity is then
released.
Acid rain was noted as a problem in the 1980's first effecting the ponds and lakes in northeastern
USA, southern Canada, and what was the Soviet Union, and other smaller world regions. Acid rain,
no matter when or where it falls will always cause damage to the environment. Acid rain has already
caused thousands of lakes and ponds to a point of lifelessness, and has even damaged historic
buildings in Europe. One of the major problems with acid rain is that it gets carried from a mass acid
rain producing areas that are usually not as badly affected. Tall chimneys that are built to ensure that
the

New Method Of Ultrahard Material Synthesis
New Method in Ultrahard Material Synthesis: CS2 Catalyzed Ultrahard Fullerite
Ultrahard materials is a broad category define by materials that are harder than diamond. Diamond,
thought to be the hardest material for centuries hasn't been the hardest material seen by scientists in
a long time. Many materials have been developed or discovered recently that surpass the 150 GPa
hardness of diamond by as much as 100%. There are many ways to measure the hardness of a
material, from the classic scratch test to more complicated bulk modulus calculations. Other tests of
hardness include indentation and rebound tests, or measurements of the elastic and shear modulus.
Ultrahard fullerite is one such material that has surpassed diamond with values ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural studies of fullerite are hampered by its lack of a 4 or 6 fold axis, so long–term periodicity
in fullerite's crystal lattice isn't possible for covalently–bonded fullerene molecules in three
dimensions. TEM studies have shown a sequence of FCC phases that have been explained by
bonded fullerene chains formation. Because of this difficulty, researchers have turned to Raman
spectroscopy to study the polymerization, which has features explained by the C60 phonon spectra
perturbations by intermolecular covalent bonding. The 3D polymerized phases produced in ultrahard
fullerite synthesis are phase IV and V, where phase V is the desired ultrahard fullerite. Phase V is
translucent in the near IR or visible range having a Raman spectrum containing two broad peaks
around 1550 cm–1 and around 500 cm–1.
Prior to research by Popov et al., the synthesis conditions of ultrahard fullerite depended on a degree
of plastic deformation and stress tensor variation of a sample under compression. The minimum
required pressure for synthesis was 13 GPa at 1100 K, or 18 GPa at room temperature, both of
which aren't suitable for industrial production without a catalyst. The polymerization of fullerene
molecules starts under sunlight irradiation at ambient temperatures to create dimers. These simple
conditions for these intermolecular bonds to form led researchers to hypothesize

Organic Sulfur Importance
What is Organic Sulfur and Why it is Important?
Organic Sulfur is also known as methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), has a long history as a therapeutic
mineral for a wide variety of ailments. It is the third most abundant mineral in the human body and
is absolutely essential for health.
It is found in the cells of all living organisms and plays a critical role in the oxygenation and
detoxification of all cells.
Unfortunately, we don't hear sulfur being mentioned very often, is all but forgotten as a critical
nutrient in recent decades.
I found it very shocking that a Minimum Daily Requirement to avoid sulfur deficiency does not
even exist despite the fact it is the third most abundant mineral in the body and plays important roles
in hundreds of physiological processes.
Sulfur vs. Organic Sulfur
I think many of us are familiar with sulfur in high school chemistry or maybe not. Before I began
my organic sulfur journey, I was not familiar with it at all. I thought to myself why anyone would
add something that has unpleasant smell of rotten eggs in their dietary regime. I didn't really
understand why sulfur was important for my body.
Upon further research, I began to understand that sulfur actually exists in two forms in nature. The
form that is absolutely essential for our health turns out it is neither drug nor vitamin, but rather a
nutrient or food that our body needs to function properly.
However, organic sulfur, also called Methylsulphonylmethane (MSM) sulfur, and sulfur are

