Evaluation of the impacts of care givers on malnourished children in Ishaka Adventist Hospital Nassali Scovia School of Nursing sciences, Kampala International University Western campus, Uganda
This study was done to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of care givers of malnourished children less than five years in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that targeted care givers of malnourished children below five years. Forty two care givers (using fishers’ method) were sampled using simple random technique and basing on the inclusion and exclusion criteria stated therein. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaires and data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.1 and was also assisted by excel in drawing charts and figures. During data collection, absolute ethical considerations were followed. 100% response rate was achieved, and the results showed that the majority of participants 20 (48%) were aged 18-24 years and 83% were females and majority of care takers were peasants 37(88%) and surprisingly 30(74%) had never completed primary level. 71% of respondents defined malnutrition as when the child is having a big head and a swollen stomach and a majority 26(62%) mentioned poor hygiene, un safe water, diseases and infection were the causes of malnutrition, good enough majority of them had knowledge on signs of malnutrition, care takers had a mixed attitude about malnutrition and some attributed it to bad lack in the family and majority of the mothers were breast feeding their children. In conclusion, participants had good knowledge and the care takers also had good attitude towards different feeding habits and it was recommended that outreach programs targeting care takers should be emphasized.
Keywords: malnutrition, feeding habits, care takers, infection
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document proposes solutions to reduce malnutrition globally. It states that malnutrition affects billions and contributes to millions of child deaths daily from lack of essential nutrients. It recommends providing affordable vitamin/mineral supplements to vulnerable people and encouraging communities to improve food production/consumption. The proposed solutions aim to integrate health services, ensure quality care, alleviate cost barriers, and receive funding from eliminating user fees and establishing cash transfer systems. However, challenges include lack of political will due to funding issues, lack of awareness, and orthodox societies.
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Hidabu Abote district, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 8-23, 2012 using a multistage sampling method to select 820 children. The analysis revealed that 47.6% of children were stunted, 30.9% were underweight, and 16.7% were wasted. Main factors associated with stunting included child age, family monthly income, receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding, and family planning practices. Underweight was associated with number of children in the household and receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding
Food gardens have the potential to help address malnutrition in children aged 0-5 years in South Africa. While food gardens may improve access to micronutrients like vitamin A, it is unclear if they can provide sufficient nutrition on their own. For food gardens to be effective, they must be paired with nutrition education programs and focus on growing nutrient-dense crops. Larger, more structured programs in schools and early childhood centers may have better outcomes than small household gardens alone.
Chapter two and three project kadpoly 2021DahiruNjidda
The document discusses protein energy malnutrition (PEM) among children under five years old. It addresses several key points:
1. PEM is caused by a deficiency of protein and energy. It can cause conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus. Young children are especially vulnerable.
2. PEM leads to long-term physical and mental retardation. It increases mortality rates and susceptibility to infection. Malnutrition is a major cause of illness and death in developing nations.
3. The document reviews literature on the causes, forms, effects and complications of PEM. Poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs can all contribute to malnutrition. PEM stunts growth and impacts cognitive development.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Public health importance of malnutritionMarwa Salem
Malnutrition has significant public health impacts. It disproportionately affects children in developing countries in Asia and Africa, where stunting, underweight, and wasting rates are highest. In Egypt, around one quarter of children suffer from stunting, with rates higher in rural areas, Upper Egypt and frontier governorates. Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies also negatively impact health. Malnutrition perpetuates across generations as malnourished mothers are more likely to have low birthweight babies who then face developmental impairments. Addressing malnutrition could reduce mortality and the burden of disease.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document proposes solutions to reduce malnutrition globally. It states that malnutrition affects billions and contributes to millions of child deaths daily from lack of essential nutrients. It recommends providing affordable vitamin/mineral supplements to vulnerable people and encouraging communities to improve food production/consumption. The proposed solutions aim to integrate health services, ensure quality care, alleviate cost barriers, and receive funding from eliminating user fees and establishing cash transfer systems. However, challenges include lack of political will due to funding issues, lack of awareness, and orthodox societies.
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
This study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Hidabu Abote district, North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 8-23, 2012 using a multistage sampling method to select 820 children. The analysis revealed that 47.6% of children were stunted, 30.9% were underweight, and 16.7% were wasted. Main factors associated with stunting included child age, family monthly income, receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding, and family planning practices. Underweight was associated with number of children in the household and receiving butter as a pre-lacteal feeding
Food gardens have the potential to help address malnutrition in children aged 0-5 years in South Africa. While food gardens may improve access to micronutrients like vitamin A, it is unclear if they can provide sufficient nutrition on their own. For food gardens to be effective, they must be paired with nutrition education programs and focus on growing nutrient-dense crops. Larger, more structured programs in schools and early childhood centers may have better outcomes than small household gardens alone.
Chapter two and three project kadpoly 2021DahiruNjidda
The document discusses protein energy malnutrition (PEM) among children under five years old. It addresses several key points:
1. PEM is caused by a deficiency of protein and energy. It can cause conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus. Young children are especially vulnerable.
