Slideshow giving basic information on hydraulic fracturing (fracking), proposal for shale gas extraction in Ireland and the environmental, community and economic issues associated
Este documento habla sobre la técnica de fracturación hidráulica o "fracking" y sus planes de utilizarla en Araba, España. Explica qué es el fracking, incluyendo su historia, proceso técnico y riesgos potenciales como la contaminación del agua, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, sismos y problemas de salud. También resume las reacciones en contra del fracking en diferentes países y las concesiones de permisos para proyectos de fracking en Araba, en particular el permiso Enara.
Información sobre la fractura hidráulicaelliodeabi
Este documento resume las técnicas de fractura hidráulica y perforación horizontal utilizadas para extraer gas de esquisto, incluyendo sus impactos ambientales y la situación actual en Burgos, España. Explica que la fractura hidráulica es necesaria para extraer el gas almacenado en la pizarra, una roca poco porosa e impermeable. También describe los procesos de perforación, fractura hidráulica e impactos como la contaminación del agua y los gases de efecto invernadero. Finalmente, resume que en Burgos ya se han
Riesgos para la salud de la fractura hidráulicaFrackingezaraba
Este documento resume los posibles impactos sobre la salud y el medio ambiente derivados de las técnicas de fracturamiento hidráulico para la extracción de petróleo y gas. Detalla los contaminantes asociados como compuestos orgánicos volátiles como el benceno y los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, y sus efectos cancerígenos y daños al sistema nervioso central. También analiza los impactos de los gases de combustión como los óxidos de nitrógeno y las partículas en suspensión en enfermed
Este documento resume los posibles impactos ambientales y en la salud humana de la fractura hidráulica para la extracción de hidrocarburos no convencionales. Describe los impactos sobre el paisaje, las emisiones contaminantes, la contaminación del agua, los productos químicos y radiactividad utilizados, los movimientos sísmicos inducidos y el balance de gases de efecto invernadero. También analiza el papel de estos recursos en una economía baja en carbono.
Coal use in India contributes significantly to water pollution in several ways: (1) Coal ash contains toxic heavy metals that pollute water sources; (2) Coal mining contaminates water with acid mine drainage and heavy metals; (3) Coal-fired power plants place stress on water resources for steam generation and emit pollutants that cause acid rain. A CPCB study found that untreated wastewater from coal mines increases turbidity in rivers and toxic element levels in groundwater. Strict regulations on wastewater treatment and zero discharge are needed to reduce coal's pollution of water resources.
1.5 "Environmental Concern and QA/QC in Shale Gas Drilling and Fracturing" - ...Pomcert
The document discusses environmental concerns and quality assurance/quality control practices regarding shale gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing. It covers topics such as well construction, cementing, casing, mud selection, fracturing, water sourcing and management, and monitoring. It emphasizes the importance of best practices like baseline water testing, closed-loop systems, secondary containment, inspection, and optimization to safely develop shale gas resources while protecting water and the environment.
Este documento habla sobre la técnica de fracturación hidráulica o "fracking" y sus planes de utilizarla en Araba, España. Explica qué es el fracking, incluyendo su historia, proceso técnico y riesgos potenciales como la contaminación del agua, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, sismos y problemas de salud. También resume las reacciones en contra del fracking en diferentes países y las concesiones de permisos para proyectos de fracking en Araba, en particular el permiso Enara.
Información sobre la fractura hidráulicaelliodeabi
Este documento resume las técnicas de fractura hidráulica y perforación horizontal utilizadas para extraer gas de esquisto, incluyendo sus impactos ambientales y la situación actual en Burgos, España. Explica que la fractura hidráulica es necesaria para extraer el gas almacenado en la pizarra, una roca poco porosa e impermeable. También describe los procesos de perforación, fractura hidráulica e impactos como la contaminación del agua y los gases de efecto invernadero. Finalmente, resume que en Burgos ya se han
Riesgos para la salud de la fractura hidráulicaFrackingezaraba
Este documento resume los posibles impactos sobre la salud y el medio ambiente derivados de las técnicas de fracturamiento hidráulico para la extracción de petróleo y gas. Detalla los contaminantes asociados como compuestos orgánicos volátiles como el benceno y los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, y sus efectos cancerígenos y daños al sistema nervioso central. También analiza los impactos de los gases de combustión como los óxidos de nitrógeno y las partículas en suspensión en enfermed
Este documento resume los posibles impactos ambientales y en la salud humana de la fractura hidráulica para la extracción de hidrocarburos no convencionales. Describe los impactos sobre el paisaje, las emisiones contaminantes, la contaminación del agua, los productos químicos y radiactividad utilizados, los movimientos sísmicos inducidos y el balance de gases de efecto invernadero. También analiza el papel de estos recursos en una economía baja en carbono.
