La geología es la ciencia que estudia la Tierra y agrupa líneas de investigación como la estratigrafía, petrología, geología económica y ambiental. Algunas ramas de la geología son la estratigrafía, que estudia las capas de rocas; la geología económica, que estudia la formación de depósitos minerales; y la geología de ingeniería, que estudia los factores geológicos que afectan las estructuras de ingeniería. La geología aplicada a la
Forces within the Earth cause earthquakes and volcanoes, which both release large amounts of energy that can impact the Earth's surface. Earthquakes occur when rocks break along faults due to movement of tectonic plates, while volcanoes form when magma escapes through openings where plates are moving or at hot spots, building up from eruptions of ash and lava. Recent examples of devastating earthquakes and volcanoes include those in Japan.
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
1. Oil and gas are found trapped within structural or stratigraphic traps underground, not freely flowing.
2. Structural traps are formed by deformation of the earth's layers through folding, faulting, or salt domes. Stratigraphic traps occur where permeable rock layers are enclosed by impermeable layers.
3. When drilling for oil and gas, potential problems include missing the reservoir by drilling at its edge, encountering a depleted reservoir, or hitting a structural trap like a fault that separates the reservoir. Careful analysis by petroleum geologists is needed to plan successful wells.
The document discusses shale gas formation, specifically the Marcellus Shale formation. It describes shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock with low permeability but high porosity. Shale gas is found in shale "plays" like the Marcellus formation. To extract the trapped natural gas from shale, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are used. This involves drilling down then horizontally, and injecting fluid to fracture the shale and increase its permeability, allowing the gas to flow out. The Marcellus Shale formation lies deep underground across several northeastern U.S. states and contains natural gas trapped within its low permeability shale that requires unconventional extraction methods. There is ongoing controversy around potential contamination of groundwater from
This document contains slides from a presentation on fracturing. It discusses the basics of fracturing, including that it has been used since the 1940s to produce oil and gas that cannot be extracted economically without it. When evaluating a potential new oil field acquisition, an environmental specialist would want to look at the field's fracturing operations to identify any pre-existing problems and avoid purchasing a field with issues. The document outlines some key terms related to drilling and well completion, such as annulus, proppant, perforating, and discusses the differences between conventional and unconventional resource development which has led to controversies over shale development.
Introduction first starts by explaining sedimentation of reservoir rocks. Then it moves on to trap elements and responsibilities of a reservoir engineer.
La geología es la ciencia que estudia la Tierra y agrupa líneas de investigación como la estratigrafía, petrología, geología económica y ambiental. Algunas ramas de la geología son la estratigrafía, que estudia las capas de rocas; la geología económica, que estudia la formación de depósitos minerales; y la geología de ingeniería, que estudia los factores geológicos que afectan las estructuras de ingeniería. La geología aplicada a la
Forces within the Earth cause earthquakes and volcanoes, which both release large amounts of energy that can impact the Earth's surface. Earthquakes occur when rocks break along faults due to movement of tectonic plates, while volcanoes form when magma escapes through openings where plates are moving or at hot spots, building up from eruptions of ash and lava. Recent examples of devastating earthquakes and volcanoes include those in Japan.
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
1. Oil and gas are found trapped within structural or stratigraphic traps underground, not freely flowing.
2. Structural traps are formed by deformation of the earth's layers through folding, faulting, or salt domes. Stratigraphic traps occur where permeable rock layers are enclosed by impermeable layers.
3. When drilling for oil and gas, potential problems include missing the reservoir by drilling at its edge, encountering a depleted reservoir, or hitting a structural trap like a fault that separates the reservoir. Careful analysis by petroleum geologists is needed to plan successful wells.
The document discusses shale gas formation, specifically the Marcellus Shale formation. It describes shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock with low permeability but high porosity. Shale gas is found in shale "plays" like the Marcellus formation. To extract the trapped natural gas from shale, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are used. This involves drilling down then horizontally, and injecting fluid to fracture the shale and increase its permeability, allowing the gas to flow out. The Marcellus Shale formation lies deep underground across several northeastern U.S. states and contains natural gas trapped within its low permeability shale that requires unconventional extraction methods. There is ongoing controversy around potential contamination of groundwater from
This document contains slides from a presentation on fracturing. It discusses the basics of fracturing, including that it has been used since the 1940s to produce oil and gas that cannot be extracted economically without it. When evaluating a potential new oil field acquisition, an environmental specialist would want to look at the field's fracturing operations to identify any pre-existing problems and avoid purchasing a field with issues. The document outlines some key terms related to drilling and well completion, such as annulus, proppant, perforating, and discusses the differences between conventional and unconventional resource development which has led to controversies over shale development.