The Laboratory Without Contamination Is Essential For The...
Introduction The ability to cultivate and identify organisms of interest in the laboratory without
contamination is essential for the study and classifications of many life forms. Different techniques
were used to differentiate the organisms. This process of transferring a microbe from one medium to
the next is called inoculating. The organism chosen in class will be used to construct further testing.
The purpose of this lab experiment was to find the identity of the unknown bacterial culture and use
all the methods and the assessments that were introduced in the class. By doing that we had to use
different techniques that guide us to find the right bacterium. A flowchart was given for the
unknown to help us find the right bacterium that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a couple days of incubation, the first test conducted for analysis was a gram stain. The gram
stain is used to determine the cell shape and color of the bacteria cell. It can also determine whether
the bacterium is positive or negative. If it is a positive bacterium, it will look purple when viewed
under a microscope. If it is a negative bacterium, it will look pink. The rod shape is usually long in a
cluster chain. The cocci shape is a small circle or a cluster of grapes. The next test that was
conducted was the KOH test. A large inoculate of the organism was placed in the center of a slide
and a drop of KOH in a corner. The two were carefully mixed together by dragging the KOH into
the organism. This step was done to determine whether the test was gram–positive or gram–
negative. KOH lyses the gram negative cells and results in a sticky and stringy substance while the
gram– positive remain watery in appearance. Once the KOH test was complete the SIM medium test
was conducted, this test was done to determine three separate tests in one test tube. We are looking
for the sulfur reduction, indole production, and motility of the organism. First, a SIM media tube is
prepared, and then label the SIM tube with your initials and the bacteria you're using. Next, use a
needle to pick an isolated colony from the plate. Then, inoculate the tube by making a single straight
stab down the middle

The Differences Of Sulphur ( Sulfur ) Allergy?
What is Sulphur (Sulfur) Allergy? The Difference Between Sulfa, Sulfite, Sulfate, and Sulfur!
What is Sulphur (sulfur) allergy? Are you allergic to Sulfa, Sulfite, Sulfate, or Sulfur? Which one
causes an allergy? There's quite a bit of confusion about the difference between these compounds
because their names are similar. Many people think if they are allergic to sulfa drugs or have had
reactions to sulfites in foods and thus think it is necessary for them to avoid dietary supplements
containing sulfates or sulfur such as glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and organic sulfur.
In this article, I am going to explain the difference between these four substances and hopefully it
will clear up some of the confusion.
Sulfa Drugs (Sulfonamides)
Sulfa drug is any member of a group of synthetic antibiotics containing the sulfanilamide molecular
structure. Sulfa drugs were the first antibiotics to treat and prevent bacterial infections in humans.
Sulfa drugs contain a chemical group called sulfonamide, they are not usually allergenic by
themselves, but when a sulfonamide molecule is metabolized in the body, it is capable of attaching
to proteins and thus forming a larger molecule that can serve as an allergen.
Sulfa (sulfonamide) drugs do contain sulfur, but the allergic reaction is not because of sulfur itself.
It's due to the actions of the sulfonamide molecule that could potentially trigger an allergic response
in some individuals.
Symptoms of sulfa allergy include:
Headache
Hives
Rash
Swelling of the face, mouth, tongue, and throat
Wheezing or difficulty breathing
Drop in blood pressure
Asthma attack in people with asthma
Anaphylaxis (a severe, life–threatening reaction that requires immediate medical attention)
If you have signs of an allergic reaction to sulfa drugs, get emergency help immediately.
Sulfites (Sulfur Dioxide)

Sulfites refer to a group of chemicals that include sulfur dioxide and sulfite salts. Sulfites are
naturally occurring sulfur containing molecules that occur in the fermentation process, such as red
wines.
Sulfites are also chemicals used as preservatives to prevent browning and discoloration in foods and
beverages during preparation, storage, and distribution. They aren't used

A Risk Assessment Strategy For A Chemical Suicide
Background:
Before January 2008, industrial accidents were the main cause of Hydrogen Sulfide poisonings in
Japan. Since then, the use of this gas in chemical or "detergent" suicides increased exponentially,
over 2,000 such suicides have been reported in Japan. This trend was next encountered by first
responders in America, with 3 cases reported in 2008, 9 in 2009 and over 30 incidents in 2010
(Morii et al., 2010).
The new trend was shared via internet message boards. Dependant of the mixture of common
household ingredients such as bath salts and toilet detergent, either Hydrogen Sulfide or Hydrogen
Cyanide gas will be produced. Suicide is often performed in a confined space in order to trap the
resulting gas. Enclosed spaces such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A colourless, flammable, toxic gas and an olfactory nerve paralyzer, even in low quantities (1,000 –
Lethal Dose 1000ppm
– Immediate collapse with cardiopulmonary arrest, even after one breath.
Data from (Oreshan and Stevens, 2011).
Information Sources
The Fire Department's response on scene was guided by the ERG (2016). Throughout the incident,
an isolation distance of 330ft was maintained around the vehicle. It was a small scale incident with
no spillage, the chemicals were confined to the vehicle. No exposure hazard was identified to
occupancies downwind of the incident.
Upon arrival, Fire Crews liaised with Police Units, ensuring they were outside the 330ft cordon.
Liaison determined the risks posed by the vehicle and its contents and established any additional
safety concerns.
Who was at Risk?
Members of the public: Due to the time the incident occurred, no one had encountered the vehicle.
The first responder: The Police Officer was evaluated by the Fire Department's medical unit. He had
maintained a safe distance from the vehicle and subsequently not been exposed to lethal
concentrations of the gas. By making careful observations, he observed the pungent odour, the
written warnings and the individual slumped driver's seat. By requesting the Fire Department, he
recognised the risks posed to himself and the public, if he opened one of the vehicle doors he would
have been instantly overcome by the gas,