Coal use in India contributes significantly to water pollution in several ways: (1) Coal ash contains toxic heavy metals that pollute water sources; (2) Coal mining contaminates water with acid mine drainage and heavy metals; (3) Coal-fired power plants place stress on water resources for steam generation and emit pollutants that cause acid rain. A CPCB study found that untreated wastewater from coal mines increases turbidity in rivers and toxic element levels in groundwater. Strict regulations on wastewater treatment and zero discharge are needed to reduce coal's pollution of water resources.
1.5 "Environmental Concern and QA/QC in Shale Gas Drilling and Fracturing" - ...Pomcert
The document discusses environmental concerns and quality assurance/quality control practices regarding shale gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing. It covers topics such as well construction, cementing, casing, mud selection, fracturing, water sourcing and management, and monitoring. It emphasizes the importance of best practices like baseline water testing, closed-loop systems, secondary containment, inspection, and optimization to safely develop shale gas resources while protecting water and the environment.
The Marcopper Mining Corporation conducted open-pit copper mining operations on Mt. Tapian in Marinduque, Philippines from 1972-1991. Tailings from the mining operations were disposed directly into coastal waters, contaminating the environment. A major spill of mine waste in 1996 polluted waterways with heavy metals like lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc, poisoning residents, killing aquatic life, and devastating the local economy. In 2022, a court found Marcopper liable and awarded damages to plaintiffs for health issues and economic losses caused by the company's mining activities.
The document discusses different types of solid waste and methods for managing waste. It defines municipal solid waste and hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is dangerous to human health or the environment due to properties like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity. The US generates a large amount of total and toxic waste. Management methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, recycling and waste reduction. Recycling programs in the US have increased and help reduce environmental impacts and conserve natural resources.
Why Mining is an Environmental Evil.pptxNeutralWeeb
A presentation on how mining proves to be hazardous for our natural as well as human resources. In this presentation we explain underground mining, open pit mining etc with various case studies supporting the data.
Mining can have significant negative impacts on water resources through water pollution and depletion. For every tonne of copper extracted, 99 tonnes of waste rock and tailings must be removed, generating massive amounts of waste. This waste is a major source of water pollution through acid mine drainage and heavy metal leaching. Mining also increases erosion and sedimentation risks. Past mining has left lasting legacies of contaminated water that are expensive to remediate and have damaged fisheries and ecosystems. Improved regulations and practices are needed to better prevent water pollution and protect water resources for future generations.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Marcellus Shale Gas 11 22 2011Michael Klein
The drilling technique of Hydraulic Fracturing has allowed natural gas producers to extract natural gas economically from deep shale formations. This innovative drilling technique has made enormous quantities of natural gas available in wide areas of the United States from Texas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, New York, Wyoming, North Carolina, and Colorado. The drilling technique of hydraulic fracturing accounts for roughly a quarter of total natural gas production in the United States as cited by the Energy Information Administration. With the increased emphasis on the use of natural gas in our federal energy policy, there will be new regulations, processes, and resources that will be required to mitigate the risks to human health and the environment from this new drilling technique. The presentation discusses the process of hydraulic fracturing; the threats that are posed to human health and the environment, areas in the USA where the process is used with an emphasis on the Marcellus Shale formation, current and new regulations being put into place, and plaintiff challenges to the process.
1. Coal mining causes widespread environmental damage through deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and release of toxic chemicals. The effects of mining persist for years.
2. Strip mining in particular destroys landscapes and wildlife habitats by clearing trees and topsoil. It leads to soil erosion, water pollution, and contaminated groundwater. The land remains barren after mining ceases.
3. Underground mining causes subsidence, lowers water tables, and releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas. It produces large amounts of toxic waste rock and disrupts hydrology. The effects of mining, such as subsidence, are often invisible but highly damaging.
The great shale-gas rush new product developementGaurav Singh
Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques allow natural gas to be extracted from shale rock formations deeper within the Earth's surface. This drilling process involves pumping highly pressurized fracking fluids into shale areas to create new channels for gas extraction. The well is then cased with cement and fractured to release the gas into the well for production. While shale gas extraction has occurred since the 1800s, modern horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have significantly increased production rates and made shale gas a major energy source.
Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, involves injecting fluid into shale rock formations to force open cracks and allow natural gas and oil to flow out. While fracking has increased US energy independence and reduced coal use, it also poses risks to the environment and public health. Fracking requires large amounts of water and chemicals and has been linked to groundwater contamination, air pollution, increased seismic activity, and health issues in humans and animals. However, replacing coal plants with natural gas could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while more renewable technologies are developed. The dangers of fracking must be weighed against its current role in transitioning from coal to cleaner energy sources over the long run.
This document discusses potential oil pollution areas in the Turkish Straits System, which includes the Marmara Sea, Strait of Istanbul, and Strait of Canakkale. It identifies several key areas that are at risk of oil pollution from vessel operations, including the entrance and exit points of the straits, Istanbul anchorage areas, and areas with high vessel traffic or ports. The document also discusses the main sources of marine pollution like oil, how ship operations can cause illegal discharges, and reasons why ships may illegally discharge bilge water and sludge, posing risks to the Turkish Straits System.
The document discusses various types and sources of marine pollution including land-based sources such as untreated sewage and heavy metals from mining; ocean-based sources such as oil spills, ship waste dumping, and overfishing; and airborne sources such as plastic waste and carbon dioxide emissions. It describes the impacts of pollution such as harm to wildlife from ingestion/entanglement, hypoxia from nutrient runoff, and ocean acidification from rising carbon levels. Solutions mentioned include prevention through education and attitude changes, as well as costly cleanup efforts, but prevention is emphasized as damage may be irreversible.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in Colorado, including:
- A brief history of Colorado's natural resource extraction, beginning with the gold rush in 1859.
- An explanation of the fracking process, which uses water and chemicals to create fissures in shale rock to release oil and gas.
- Statistics about fracking in Colorado's Denver-Julesburg Basin, where over 20,000 wells have been drilled 3,000-14,000 feet below the surface to extract resources.
The document provides an overview of shale gas exploration in the UK, including:
1) It explains the process of shale gas extraction, which involves drilling horizontally and using hydraulic fracturing to release natural gas trapped in shale rock formations deep underground.
2) It acknowledges some of the environmental and social risks of shale gas extraction such as water usage, induced seismicity, and community impacts, and outlines the regulatory framework and monitoring in place.
3) It argues that shale gas could make a substantial contribution to the UK's energy needs and help reduce reliance on imports as North Sea gas production declines, while having a relatively small surface footprint compared to other energy sources.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur and nitrogen oxides from human sources like power plants and vehicles react with water vapor in the air to form acids. These acids can damage ecosystems when deposited as rain, snow, or fog. The effects of acid rain include sterilized soil, decreased plant growth, and harmed aquatic life. While natural phenomena also produce acids, human industrial activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased acidifying emissions and spread the problem regionally. Treaties have aimed to reduce sulfur emissions to lessen acid rain's environmental effects.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur and nitrogen oxides from human sources like power plants and vehicles combine with water in the air to form acids. These acids can damage the environment when they fall to the ground as rain or snow. Effects include sterilized soil, decreased plant growth, and damaged infrastructure. While natural phenomena also emit these chemicals, human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased their levels and spread the problem regionally and globally. Proposed solutions include installing pollution controls on power plants, reducing sulfur in fuels, expanding electric transport, and international agreements to limit emissions.
Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks that can be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas.
Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides emitted from fossil fuel combustion reacting with water in the atmosphere to form acids. It damages ecosystems by acidifying soils and waters, killing aquatic life. Effects range from forest damage to human health impacts. Addressing it requires international cooperation as pollutants can travel long distances. Solutions include installing scrubbers in power plants and catalytic converters in vehicles to reduce emissions.
37. If the material below the sandstone of problem 26 is a shale with.pdfnitinarora01
37. If the material below the sandstone of problem 26 is a shale with E=31.2 x 109 N/m,
Poisson\'s Ratio 0.3, and a density of 2650 kg/m3, what is the reflection coefficient of the
interface between the shale and sandstone?? a. 0.078 b. -0.225 c. -0.311 d. 0.179 e. None of the
above 38. What is the most common well type used to produce natural gas from the Barnett
Shale at DFW Airport? a. Vertical wells b. Disposal wells c. Individual horizontal wells d.
