5. • Sterilization-process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life
and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific
surface, object, or fluid.
• Flame, Moist heat and dry heat
• Disinfection-It describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic
microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
• Isolation-Process of obtaining pure culture by removing undesirable
microbes.
• Media-It is a substrate containing different substances in order to
cultivate the microorganisms artificially
Terminologies
6. Need of microscope
• Bacteria-1 to 2 µm in
size
• Fungi -32–56 × 3.1–5.7
μm (Macro conidia size)
• Virus-15 to 2000 nm
8. Clove oil or cedar oil
Simple microscope
A convex lens of short focal length used to
get a magnified virtual image is called
simple microscope.
It cannot produce sufficient magnification
to observe very small objects like bacteria,
cells
Magnification: Ratio between size of the
image and size of the object
4X then 4x*10=40x so the object is 40 times
larger
Resolving power: Ability of a lens to separate
or distinguish between small objects that are
closer together
9. Compound microscope
• Magnification is obtained by a series
of 2 lens system,
• The lens system nearest the
specimen called objective, magnifies
the specimen and produces a real
image (short focal length)
• The ocular or eye lens system
magnifies the real image, yielding a
virtual image that is seen by the eye
(larger focal length)
• Convex lens-converging lens
10. Electron Microscope
Ruska
A high velocity beam of electrons is
passed through thin sectioned
specimen
Transmitted electrons are focused
by lens system to form two
dimensional image
TEMs can magnify objects up to 2
million times
High resolution image
11. • An aspirator, also known as a pooter, is a device used in the collection of
insects, crustaceans or other small, fragile organisms, usually for scientific
purposes
Aspirator
12. Automiser/ Atomiser
A small spraying device, used for
spraying fungal, bacterial
suspensions as well as pesticides
on plant surfaces to get uniform
deposition.
14. • An autoclave is used for sterilization of media (moist heat sterilization) at
121 ◦C at 15 psi pressure for 20 minutes
• Principle of autoclave is that the water boils at about 100◦C, depending
upon the vapour pressure of the atmosphere. If the vapour pressure is
increased, the temperature will be increased
• Basically a double walled metallic vessel made of thick stainless steel or
copper
• The lid is provided with pressure gauze to measure the steam pressure
and a safety valve
• Autoclave may be jacketed or non-jacketed types
19. • A centrifuge is a piece of equipment used to separate heavier particles
from the lighter ones by the action of centrifugal force.
• Genomic DNA/RNA extraction from fungi, bacteria and virus
• Used to sediment particles in suspension of fungal spores, bacterial
cells, viruses and nematodes.
Eppendorf tube
21. ELISA(Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbant Assay) plate
ELISA reader is used to read the fluorescent,
chemiluminiscent, or chromogenic response of
the ELISA in a 96-well plate
Commonly used to measure antibodies,
antigens, proteins and glycoproteins in
biological samples.
22. Hot air oven
Dry heat sterilization
Sterilizing glassware which are not burnt or damaged by high
temperature
Temperature of 160-180oC for 1 to 1½ hour
23. Hot water bath
To incubate samples at a constant temperature over a long
period of time
Water bath is a preferred heat source for heating flammable
chemicals instead of an open flame to prevent ignition
26. • To keep the DNA/ RNA samples during
extraction to prevent degradation
• Thermolabile chemicals – destruction,
decomposition in response to change in
heat
Ice maker
27. • Incubators-required for providing an optimum temperature condition for
growing micro-organisms including plant pathogens
Incubator
28. • Bottom heated incubator: A temperature from ambient to 60oC
• Heating elements -bottom of the equipment
• Thermostat, temperature regulatory knob and power on and off
indicators
Bottom heated incubator
29. • B.O.D. incubator: Control of
incubation/storage temperatures (5- 60oC)
• Cast iron wheel mounted cabinet which is
double walled
• Inner chamber- stainless steel and outer -
mild steel powder coated
• Two/three removable shelves-stainless steel
• Air circulators-creating a positive air flow
throughout the inner chamber for
temperature uniformity
Biological Oxygen Demand
30. Orbital shaking incubator
Orbital shaking incubator:
growing cultures of
microorganisms and tissue
cells under controlled
conditions of temperature
and agitation
32. • Spreading bacterial cultures evenly over agar in petri dishes.
• The L-shape enables application on the entire surface of the agar in the
plate or petri dish.
• The smooth spreading surface with a slight upward return reduces the risk
of damaging the agar.
• Spreaders are presterilized, eliminating the need for flaming or autoclaving
L-shape spreader
33. • Equipment used to take thin sections of specimens embedded in paraffin
wax.
MICROTOME
34. • Electric device used to measure
hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or
alkalinity) in solution
pH meter
35. • A plant press is a set of equipment
used by botanists to flatten and dry
field samples so that they can be easily
stored.
• Used to dehydrate diseased plant
material such as leaves for dry
preservation.
PLANT PRESS
36. • Kary Mullis
• Produce multiple copies of DNA/RNA
PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)
GEL DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM
38. • A circular utensil with a mesh of known pore size fitted to the bottom of a
metallic rim, used for separating nematode from soil suspensions,
available in different sizes.
SIEVE
39. STEREO BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
It used for closer observations
of diseased plant material,
nematodes and infected seeds
at magnifications of 20-100X
40. • A gadget, used for recording the numbers
counted.
• Disease incidence
TALLY COUNTER
