1. Expanding by Giving Examples - The paragraph provides multiple examples to expand on the definition of a selfish brother. 2. Expanding by Describing a Process - The paragraph describes the step-by-step process of making a good cup of tea. 3. Expanding by Comparing and Contrasting - The paragraph contrasts the different steps a cult leader must take to form a following versus just announcing the formation of a cult.

1. GOOD DAY!
E N G L I S H C L A S S 

4. WAYS in
EXPANDING a
definition
INTO A
PARAGRAPH

5. 3 DIFFERENT WAYS:
•Expanding by Giving Examples
•Expanding by Comparing and
Contrasting
•Expanding by Describing a Process

6. Expanding by
GIVING EXAMPLES
1.

7. EXPANDING BY GIVING EXAMPLES
Speed is a concept that marks our time. Everybody is in a
hurry to go to somewhere. Industry is constantly demanding
new inventions that will speed up production so that the
constant cry of the bosses to workmen is speed it up. The
maker of automobiles boasts of the newest type of a car which
is faster than the old model. Shoppers push and shove each
other all about the counters. All are in a hurry to get
something. People who are going to school, shop, or office
rush restlessly to do important tasks. They gulp their food and
swallow it in haste. Restless “hunters of fun” crowd into places
of entertainment. Most of these people cannot sit still. At a
movie, they tap their feet or fingers in impatience. Yes speed is

8. SPEED
• Everybody is in a hurry to go to somewhere.
• Industry is constantly demanding new inventions that will
speed up production
• The maker of automobiles boasts of the newest type of a car
which is faster than the old model.
• Shoppers push and shove each other all about the counters.
• People who are going to school, shop, or office rush restlessly
to do important tasks.
• At a movie, they tap their feet or fingers in impatience.

9. Expanding by
COMPARING AND
CONTRASTING
2.

10. Speed is a concept that marks our day.
Sluggishness is out. Speed is demanded by industry
which is constantly on the look-out for new inventions.
Sluggishness is penalized, especially in industries where
compensation depends upon output. Speed is the
attractive come-on for short-term courses in cooking,
computerizing, sewing, diving, learning a new
language, and others. The slower long-term courses are
not so appealing. Instant coffee is usually preferred to
coffee that must be boiled yet. Yes, speed is the word
of the day.
•

11. SPEED AND SLUGGISHNESS
• Speed is a concept that marks our day. Sluggishness is
out.
• Speed is demanded by industry which is constantly on
the look-out for new inventions. Sluggishness is
penalized, especially in industries where compensation
depends upon output.
• Speed is the attractive come-on for short-term courses in
cooking, computerizing, sewing, diving, learning a new
language, and others. The slower long-term courses are
not so appealing.

12. Expanding by
DESCRIBING A
PROCESS
3.

13. The process of speeding up in a vehicle begins with the
setting of the gear level to the first gear. This moves the vehicle form
stationary to a slow speed of about less than ten kilometres per
hour (kph). Gradually you shift the gear to the next, pressing to the
accelerator pedal at the same time to attain a speed between 10-30
kph. You pick up more speed by shifting gears to the next higher
levels at speed beyond 30 kph. To this, however along with the shift
to third or fourth gear, ever increasing pressure must be exerted on
the accelerator. The only time you lift your foot from the accelerator
is when you shift gears, so that you can step on the clutch pedal
simultaneously with the shifting. After releasing the clutch pedal,
you immediately step on the accelerator pedal while picking up
speed. Maximum speed is attained once you shift to the fourth, or in
the case of some vehicles, the fifth gear, at which you travel at

14. SPEEDING UP IN A VEHICLE
• begins with the setting of the gear level to the first gear
• Gradually you shift the gear to the next, pressing to the accelerator
pedal at the same time to attain a speed between 10-30 kph
• pick up more speed by shifting gears to the next higher levels at speed
beyond 30 kph
• After releasing the clutch pedal, you immediately step on the
accelerator pedal while picking up speed.
• Maximum speed is attained once you shift to the fourth, or in the case
of some vehicles, the fifth gear, at which you travel at speeds of 80 kph
or above.

16. When the average American family goes to buy a new car, it is
faced with a difficult decision because of the variety of automobiles. After
weeding out the impossibilities, most families have to choose between
the SUV and the compact, both of which have good and bad features. The
compact gets excellent gas mileage, from thirty to forty miles per gallon.
With the price of gasoline climbing toward $2.00 per gallon, this is no
small consideration. Handling is another positive factor of a compact car.
Its size almost guarantees excellent maneuverability and the ability to
squeeze into those half spaces in the parking lot. Space for people and
cargo, however, is limited. For the large family, the car pool, or the long
vacation, these cars are not ideal. The SUV, on the other hand, would be
excellent for these types of families and activities. It has plenty of room to
seat six adults with space left over for luggage, the family dog, or more
people. Obviously this large size means handling is somewhat awkward.
Also, owing to its largeness, the SUV does not get the gas mileage a
compact does, and the owner can count on more frequent and more
expensive stops at the pump. The family buying a new car should
1.