Multiple horizontal wells from a single drilling pad e. None of the above 39. Why is fracking
necessary to produce natural gas from the Barnett Shale in the DFW area? a. b. c. d. e. Fracturing
breaks the Barnett Shale seal providing access to sandstone reservoir Fracturing reduces the
permeability of the Barnett Shale Fracturing increases the permeability of the Barnett Shale
Fracturing permits the natural gas to be absorbed in the fracking fluids None of the above 40.
What is the source rock in the East Texas Oil Field? a. b. c. d. e. Barnett Shale Morrison
Formation Eagle Ford Shale Woodbine Sandstone None of the above 41. Which of the following
describes processes that formed Guadalupe Peak in West Texas? a. b. c. d. Formed by deposition
of sediments rich in calcite Tectonic activity has been minimal in the area during the past 20 my
The limestone was precipitated from sea water by marine organisms None of the above
Solution
40.EAGLE FORD SHALE:
The Eagle Ford is a geological formation directly beneath the Austin Chalk. It is considered to be
the \"source rock\", or the original source of hydrocarbons that are contained in the Austin Chalk
above it. The formation was penetrated many times as operators targeted the Edwards Limestone
formation along the Edwards Reef Trend.
The formation is best known for producing variable amounts of dry gas, wet gas, NGLs,
condensate and oil. The most active area lies above the Edwards Reef Trend where the formation
yields a gas-condensate production stream. Unlike many other shale plays, it does not exhibit
natural fracturing within the formation.
41.d
The Permian period of geologic time occurred from 251 to 299 million years ago. The earth had
already seen life diversify from simple, primitive forms such as algae and fungi to amphibians,
fishes, and insects. The earth\'s surface had also been evolving and shifting. Thin plates of crust
moved constantly over the softer material below, steadily changing the position of the continents.
Through much of the early and middle Permian all of the continents were joined together,
forming the supercontinent of Pangea. Much of modern-day New Mexico and Texas occupied
the western edge of this enormous landmass near the equator. A vast ocean surrounded Pangea,
but a narrow inlet, the Hovey Channel, connected the ocean with the Permian Basin, an inland
sea which covered parts of what is now northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.
The Permian Basin had three arms: the Marfa, Delaware, and Midland Basins. The .
Marine pollution comes from many sources including land-based activities, oil spills, sewage, mining, and shipping. Pollution enters the oceans directly through waste discharges, rivers carrying runoff, and atmospheric deposition. This pollution has negative impacts like toxic chemicals, hypoxia, invasive species, harm to wildlife from entanglement and ingestion of plastic debris, and acidification affecting shells and corals. Preventing marine pollution requires better waste management, regulation of mining and shipping, and reduction of nutrient runoff from agriculture and developed areas.
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
The Marcopper Mining Corporation conducted open-pit copper mining operations on Mt. Tapian in Marinduque, Philippines from 1972-1991. Tailings from the mining operations were disposed directly into coastal waters, contaminating the environment. A major spill of mine waste in 1996 polluted waterways with heavy metals like lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc, poisoning residents, killing aquatic life, and devastating the local economy. In 2022, a court found Marcopper liable and awarded damages to plaintiffs for health issues and economic losses caused by the company's mining activities.
The document discusses different types of solid waste and methods for managing waste. It defines municipal solid waste and hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is dangerous to human health or the environment due to properties like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity. The US generates a large amount of total and toxic waste. Management methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, recycling and waste reduction. Recycling programs in the US have increased and help reduce environmental impacts and conserve natural resources.
Why Mining is an Environmental Evil.pptxNeutralWeeb
A presentation on how mining proves to be hazardous for our natural as well as human resources. In this presentation we explain underground mining, open pit mining etc with various case studies supporting the data.