Essay about The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a great leap in manufacturing technology that had many benefits to
mankind. The standard of living was raised to a higher level, products were being made could be
made more efficiently and with less production costs, and many people became able to support
themselves and live a life away from their parent's farm. Because of the reduction in production
costs, the prices of goods could be reduced as well. This gave the poorer masses more access to
manufactured items. The higher demand for goods resulted in a need for more workers. This meant
that more people had more money with which to buy more things. This started the cycle that created
a society largely dependent upon manufactured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The smoke is the product of the burning of impurities, coal, coke, or other fuels. When burning these
fuels in massive amounts, with neighboring factories also burning them, the impact on air quality is
extreme. To many, black lung disease was a disease restricted solely to coal miners, but when coal is
burned, many of the constituents of the coal become airborne to easily infect anyone's lungs. A study
done in the nineteenth century indicated that cigarette smokers in a rural area close to Liverpool had
a "nine times greater death rate from lung cancer than non–smokers, whereas in Liverpool, the ratio
approached 1:1."1 The study also indicated a continually observed pattern of decreased health in
urban areas. The factories were producing goods that the people wanted to buy, but it was also
killing them. In December of 1952 in London, a lethal smog "was responsible for 4000 human
deaths". 2 Plant life that surrounded the area was also affected. When smog settles, it blackens the
leaves of the plants, preventing them from getting the sunlight necessary for growth. Another
modern product of industry that is a large contribution to air pollution is the automobile. In earlier
times, gasoline may have contained lead, and when the gasoline burns to propel the car, the lead is
ejected into the air. Although the intention was aimed in the right direction, "the unintended effects
are pervasive and often highly

Don 't Let The Situation Go Downhill
When you shampoo your head and notice lumps of hair in your hand, it is certainly a thing to worry
about. It is normal to lose some hair everyday but I am sure you would know when you are
encountering a hair loss issue. It is tough not to notice when normal hair loss converts into excessive
hair loss. Are you equipped to fight hair loss? Sounds like you are going to some war right? Well, it
unquestionably is a fight that you will need to put heaps of effort into. You can 't just wish it away or
adjourn finding a solution. Don 't let the situation go downhill. If you want to keep a head alive with
hair, you will need to take necessary steps. To fight hair loss, we need weapons. Not spears or
anything but treatments, remedies and precautionary measures. If you are terrified of chemicals and
medications with side–effects, you can try the natural remedies given in this blog.
The craving for long, lustrous hair
Ladies do take pride in their long hair and it is very logical why they should be. Growing your long
hair takes a good deal of time, patience and effort. When it comes to hale and hearty hair, it is not
just what you put on your hair that counts; it is what you put into your body that is more imperative.
If you yearn for healthy effervescent hair, it may not be worth expending a fortune on exotic
shampoos and conditioners. You might be cleverer to contemplate the nutritious prerequisites of
your hair. Hair grows very leisurely, generally about a quarter to half an inch per

A Research Report On Methyl Thiophanate
2.3. Toxicokinetics of fungicides:
Toxicokinetic studies provide important data on the amount of toxicant delivered to a target as well
as specific metabolism. Animals are exposed to fungicides through ingestion or they are absorbed
through the skin or the respiratory system. Different factors regulate their absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion. In general, the liver is the primary site for biotransformation and may
include detoxification as well as activation reactions (Gupta., 1986). slow degradation and
biotransformation, environmental persistence and bioaccumulation in adipose tissue and organs
containing a high content of lipid membranes (Costa., 2008). The newly introduced class of
fungicides are rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted and do not accumulate in tissues, but
some of them are partially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
2.4. Methyl Thiophanate
2.4.1. Definition:
Methyl Thiophanate (1, 2–Bis (3–(methoxycarbonyl)–2–thioureido) benzene) is a systemic broad–
spectrum fungicide controlling various fungal pathogens. The LD50 of Methyl Thiophanate in the
male rabbit by oral route is 2270 mg/kg body weight. It is used as a preservative in paint, textile,
papermaking, leather industry and ware housing practices, as well as a fruit preservative (Giry et al.,
2001, Berglof et al., 2002), Methyl Thiophanate is well absorbed (80–85%) after oral exposure and
is subsequently metabolized into many compounds