Introduction first starts by explaining sedimentation of reservoir rocks. Then it moves on to trap elements and responsibilities of a reservoir engineer.
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel. They make up around 75% of the Earth's land surface and are important for understanding past environments and climates. The main types are clastic rocks (formed from broken fragments), chemical/organic rocks, carbonate rocks (like limestone), and evaporite rocks (like halite and gypsum). Clastic rocks like sandstone and shale are classified based on grain size. Sedimentary structures within the rocks like cross-bedding, ripple marks, and footprints provide clues about the depositional environment. Sedimentary rocks have various economic uses and their properties influence their suitability
Migration from source to reservoir rocks is not fully understood. Hydrocarbons must replace water in reservoir pores during migration. Formation waters are usually ancient waters trapped during deposition. Salinity of formation waters generally increases with depth from 35,000 ppm to over 350,000 ppm. Primary migration out of low permeability source rocks is debated, with mechanisms including diffusion, microfractures, and oil-phase migration along organic-rich pathways.
The document discusses the distribution of oil and gas fields by geologic age, with the largest percentages found in Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods. It also covers the classification of sedimentary rocks as clastic or chemical/biochemical and formed by weathering, precipitation, or organisms. Key reservoir rocks discussed are sandstones, carbonates (limestones and dolomites), shales, and evaporites. Source rocks are organic-rich shales and hydrocarbons are generated through burial and heat over thousands of years, then migrate through permeable rocks. The basic chemistry of hydrocarbons is explained, being composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen of varying molecular weights and structures including paraffin, naphthene
The document discusses the distribution of oil and gas fields by geologic age, with the largest percentages found in Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods. It also covers the classification of sedimentary rocks as clastic or chemical/biochemical and formed by weathering, precipitation, or organisms. Key reservoir rocks discussed are sandstones, carbonates (limestones and dolomites), shales, and evaporites. Source rocks are organic-rich shales and hydrocarbons are generated through burial and heat over thousands of years, then migrate through permeable rocks. The basic chemistry of hydrocarbons is explained, being composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen of varying molecular weights and structures including paraffin, naphthene
There are two main types of traps that can contain oil and gas deposits underground: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps form when rock layers are bent or broken through geologic processes like folding or faulting. Stratigraphic traps form when permeable rock layers, like sandstone, become surrounded by impermeable layers, like shale, that trap the oil and gas inside. It is important for identifying potential oil and gas reservoirs that petroleum geologists understand the complex variations in rock layers and how different rock types can trap hydrocarbon deposits in different ways either structurally or stratigraphically.
The document summarizes information about the Marcellus Shale formation located under Pennsylvania. It describes the shale as containing large natural gas reserves formed over millions of years. The process of hydraulic fracturing is used to extract the gas, which involves injecting water and chemicals underground to crack the shale. While extraction brings economic benefits from job creation and revenue, there are also environmental concerns like potential groundwater contamination and induced seismic activity from wastewater disposal.
NEW KNOWLEDGE & APPROACH ON DRILLING AND COMPLETIONS OPTIMIZATIONiQHub
1) The document discusses new knowledge and approaches for optimizing drilling and completion of carbonate reservoirs, focusing on understanding and characterizing carbonate heterogeneity through seismic imaging of "pair beads," which represent cave features.
2) Case studies from around the world show opportunities in carbonate plays where cave features, represented as "pair beads" in seismic data, have been recognized but not fully evaluated. Advanced seismic can help reduce drilling uncertainty and improve efficiency.
3) Understanding carbonate heterogeneity as extreme, extensive, and inherent, comprising matrix pores, large voids represented as "pair beads," and fractures, allows optimal approaches tailored to reservoir type, focusing drilling on more productive zones and away from less productive areas.