Mining can have significant negative impacts on water resources through water pollution and depletion. For every tonne of copper extracted, 99 tonnes of waste rock and tailings must be removed, generating massive amounts of waste. This waste is a major source of water pollution through acid mine drainage and heavy metal leaching. Mining also increases erosion and sedimentation risks. Past mining has left lasting legacies of contaminated water that are expensive to remediate and have damaged fisheries and ecosystems. Improved regulations and practices are needed to better prevent water pollution and protect water resources for future generations.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Marcellus Shale Gas 11 22 2011Michael Klein
The drilling technique of Hydraulic Fracturing has allowed natural gas producers to extract natural gas economically from deep shale formations. This innovative drilling technique has made enormous quantities of natural gas available in wide areas of the United States from Texas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, New York, Wyoming, North Carolina, and Colorado. The drilling technique of hydraulic fracturing accounts for roughly a quarter of total natural gas production in the United States as cited by the Energy Information Administration. With the increased emphasis on the use of natural gas in our federal energy policy, there will be new regulations, processes, and resources that will be required to mitigate the risks to human health and the environment from this new drilling technique. The presentation discusses the process of hydraulic fracturing; the threats that are posed to human health and the environment, areas in the USA where the process is used with an emphasis on the Marcellus Shale formation, current and new regulations being put into place, and plaintiff challenges to the process.
1. Coal mining causes widespread environmental damage through deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and release of toxic chemicals. The effects of mining persist for years.
2. Strip mining in particular destroys landscapes and wildlife habitats by clearing trees and topsoil. It leads to soil erosion, water pollution, and contaminated groundwater. The land remains barren after mining ceases.
3. Underground mining causes subsidence, lowers water tables, and releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas. It produces large amounts of toxic waste rock and disrupts hydrology. The effects of mining, such as subsidence, are often invisible but highly damaging.
The great shale-gas rush new product developementGaurav Singh
Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques allow natural gas to be extracted from shale rock formations deeper within the Earth's surface. This drilling process involves pumping highly pressurized fracking fluids into shale areas to create new channels for gas extraction. The well is then cased with cement and fractured to release the gas into the well for production. While shale gas extraction has occurred since the 1800s, modern horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have significantly increased production rates and made shale gas a major energy source.
Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, involves injecting fluid into shale rock formations to force open cracks and allow natural gas and oil to flow out. While fracking has increased US energy independence and reduced coal use, it also poses risks to the environment and public health. Fracking requires large amounts of water and chemicals and has been linked to groundwater contamination, air pollution, increased seismic activity, and health issues in humans and animals. However, replacing coal plants with natural gas could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while more renewable technologies are developed. The dangers of fracking must be weighed against its current role in transitioning from coal to cleaner energy sources over the long run.
This document discusses potential oil pollution areas in the Turkish Straits System, which includes the Marmara Sea, Strait of Istanbul, and Strait of Canakkale. It identifies several key areas that are at risk of oil pollution from vessel operations, including the entrance and exit points of the straits, Istanbul anchorage areas, and areas with high vessel traffic or ports. The document also discusses the main sources of marine pollution like oil, how ship operations can cause illegal discharges, and reasons why ships may illegally discharge bilge water and sludge, posing risks to the Turkish Straits System.
The document discusses various types and sources of marine pollution including land-based sources such as untreated sewage and heavy metals from mining; ocean-based sources such as oil spills, ship waste dumping, and overfishing; and airborne sources such as plastic waste and carbon dioxide emissions. It describes the impacts of pollution such as harm to wildlife from ingestion/entanglement, hypoxia from nutrient runoff, and ocean acidification from rising carbon levels. Solutions mentioned include prevention through education and attitude changes, as well as costly cleanup efforts, but prevention is emphasized as damage may be irreversible.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in Colorado, including:
- A brief history of Colorado's natural resource extraction, beginning with the gold rush in 1859.
- An explanation of the fracking process, which uses water and chemicals to create fissures in shale rock to release oil and gas.
- Statistics about fracking in Colorado's Denver-Julesburg Basin, where over 20,000 wells have been drilled 3,000-14,000 feet below the surface to extract resources.
The document provides an overview of shale gas exploration in the UK, including:
1) It explains the process of shale gas extraction, which involves drilling horizontally and using hydraulic fracturing to release natural gas trapped in shale rock formations deep underground.
2) It acknowledges some of the environmental and social risks of shale gas extraction such as water usage, induced seismicity, and community impacts, and outlines the regulatory framework and monitoring in place.