Dimethomorph And Sulfur Fungicide Lab Report
The structures of Dimethomorph and Sulfur compounds can be obtained by X– Ray Diffraction
method in crystalline form and they will invariably be similar to their structures in solution. We
determine the three– dimensional crystallographic structure, molecular dimensional, molecular
geometry, electronic structure and the conformation of fungicides and analyze their crystal
structures also. The determined of packing diagram and crystal structure of Sulfur fungicide. Sulfur
is more information observed by experiment and analysis of given data collection and structure
solution The composition of crystal Dimethomorph is confined by comparing the infrared spectra of
two components. Crystal size of Dimethomorph is 0.30 x 0.20 x 0.20 mm The unit cell parameter of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen bonds of Dimethomorph [A and deg.].
D–H...A d(D–H) d(H...A) d(D...A) <(DHA)
O(1)–H(1A)...N(2)#1 0.82 2.01 2.820(2) 169.3
Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms:
#1 –x+1,y+1/2,–z+1/2)
Figure .1.1. – ORTEP diagram of sulfur
Figure 1.2. – The molecular structure of Dimethomorph by ORTEP diagram.
Figure 1.3 Packing diagram of Sulfur.
Figure 1. 4 – Packing diagram of Dimethomorph
Result and Discussion: The Sulfur is cantain only only S Molecule because
their Chemical formula is S8 .So that no more compouds consist in Sulfur show
in ORTAP diagram but Dimethomorph is mony compound structure.Clear that
chemical formula of Dimethomorph (C21 H22 Cl N O4.) and ORTAP diagram of

Dimethomorph. The ORTEP diagram of Sulfur and Dimethomorph shown in
figure 1.1 and 1.2.are respectively.Packin diagram of Sulfur and Dimethomorph
is shown in figure 1.3 and 1.4 respectively.The Band length , Band anlge ,
Torsion angle ,Anisotropic parameter and Unit cell of Sulfur are not found

How concentration affects the rate of reaction between...
How concentration affects the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate
Chemistry Coursework
How Concentration Affects a Reaction
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to find out how concentration affects the rate of reaction between
Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium
Thiosulphate.
Introduction:
This experiment will be carried out by drawing a cross on a piece of paper and mixing hydrochloric
acid and sodium thiosulphate together to see if the cross disappears. The concentration of
hydrochloric acid would change every reaction to show that concentration effects a reaction. The
time in which the cross took to disappear would be recorded as well as the temperature at the start
and end of the reaction, the concentration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sunlight could affect the speed therefore the experiment will take place in the shade, so that
temperature shouldn't change the reaction speed, we will check by using a thermometer. Also the
same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate will be mixed each time so that the
concentration changes will affect the same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate.
The concentration of the hydrochloric acid will be changing each time to test if it speeds up a
reaction. The speed for the light intensity to drop by 10% will be measured after each attempt so that
the affects of concentration changes can be recorded. Each concentration will be tested three times
and an average will be worked out, to see if there were any anomalies within the experiment. If one
result is out of line with the others then that will be easily identified using graphs and tables. The
concentration has been picked so that there is a range from 0.25M to 2M, at intervals of 0.5M, 1M,
1.25M and 1.5M.
Prediction:
I predict that the higher the concentration the faster the reaction will take place meaning the light
intensity will drop by 10%. This is because the more concentrated the hydrochloric acid is the more

particles there are to collide, therefore more effective collisions to break old bonds and make new
bonds. 0.25M concentration would be the slowest reaction and 2M would be the