This document provides an overview of land seismic oil exploration and hydraulic fracturing techniques. It begins with an introduction to seismic exploration, explaining that seismic data is collected to image rock layers and structures below the surface in order to locate potential oil and gas reserves. It then covers topics like seismic data collection methods, different rock types, how sedimentary basins are formed, and the formation of oil and gas within these basins. The document also discusses the purposes of 2D, 3D and 4D seismic surveying. It provides details on land seismic data collection, including the use of explosives or vibrators as seismic sources and geophones as sensors to record the returned seismic signals.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
The document proposes creating eco-friendly cement statues depicting future sea levels to raise awareness of climate change. Statues would be placed in coastal areas like Miami, New York City and western US to serve as art, awareness tools, and bases for coral growth when submerged. Examples include statues on beaches, in parks depicting picnics, and in cities appearing out of place. Implementation would take 2-3 years for planning and creation with effects visible 1-2 years later.
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1) It discusses the key components of petroleum geology - geochemistry, geophysics, and biology.
2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
Laurence d. wesley characterisation and classification of tropical residual...scgcolombia
1. Residual soils are formed through the physical and chemical weathering of parent rock materials in place, resulting in heterogeneous soils with properties that differ from uniform sedimentary soils.
2. The behavior of residual soils cannot be fully characterized by traditional soil mechanics theories and concepts developed for sedimentary soils, which are more uniform.
3. Residual soils exhibit high variability and complex engineering properties that require understanding formation processes and considering field performance over laboratory tests.
Formation evaluation is the process of interpreting measurements taken inside a wellbore to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves. It involves mud logging during drilling, coring to obtain formation samples, open-hole logging before casing, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain fluid samples and pressure measurements, and cased-hole logging after well completion. The data are used to evaluate reservoirs and predict fluid flow for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.
The document summarizes Richard Ademola Ogundele's seminar presentation on unconventional reservoirs. It defines unconventional reservoirs as those requiring special recovery operations outside conventional practices. Examples provided include tight gas sands with low permeability, coal-bed methane stored in coal seams, and shale oil extracted from oil shale rock. The case study describes coal-bed methane development in the San Juan Basin of Colorado, where methane is stored adsorbed onto coal surfaces and released by removing water from coal seams. Enhanced recovery methods like injecting carbon dioxide or nitrogen can increase methane production rates and reserves in coal-bed reservoirs. Recent trends show unconventionals like tight gas, shale gas, and coal-bed methane becoming
The document provides an overview of petroleum geology and exploration. It discusses how hydrocarbons are formed from organic material buried deep underground over geologic time. Four key elements are needed for hydrocarbon accumulation: source rocks to generate the hydrocarbons, reservoir rocks for them to collect in, seals to trap them, and a structural or stratigraphic trap to form an oil field. Geophysical methods like gravity, magnetics, electromagnetics and seismic are used to explore for these subsurface features and map potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.
The document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It defines key terms like hydrocarbon, petroleum, crude oil and condensate. It describes the formation of petroleum from ancient organic matter over millions of years and the key elements of a petroleum system. It also discusses conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and the roles of source rocks, migration, reservoirs and traps in hydrocarbon accumulation. Finally, it briefly outlines the disciplines of petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering and the overall petroleum industry.
Reservoir Porosity; Porosity Definition; Types Porosity; Origins of Porosity in Clastics and Carbonates; Primary (Original) Porosity; Secondary (Induced) Porosity; Pore Space Porosity Classification; Absolute (or Total) Porosity; Effective Porosity; Porosity Calculated; Porosity Values; Porosity in Sandstone; Sandstones Porosity Types; Factors That Affect Porosity in Sandstones ; Grain Packing in Sandstone; Progressive Destruction of Bedding Through Bioturbation; Dual Porosity in Sandstone; Dissolution Porosity in Sandstone; Porosity in Carbonate; Carbonates Porosity Types; Idealized Carbonate Porosity Types; Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities; Reservoir Average Porosity; MEASUREMENT OF POROSITY
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
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Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel. They make up around 75% of the Earth's land surface and are important for understanding past environments and climates. The main types are clastic rocks (formed from broken fragments), chemical/organic rocks, carbonate rocks (like limestone), and evaporite rocks (like halite and gypsum). Clastic rocks like sandstone and shale are classified based on grain size. Sedimentary structures within the rocks like cross-bedding, ripple marks, and footprints provide clues about the depositional environment. Sedimentary rocks have various economic uses and their properties influence their suitability
Migration from source to reservoir rocks is not fully understood. Hydrocarbons must replace water in reservoir pores during migration. Formation waters are usually ancient waters trapped during deposition. Salinity of formation waters generally increases with depth from 35,000 ppm to over 350,000 ppm. Primary migration out of low permeability source rocks is debated, with mechanisms including diffusion, microfractures, and oil-phase migration along organic-rich pathways.