3) It argues that shale gas could make a substantial contribution to the UK's energy needs and help reduce reliance on imports as North Sea gas production declines, while having a relatively small surface footprint compared to other energy sources.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur and nitrogen oxides from human sources like power plants and vehicles react with water vapor in the air to form acids. These acids can damage ecosystems when deposited as rain, snow, or fog. The effects of acid rain include sterilized soil, decreased plant growth, and harmed aquatic life. While natural phenomena also produce acids, human industrial activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased acidifying emissions and spread the problem regionally. Treaties have aimed to reduce sulfur emissions to lessen acid rain's environmental effects.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur and nitrogen oxides from human sources like power plants and vehicles combine with water in the air to form acids. These acids can damage the environment when they fall to the ground as rain or snow. Effects include sterilized soil, decreased plant growth, and damaged infrastructure. While natural phenomena also emit these chemicals, human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased their levels and spread the problem regionally and globally. Proposed solutions include installing pollution controls on power plants, reducing sulfur in fuels, expanding electric transport, and international agreements to limit emissions.
Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks that can be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas.
Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides emitted from fossil fuel combustion reacting with water in the atmosphere to form acids. It damages ecosystems by acidifying soils and waters, killing aquatic life. Effects range from forest damage to human health impacts. Addressing it requires international cooperation as pollutants can travel long distances. Solutions include installing scrubbers in power plants and catalytic converters in vehicles to reduce emissions.
37. If the material below the sandstone of problem 26 is a shale with.pdfnitinarora01
37. If the material below the sandstone of problem 26 is a shale with E=31.2 x 109 N/m,
Poisson\'s Ratio 0.3, and a density of 2650 kg/m3, what is the reflection coefficient of the
interface between the shale and sandstone?? a. 0.078 b. -0.225 c. -0.311 d. 0.179 e. None of the
above 38. What is the most common well type used to produce natural gas from the Barnett
Shale at DFW Airport? a. Vertical wells b. Disposal wells c. Individual horizontal wells d.
Multiple horizontal wells from a single drilling pad e. None of the above 39. Why is fracking
necessary to produce natural gas from the Barnett Shale in the DFW area? a. b. c. d. e. Fracturing
breaks the Barnett Shale seal providing access to sandstone reservoir Fracturing reduces the
permeability of the Barnett Shale Fracturing increases the permeability of the Barnett Shale
Fracturing permits the natural gas to be absorbed in the fracking fluids None of the above 40.
What is the source rock in the East Texas Oil Field? a. b. c. d. e. Barnett Shale Morrison
Formation Eagle Ford Shale Woodbine Sandstone None of the above 41. Which of the following
describes processes that formed Guadalupe Peak in West Texas? a. b. c. d. Formed by deposition
of sediments rich in calcite Tectonic activity has been minimal in the area during the past 20 my
The limestone was precipitated from sea water by marine organisms None of the above
Solution
40.EAGLE FORD SHALE:
The Eagle Ford is a geological formation directly beneath the Austin Chalk. It is considered to be
the \"source rock\", or the original source of hydrocarbons that are contained in the Austin Chalk
above it. The formation was penetrated many times as operators targeted the Edwards Limestone
formation along the Edwards Reef Trend.
The formation is best known for producing variable amounts of dry gas, wet gas, NGLs,
condensate and oil. The most active area lies above the Edwards Reef Trend where the formation
yields a gas-condensate production stream. Unlike many other shale plays, it does not exhibit
natural fracturing within the formation.
41.d
The Permian period of geologic time occurred from 251 to 299 million years ago. The earth had
already seen life diversify from simple, primitive forms such as algae and fungi to amphibians,
fishes, and insects. The earth\'s surface had also been evolving and shifting. Thin plates of crust
moved constantly over the softer material below, steadily changing the position of the continents.
Through much of the early and middle Permian all of the continents were joined together,
forming the supercontinent of Pangea. Much of modern-day New Mexico and Texas occupied
the western edge of this enormous landmass near the equator. A vast ocean surrounded Pangea,
but a narrow inlet, the Hovey Channel, connected the ocean with the Permian Basin, an inland
sea which covered parts of what is now northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.
The Permian Basin had three arms: the Marfa, Delaware, and Midland Basins. The .
Marine pollution comes from many sources including land-based activities, oil spills, sewage, mining, and shipping. Pollution enters the oceans directly through waste discharges, rivers carrying runoff, and atmospheric deposition. This pollution has negative impacts like toxic chemicals, hypoxia, invasive species, harm to wildlife from entanglement and ingestion of plastic debris, and acidification affecting shells and corals. Preventing marine pollution requires better waste management, regulation of mining and shipping, and reduction of nutrient runoff from agriculture and developed areas.