17. Repairing an 8-track tape does not require a great
deal of ability and is a necessary skill for anyone who
owns these tapes. If a tape breaks, it can easily be
spliced by overlapping the two ends produced by the
break. When they are overlapped, the tape sides should
match, glossy side with glossy side. Next, one should
make a diagonal cut across the overlapped ends. And
last, the two diagonally cut edges are placed carefully
together and taped with splicing tape. Anyone who
owns an 8-track tape should master this process unless
he has enough money to buy a new tape every time
one breaks.
2.

18. Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described
according to its cause, symptoms, and treatment. Cholera is
caused by a bacterium, called Vibrio cholera. Contaminated
food, water, or faeces can result in the rapid spread of this
disease. Patients who have been exposed to the disease may
exhibit mild to extreme symptoms. The primary signs are
watery diarrhoea and loss of water and salts. Other symptoms
include clammy skin, wrinkled hands and feet, sunken eyes and
a dry mouth. If the severe diarrhoea is not treated, it can be
life-threatening because of dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances. Possible treatments for cholera can include oral or
intravenous replacement of fluids and salts as well as certain
antibiotics. Prompt and appropriate treatment appears to
significantly reduce the mortality rate and suffering.
3.

20. Identify the following paragraphs whether it
is
Expanding by Giving Examples, Expanding by
Comparing and Contrasting, or Expanding by
Describing a process.

21. 1.
My brother is very selfish. He does not want to share
things with other people. For example, when he buys a
chocolate bar, he puts it in a secret place. Then he eats it
all, by himself. He never helps anyone. He says he is
busy. For example, a game of Nintendo makes him very
busy. He does not care if something he does bothers other
people. For instance, last night he played loud rock 'n' roll
music until four o'clock in the morning. In conclusion, I
think my brother is selfish and will always be selfish.

22. 2.
Making a good cup of tea is exquisitely simple. First, the teapot is
heated by filling it with water that has just come to a boil. This water is
then discarded, and one teaspoon of loose tea per cup is placed in the
teapot (the exact amount may vary according to taste). Fresh water that
has just come to a boil is poured into the pot. A good calculation is six
ounces of water for each cup of tea. The tea must now steep for three to
five minutes; then it is poured through a strainer into a cup or mug. A
pound of loose tea will yield about two hundred cups of brewed tea.
Using a tea bag eliminates the strainer, but it is still best to make the tea
in a teapot so that the water stays sufficiently hot. The typical restaurant
service—a cup of hot water with the tea bag on the side—will not
produce the best cup of tea because the water is never hot enough when
it reaches the table and because the tea should not be dunked in the
water; the water should be poured over the tea. Although tea in a pot
often becomes too strong, that problem can be dealt with very easily by
adding more boiling water.

23. 3.
Getting a massive religious cult following involves more than
announcing the formation of a cult and letting the sheep flock to
the door. The first step the proposed leader must take in getting his
cult together is to identify his audience. Since people's needs and
ideals are so varied, he must avoid a broad appeal, which is apt to
go unnoticed, and concentrate on a certain segment of
the population, that is, specialize his appeal. Next, he must strip the
faithful of their contacts with the rest of the world. This step involves
their turning money and belongings over to the cult or the
cult leader himself and, frequently, renouncing friends and family
outside the cult. Last, most important and most difficult, the leader
must cut his followers off from outside information sources so that
he can control what they know and, therefore, how they think.
Anyone who can accomplish this process will be a full-fledged cult
leader.

24. 4.
Even when Hetty was young, she was stingy. For instance, on
her twenty-first birthday, she refused to light the candles on her
birthday cake because she did not want to waste them. The next day,
she cleaned the candles and returned them to the store to get
a refund. Hetty was even stingy with her own child. For example,
when her son hurt his knee in an accident, Hetty did not call a
doctor. She tired to take care of it herself. When her son's knee
didn't get better, she dressed him in old clothes and took him to a
free clinic. The doctors recognized her and asked for money. Hetty
refused to pay and took her son home. The boy did not get medical
treatment, and a few years later his leg was amputated.

25. 5.
Johnsy is proactive. She anticipates the end of
her life due to her illness. She will get better only
if she helps herself to be strong and hopeful in
facing different challenges in her life. On the
other hand, the Vine is reactive, it would certainly
die whenever a strong wind comes. It can’t do
anything for itself to live, it just depends on the
outside factor.