The document discusses the distribution of oil and gas fields by geologic age, with the largest percentages found in Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods. It also covers the classification of sedimentary rocks as clastic or chemical/biochemical and formed by weathering, precipitation, or organisms. Key reservoir rocks discussed are sandstones, carbonates (limestones and dolomites), shales, and evaporites. Source rocks are organic-rich shales and hydrocarbons are generated through burial and heat over thousands of years, then migrate through permeable rocks. The basic chemistry of hydrocarbons is explained, being composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen of varying molecular weights and structures including paraffin, naphthene
The document discusses the distribution of oil and gas fields by geologic age, with the largest percentages found in Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods. It also covers the classification of sedimentary rocks as clastic or chemical/biochemical and formed by weathering, precipitation, or organisms. Key reservoir rocks discussed are sandstones, carbonates (limestones and dolomites), shales, and evaporites. Source rocks are organic-rich shales and hydrocarbons are generated through burial and heat over thousands of years, then migrate through permeable rocks. The basic chemistry of hydrocarbons is explained, being composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen of varying molecular weights and structures including paraffin, naphthene
There are two main types of traps that can contain oil and gas deposits underground: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps form when rock layers are bent or broken through geologic processes like folding or faulting. Stratigraphic traps form when permeable rock layers, like sandstone, become surrounded by impermeable layers, like shale, that trap the oil and gas inside. It is important for identifying potential oil and gas reservoirs that petroleum geologists understand the complex variations in rock layers and how different rock types can trap hydrocarbon deposits in different ways either structurally or stratigraphically.
The document summarizes information about the Marcellus Shale formation located under Pennsylvania. It describes the shale as containing large natural gas reserves formed over millions of years. The process of hydraulic fracturing is used to extract the gas, which involves injecting water and chemicals underground to crack the shale. While extraction brings economic benefits from job creation and revenue, there are also environmental concerns like potential groundwater contamination and induced seismic activity from wastewater disposal.
NEW KNOWLEDGE & APPROACH ON DRILLING AND COMPLETIONS OPTIMIZATIONiQHub
1) The document discusses new knowledge and approaches for optimizing drilling and completion of carbonate reservoirs, focusing on understanding and characterizing carbonate heterogeneity through seismic imaging of "pair beads," which represent cave features.
2) Case studies from around the world show opportunities in carbonate plays where cave features, represented as "pair beads" in seismic data, have been recognized but not fully evaluated. Advanced seismic can help reduce drilling uncertainty and improve efficiency.
3) Understanding carbonate heterogeneity as extreme, extensive, and inherent, comprising matrix pores, large voids represented as "pair beads," and fractures, allows optimal approaches tailored to reservoir type, focusing drilling on more productive zones and away from less productive areas.
This document provides an overview of land seismic oil exploration and hydraulic fracturing techniques. It begins with an introduction to seismic exploration, explaining that seismic data is collected to image rock layers and structures below the surface in order to locate potential oil and gas reserves. It then covers topics like seismic data collection methods, different rock types, how sedimentary basins are formed, and the formation of oil and gas within these basins. The document also discusses the purposes of 2D, 3D and 4D seismic surveying. It provides details on land seismic data collection, including the use of explosives or vibrators as seismic sources and geophones as sensors to record the returned seismic signals.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
The document proposes creating eco-friendly cement statues depicting future sea levels to raise awareness of climate change. Statues would be placed in coastal areas like Miami, New York City and western US to serve as art, awareness tools, and bases for coral growth when submerged. Examples include statues on beaches, in parks depicting picnics, and in cities appearing out of place. Implementation would take 2-3 years for planning and creation with effects visible 1-2 years later.
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1) It discusses the key components of petroleum geology - geochemistry, geophysics, and biology.
2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
Laurence d. wesley characterisation and classification of tropical residual...scgcolombia
1. Residual soils are formed through the physical and chemical weathering of parent rock materials in place, resulting in heterogeneous soils with properties that differ from uniform sedimentary soils.