Why Is The Sulfur Cycle Important
Throughout this class, I have learned about the multiple material cycles. These cycle methods are
utilized within the ecosystem to cycle and recycle the essential chemical elements between the
living and nonliving components of the environment. These natural cycles include the following
chemical elements, water, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen. These elements are
essential to all living things, and each one of these elements has its own individual cycle.
The cycle I have decided to focus on that humans have disturbed and that I myself impact is the
sulfur cycle. I feel it is important to convey that sulfur is a vital component of numerous biological
molecules; which all play significant roles within the ecosystem including proteins,
various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sulfur cycle naturally transpires when minerals and rocks break down due to weathering and
release sulfur into the air, the sulfur then reacts with the oxygen present in the atmosphere to create
the compound sulfate. This sulfate then serves as a type of sulfur that organisms such as plants can
utilize and take in, animals then consume the plants, and this, in turn, formulates many of their
biological molecules. Subsequently, as animals consume one another, they redistribute sulfur
through the food chain. Once they expire and begin to decompose, the sulfur is again released as a
sulfate allowing some of it to return to the soil, allowing it to re–enter the geological part of the
sulfur cycle (The Environmental Literacy Council, 2002).
The most considerable impacts that I personally make on the sulfur cycle occurs on a daily basis, as
I burn fossil fuels to power my car and to cool and heat my home. I also utilize processed metals in
almost everything I do, even at this moment; I am typing this paper on my laptop that has been made
from processed metal extracted from the Earth. In utilizing these

Research Paper On Sulfur
Sulfur aerosols are very dangerous natural gases formed when sulfur melts at around fifty degrees
fahrenheit that are usually released into the atmosphere at great heights. They mix with ash and
other debris, forming large plumes that can travel across the sky for miles. They also go very high
into the sky, spreading out in every direction. These giant plumes of sulfur aerosols form deep in the
earth inside volcanoes until enough pressure and gas build up and they are injected into the air.
These plumes are still present after a year, and disappear after two years. These sulfuric plumes are
usually ejected from stratovolcanoes that have built up over time. Mt. Pinatubo erupted a few years
ago in 1991 and released giant plumes of these dangerous

The Copper Basin
The Copper Basin of southeastern Tennessee is an area that is climatically unique with a rich history
rooted in copper mining. It is thought that man is responsible for the total destruction of the
environment over this large area, but it is mostly contributed to the exclusive location. The Copper
Basin was susceptible to negative environmental effects due to its topographical, geological,
climatic, edaphic, and meteorological location. However, the copper mining had a transformative
effect on the surrounding lands that of which are still recovering.
The Ducktown Basin, or Copper Basin, is located in the southeast corner of Polk County, Tennessee.
It is a bowl–like configuration within the southern Appalachian Mountains with elevations ranging
from about 1600 to 1800 feet above sea level. Its rolling hills and knobby terrain are drained by the
Ocoee River watershed and numerous minor creeks, surrounded by the Cherokee National Forest.
The river's rock–strewn course through the gorge was never navigable, adding to the access
problem, but later used for recreation and energy. These waters meet the Hiwassee, a major tributary
of the Tennessee River. The Basin area has abundant moisture and mild temperatures, rarely exposed
to drought.
The Cherokee Indians of the Copper Basin were farmers who produced some copper for trade. With
the Treaty of New Echota in 1836, they gave up much of their land. Others were removed by the
U.S. Army in 1938 during the Trail of Tears. However, some

Sulfur Lab Report
Introduction The objective of this lab was to observe a sampling of the diverse microorganisms that
live in the local environment. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element in the universe. It makes up
many vitamins, proteins, and hormones that play critical roles in both climate and the health of
various ecosystems. Most of Earth's sulfur is stored underground in rocks and minerals. The sulfur
source in the lab was an egg. The sulfur plays a role of an electron donor for C–fixation. The
sulfate–reducing bacteria use organic compounds made by the fermenters, sulfate as a terminal
electron acceptor, and produce sulfide which diffuses upward. With high reducing conditions in the
mud, more oxidation is towards the top of the column where traces ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A 2–cm layer of water was added to each column on the surface. There was still air at the top of the
column. Then the lid was placed on each column and turned ½ a turn. The lid was not tightened all
the way. Then all four of the columns were placed in a well–lit space. Then, every Wednesday the
columns were observed and recorded by writing descriptions and drawing pictures for seven weeks.
Photos were also taken every week of the columns.
Results The Winogradsky columns started off all brown, but by the end of the eight weeks they were
mostly different colors. The Sulfur column and the carbon column were the most colorful ones. The
carbon column was colorful almost through the whole experiment. The sulfur column became
colorful after week six. The carbon/sulfur column stayed grey, brown, and green the entire eight
weeks. The control column stayed brown and grey with a bid of mossy green liquid at the top. The
attached papers demonstrate the observation during the eight weeks. The table has descriptions of
each column for each week. The pictures of the columns just show a picture of the recorded
observations for each column each week. The written observations have better description than the
pictures