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"ScyllaDB
Yichen Wei and Adam Drennan share the architecture and technical requirements behind "user watch status" for a major global media streaming service, what that meant for their database, the pros and cons of the many options they considered for replacing DynamoDB, why they ultimately chose ScyllaDB, and their lessons learned so far.
लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHYVoterMood
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Shark Tank Jargon | Operational ProfitabilityTheUnitedIndian
Don't let fancy business words confuse you! This blog is your cheat sheet to understanding the Shark Tank Jargon. We'll translate all the confusing terms like "valuation" (how much the company is worth) and "royalty" (a fee for using someone's idea). You'll be swimming with the Sharks like a pro in no time!
ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
17062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
16. WHAT 50,000 LITRES OF CHEMICALS LOOK LIKE White plastic cube-shaped containers of frack chemicals on tractor trailers
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18. WHAT’S IN THAT DUST? Fumes and dust spewing from the mixing area
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20. ACCIDENTS: “FRACKING TRUCK RUNS OFF ROAD; CONTENTS SPILL” (WASHINGTON COUNTY) Spill workers herding cattle away from the stream since cattle like to drink salty brine wastewater October 2010
25. WHAT WE COULD BE LEFT WITH An aerial view of a Shale Gas production area
Editor's Notes
Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Formed from mud laid down in layers. Originates millions of years ago, usually in slow-moving waters, where clay was deposited little by little. Shale often contains fossils. Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments ( silt -sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite . During the immature, or biological, stage of petroleum formation, biogenic methane (often called marsh gas) is produced as a result of the decomposition of organic material by the action of anaerobic microbes. These microorganisms cannot tolerate even traces of oxygen and are also inhibited by high concentrations of dissolved sulfate. Consequently, biogenic gas generation is confined to certain environments that include poorly drained swamps and bays, some lake bottoms, and marine environments beneath the zone of active sulfate reduction. Gas of predominantly biogenic origin is thought to constitute more than 20 percent of the world's gas reserves. Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Enegi Oil ( LON:ENEG ) has been given an option over 495-square kilometres in the Clare Basin. Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
The hole is lined with concrete and a perforating gun is lowered to the end of the well. The gun fires off explosions that pierce the concrete and open up microfractures in the shale. Millions of gallons of high-pressure water mixed with sand, plus small amounts of additives known as fracking chemicals are pumped down the well, releasing the gas. Haliburton figure for amount of water. Other sources say much more – up to 13 million gallons per well. Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Friction reducers decrease pumping friction , e.g. polyacrylamide. Degrades to acrylamide, lethal neurotoxin + carcinogen Fluid can be pumped down the well-bore as fast as 100 bbl/min. to fracture the shale. Without using slickwater the top speed of pumping is around 60 bbl/min. Elevated temperatures (35 °C) caused a significant release of up to 144 μg l −1 of acrylamide and 453 μg l −1 of acrylic acid in new gel and up to 25 μg l −1 of acrylamide and 157 μg l −1 of acrylic acid in field-conditioned gels. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704004681#toc11 Environmental: Cationic and neutral PAMs, however, have greater toxicities and should not be used. The charged nature of cationic PAM hydrogel is attracted to hemoglobin in fish gills, where the gel binds and suffocates the fish. In addition to fish, a variety of algal and invertebrate species are also injured or killed when exposed to low levels of cationic PAMs. Since cationic PAMs may also contain higher levels of acrylamide monomer, many researchers recommend against any environmental use of cationic PAM hydrogels and in fact use of these compounds is illegal in a number of municipalities where aquatic contamination is likely. Source: http://plantbest.com/?page=shop/mediaRoomDetail&mediaID=34&ps_session=ecde8492d3decf9b8feef47160fba06e Biocides kill bacteria underground, e,g, quaternary ammonium chloride Oxygen scavengers prevent pipe corrosion, e.g. Acids remove drilling mud damage e.g. hydrochloric acid Gelling agents improve suspension of sand in water, e.g. guar gum Corrosion inhibitors, e.g. acetaldehyde http://fracfocus.org/ Glutaraldehyde (CAS No. 111-30-8) is a biocide used widely in drilling and fracturing fluids. Along with its antimicrobial effects, it is a potent respiratory toxin effective at parts-per-billion (ppb) concentrations (38); a sensitizer in susceptible people, it has induced occupational asthma and/or contact dermatitis in workers exposed to it, and is a known mutagen (i.e., a substance that may induce or