2. The behavior of residual soils cannot be fully characterized by traditional soil mechanics theories and concepts developed for sedimentary soils, which are more uniform.
3. Residual soils exhibit high variability and complex engineering properties that require understanding formation processes and considering field performance over laboratory tests.
Formation evaluation is the process of interpreting measurements taken inside a wellbore to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves. It involves mud logging during drilling, coring to obtain formation samples, open-hole logging before casing, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain fluid samples and pressure measurements, and cased-hole logging after well completion. The data are used to evaluate reservoirs and predict fluid flow for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.
The document summarizes Richard Ademola Ogundele's seminar presentation on unconventional reservoirs. It defines unconventional reservoirs as those requiring special recovery operations outside conventional practices. Examples provided include tight gas sands with low permeability, coal-bed methane stored in coal seams, and shale oil extracted from oil shale rock. The case study describes coal-bed methane development in the San Juan Basin of Colorado, where methane is stored adsorbed onto coal surfaces and released by removing water from coal seams. Enhanced recovery methods like injecting carbon dioxide or nitrogen can increase methane production rates and reserves in coal-bed reservoirs. Recent trends show unconventionals like tight gas, shale gas, and coal-bed methane becoming
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Examples from frac presentation: geology
1. 1/9/2014
Slides excerpted from my upcoming class in Colombus, Ohio on Fracturing.
(There are some slides left out, so the slides may not "flow" from one to the
next).
WHY DO WE FRAC?
Frac’d horizontal wells
cost more, but they
also produce more
than conventional
wells.
GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
FRACTURING
Data from Perry and Wickstrom, 2010
The Marcellus Shale Play: Geology,
History and Gas Potential in Ohio
SHALE
•
•
Reservoirs are rocks that contain oil and gas that
can be economically extracted.
Sandstones and limestones are the best reservoirs.
• We always want more “perm”
• You may hear the term “stimulation”
used with respect to oil and gas
wells.
• Stimulation is when you pump fluids
into the well in order to improve the
perm, and thus, the production.
• In addition to fracs, you might have:
– Porous – lots of pore space for the oil or gas
– Permeable – easy to get the oil or gas out
•
Shales were thought of as uneconomic
– May have high or low porosity
– Have low permeability
– May be naturally fractured
•
PERMEABILITY
Utica Shale Outcrop
Numerous incremental advances have added up to
–
–
–
–
– More accurate, quick, less expensive horizontal
drilling
– Frac techniques with more efficient equipment, and
that can be used in horizontal wells
Acidizing
Xylene to remove paraffin deposits
“Snake oil”
Hot oiling
http://geology.com/articles/utica-shale/
GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
TERMS
HISTORY – WAAAAY BACK
Appalachian Basin Depositional Environment.
• Porosity and permeability are
different
• But they are related
• Notice that shales are not
shown
• Limestone “perm” varies a lot
– Sands tend to be “cleaner” in that
they contain less clay
– Not much organic muck builds up
in the sands
• Shales typically form far offshore
– Depends on vugs, fractures,
matrix perm
Kostelnik, 2010.
This table represents one person’s classification.
You can find similar tables with different numbers, but
the pattern will be the same: perm in shales is poor.
Units of perm are “millidarcies.” 1 darcy is approx. 10−12 m2
• Sandstone forms closer to shore,
and at the beach
http://petrowiki.org
– Fine particles are easier to move
with water
– They remain suspended until
they get farther
– Organic material tends to collect
in shales
– Over time, the organic material
becomes oil or gas
APPALACHIAN BASIN
1
2. Slides excerpted from my upcoming class in Colombus, Ohio on Fracturing.
(There are some slides left out, so the slides may not "flow" from one to the
next).
FRACTURING
• Suffice it to say that the
geologists and reservoir
engineers figure out where the
fracs need to be
– Some considerations will be
on next slide
• The drilling and completions
engineers then figure out
where to put the well in order
to accomplish this scope
1/9/2014
ROCK PROPERTIES DATA
• Veatch listed data required for
frac design in 1983
• It’s quite a list
• He pretty much nailed it, so we
don’t need a new list even 30
years later
8. Parameters for fracture height or vertical growth
extent that will occur during treatment.
9. Fracture extension pressure and/or fracture
closure pressure.
10. Critical net fracturing pressure.
11. Formation effective modulus. (strength)
– Some considerations for them
on next slide too
GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
2