China
Kimberly Remijan
MWH
Mr. Harvey
The Pros Outweigh the Cons When one thinks of a major Chinese city such as Shanghai or Beijing,
images of sidewalks overcrowded with pedestrians, thousands of bicycles lined on the streets and
litter spotted throughout public areas may come to mind. However, with the modernization and
industrialization China has gone through, urban citizens are now more frequently using public
transport, automobiles are increasingly being used more and people are hired to keep streets as clean
as possible. With a little over three decades having past since the major industrial development,
China has industrialized at an astonishing rate. This is especially apparent when comparing its much
higher industrializing rates to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With such comforts being more widely used than in the past, people are able to live more
comfortably and happily. The benefits for the common people do not stop here. On a public level,
public transportation is now being frequently used and education as well as heath–care is more
available and accessible to citizens. Public transport such as buses, trains, airplanes and boats are
being developed and utilized by many. "China will build or renovate 150 airports...harness water
routes along major rivers...build 20 thousand kilometers of roads...and 6,000 kilometers of railways"
("China to Witness Development"). Going back a few years ago when China mostly used bicycles to
get to and from places, this burst of transportation development is huge. Not only is it available to
many now but the government also continues to improve such means of transport, which will make
business, travel, trading and communication much easier. It gets even better as the government
focuses much of its time and money on spreading opportunities for education throughout the
country. "In the nine–year compulsory education, the central government remitted 52 million
students from underdeveloped western and central regions their tuition fees and extras" ("China
Economic Growth"). With education being available to all social and economic classes in China,
there is opportunity for a great social leap in the future. With proper

Research Paper On Sulfur
I choose Sulfur because of it's bright yellow color which really catches your attention. I also found it
very interesting how much damage sulfur really is to the human. Plus is a very hard element to
locate due to the fact that it can mainly be found by hot springs or volcanoes. Sulfur, also spelled
sulphur, is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number of 16. It is an abundant non–
metal and at room temperature is a bright yellow crystalline solid. Chemically, sulfur combines with
all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, nitrogen, tellurium, iodine, and the noble gases.
Sulfur forms over 30 solid allotropes, more than any other element. Allotropes are different forms in
which an element can exist. I picked this element because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As a result of this Sulfur is the 10th most abundant element in the universe. Sulfur, typically in the
form of sulfide, is present in many types of meteorites. The distinctive color of Jupiter's volcanic
moon Io are caused by various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur. On Earth, elemental
sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic areas in many parts of the world. Sulfur is
commonly mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. Historically Sicily, Italy was a large source of
sulfur in the Industrial Revolution. Sulfur can be found in salt deposits along the Gulf of Mexico and
evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. Native sulfur may be produced by geological
processes alone. Fossil–based sulfur deposits were until recently the basis of commercial production
in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Currently commercial production is carried
out in the Osiek mine in

Acid Rain Essay
Acid Rain
Acid rain is polluted rain. The pollutants go up to the atmosphere and when it rains it brings the
pollution down with it. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are the gases that form the acid rain. When
these gases mix with moisture it can make rain, snow, hail, or even fog. The scientific term for acid
rain is acid deposition which means when the acid is taken from the air and is deposited on the earth.
Major industries, coal burning factories, power plants and automoble engines are the main sources
of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which caues acid rain. Volcaneoes and forest fires also causes
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Some of the many problems that come from acid rain is the
killing of of many plants and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These soils are called alkaline soil, also called a base. In 1838 the German chemist Justus von
Liebig offered the first really useful definition of an acid, namely, a compound containing hydrogen
that can react with a metal to produce hydrogen gas.
Soil is formed when rocks are broken up by the weather and erosion and mixed with organic matter
from plants and animals. The term soil generally refers to the loose surface of the Earth, made from
solid rock. To the farmer, soil is the natural medium for growth of all land plants. The rocks that
make up soil could be acid, neutral, or alkaline, another name for a base. Limestone and chalk are
rocks that are formed from tiny shells that are rich in calcium.
Alkaline is made up of calcium. When acid rain falls on alkaine soil the calcium makes the acid
become weaker or neutralize. Farmers put lime (a very strong alkaine substance) and special
fertilzers in there soil netralize the acid in the soil on a regular daily basis.
In general, soil structure is classified as sandy, clay, or loam, although most garden soils are
mixtures of the three in varying proportions. A sandy soil is very loose and will not hold water. A
clay soil is dense and heavy, sticky when wet, and almost brickhard when dry. Loam is a mixture of
sand and clay soils, but it also contains large quantities of humus, or decayed organic material,
which

Experiment 1 And 2

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Experiment 1 And 2