increase the frequency of genetic mutations) (38, 39). It is readily inhaled or absorbed through the skin. In the environment, algae, zooplankton and steelhead trout were found to be dramatically harmed by glutaraldehyde at very low (1 – 5 ppb) concentrations (40). Dimethylformamide toxic carcinogen Ammonium bisulphite irritating to skin and eyes Down-winder’s syndrome http://63.134.196.109/documents/RiskAssessmentNaturalGasExtraction.pdf Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Methane that caused a blast in a Dimock water well, forced a family to evacuate their home and bubbled up in the Susquehanna River was unsettled from porous rock between the surface and the Marcellus Shale as drillers searched for deep gas. Read more: http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/stray-gas-plagues-nepa-marcellus-wells-1.1173187#ixzz1SNYKPUGc 7 incidents per 1,000 wells in 2010 Finavera Gas has recently undertaken studies which show there is also potential for conventional natural gas exploration in the (Lough Allen) basin. Where increased porosity could exist by virtue of depth, a conventional drilling target has been indentified on a newly discovered but untested seismic anomaly in the basin. Connection? Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
(State Department of Environmental Conservation, US) Multiple tanks, diesel fumes, noise, bright lights, constant truck traffic, noxious odours, massive pipelines, injection wells, landfarms, waste pits, frack pits, compressor stations, tank farms, water depletion, water contamination, spills, processing plants… Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
EU impacts doc Experiences in North America Possible water contaminations might be induced by Spills of drilling mud, flowback and brine, from tailings or storage tanks causing water contamination and salinization. Leaks or accidents from surface activities, e.g. leaking fluid or waste water pipes or ponds, unprofessional handling or old equipment. Leaks from inadequate cementing of the wells. Leaks through geological structures, either through natural or through artificial cracks or pathways. Actually, most of the complaints against hydraulic fracturing are because of possible groundwater contamination. Basically, besides specific spills and accidents the intrusion of fracturing fluids or methane from the deeper structures is in the focus. Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
The emissions potentially originate from the following sources: Emissions from trucks and drilling equipment (noise, particulates, SO2, NOx, NMVOC and CO); Emissions from natural gas processing and transportation (noise, particulates, SO2, NOx, NMVOC and CO); Evaporative emissions of chemicals from waste water ponds; Emissions due to spills and well blow outs (dispersion of drilling or fracturing fluids combined with particulates from the deposit). The operation of drilling equipment consumes large amounts of fuels which are burnt to emit CO2. Also, some fugitive emissions of methane, a greenhouse gas, might occur during production, processing and transport. http://www.scribd.com/doc/55017063/Desmog-Fracking-the-Future Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Glenwood Reseaarch 2011
Naturally occurring radioactive materials such as uranium, thorium and radium bound in the rock are transported to the surface with flow-back fluid It is well known that hydraulic fracturing can induce small earthquakes in the order of 1 – 3 at the Richter scale. [Aduschkin 2000] For instance, in Arkansas, USA, the rate of small earthquakes has increased over the last years tenfold. [AGS 2011] Concerns rose that these are induced by the steep increase in drilling activities in the Fayetteville Shale. Also, the Fort Worth region has experienced at least 18 smaller earthquakes since December 2008. The city of Cleburne alone experienced 7 earthquakes between June and July 2009 in an area where during the 140 years before no earthquake at all was registered. [Michaels 2010] In April 2011, the city of Blackpool in the UK experienced a small earthquake (1.5 at the Richter scale) which was followed in June 2011 by a larger one (2.5 at the Richter scale). The company ‘Cuadrilla Resources’ which was conducting hydraulic fracturing operations in the earth quake area, stopped its operations and commissioned an investigation of the issue. It announced that it would cease its operations in case a relation of the earthquakes to its drilling activities would be shown. [Nonnenmacher 2011] In Onondaga County, New York, the radioactive substance radon (222Rn) was measured in indoor air in the basements of 210 homes. All of the homes underlain by Marcellus shale had indoor air levels of 222Rn above 148 Bq/m³, and the average concentration in these homes was 326 Bq/m³4, which is more than twice the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ‘action level’ (i.e. the level at which it is recommended that homeowners try to reduce the radon concentration) of 148 Bq/m³. The average indoor radon level in the USA is 48 Bq/m³. [Sumi 2008] An increase by 100 Bq/m³ of air leads to an increase of lung cancer of 10%. [Zeeb et al 2009] http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/01/05/fracking-the-life-out-of-arkansas-and-be Glenwood Reseaarch 2011