2. PEM leads to long-term physical and mental retardation. It increases mortality rates and susceptibility to infection. Malnutrition is a major cause of illness and death in developing nations.
3. The document reviews literature on the causes, forms, effects and complications of PEM. Poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs can all contribute to malnutrition. PEM stunts growth and impacts cognitive development.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Public health importance of malnutritionMarwa Salem
Malnutrition has significant public health impacts. It disproportionately affects children in developing countries in Asia and Africa, where stunting, underweight, and wasting rates are highest. In Egypt, around one quarter of children suffer from stunting, with rates higher in rural areas, Upper Egypt and frontier governorates. Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies also negatively impact health. Malnutrition perpetuates across generations as malnourished mothers are more likely to have low birthweight babies who then face developmental impairments. Addressing malnutrition could reduce mortality and the burden of disease.
Maternal and child undernutrition is a serious problem in Bangladesh, with nearly half of children under five stunted and 14% suffering from wasting. Micronutrient deficiencies like iron deficiency anemia and iodine deficiency are also widespread. Inadequate childcare practices like low rates of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction of complementary foods contribute to undernutrition. While the government and NGOs have implemented some nutrition interventions, coverage remains low and interventions have faced challenges. The government has now established the National Nutrition Service to mainstream nutrition services and implement a multi-sectoral response to reduce malnutrition in Bangladesh.
This chapter introduces the background and scope of the study. It discusses the problems of undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infection among under-five children in developing countries like Somaliland. The objectives are to assess the risk factors of nutritional status, prevalence of intestinal parasites, and relationship between nutrition and parasites in under-five children at Erigavo General Hospital. The study aims to determine the nutritional status, parasite infection levels, and their association. It will provide useful information for researchers, students, hospitals, and the Ministry of Health in Somaliland. The geographical scope is Erigavo General Hospital and the time scope is April to June 2022.
The document discusses severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, defining it as very low weight-for-height, visible severe wasting, or bilateral pitting edema in children aged 6-59 months. SAM can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, illness, or a combination of both. It presents clinically as marasmus, kwashiorkor, or marasmic-kwashiorkor and puts children at high risk of death from common illnesses like diarrhea and pneumonia.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT- Background: Malnutrition constitutes a major public health concern worldwide and serves as an indicator
of hospitalized patient’s prognosis. Nutritional support is an essential aspect of the clinical management of children
admitted to hospital. Malnutrition has been long associated with poor quality, poor diet and inadequate access to health
care, and it remains a key global health issue that both stems from and contributes to weakness, with 50% of childhood
deaths due to principal under nutrition.
Methods: The present hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in April to Dec 2015 among 300 rural
adolescents of 9-18 years age (146 boys and 154 girls) attending the outpatient department at Patna Medical College and
Hospital, Bihar, India, belonging to the all caste communities. The nutritional status was assessed in terms of under
nutrition (weight-for-age below 3rd percentile), stunting (Height-for-age below 3rd percentile) and thinness (BMI-for-age
below 5th percentile). Diseases were accepted as such as diagnosed by pediatrician, skin specialist and medical officer.
Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness were found to be 31%, 22.3% and 30.7% respectively. The
maximum prevalence of malnutrition was observed among early adolescents (23% - 54%) and the most common
morbidities were diarrhoea (16.7%), carbuncle / furuncle (16.7%) and scabies (12%).
Conclusion: Malnutrition among hospitalized under five children and around suffers moderately high rates of
malnutrition. Present nutrition programs attention on education for at risk children and referral to regional hospitals for
malnourished children. Screening tools to classify children at risk of developing malnutrition might be helpful.
Key-words- Malnutrition, Hospitalized children, Morbidities, Prevalence, Stunting
Prevalence of Stunting among School Children in Sri LankaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Stunting is a state of the children fail to grow the proper height for their age. By measuring the
Height for age, it can be determined if children are stunting. Low height-for-age reflects an indication of a chronic
deficiency in growth, such as prolonged illness or undernutrition. It is considered as a measure of past nutrition.
The prevalence of stunting among children is a major risk in having child development in developing countries.
Therefore, identifying the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics is important in the attempt of reducing the
prevalence of stunting focusing the country development through well-nourished children. This study aims to
identify the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics among school children in Sri Lanka based on the NuwaraEliya district. The primary data gathered through a sample survey was employed in this study. The sample size is
378 school children and it was selected using stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics;
percentages, tables, pie charts, bar charts and line charts were used in analyzing the prevalence of stunting. Gender
comparison suggest that male children are more better off than female children. Children coming from urban
sector are more likely to be stunted than the children from rural and estate sectors. Increasing income lowering
the prevalence of stunting. It is evident that the lowest incidence of stunting is appearing among the children who
learning in types 1AB schools. The highest incidence of stunting was recorded for the children belonged to poor
families compared to non-poor. Mother’s working group has increased the prevalence of stunting. Thus, the study
suggests to be of concern with gender, living sector, type of school, income, poverty and mother’s employment
in targeting nutritional program to overcome the incidence of stunting.
Keywords: Gender, Income, Mother’s employment, Prevalence of stunting, School children
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
The document discusses factors that contribute to high child mortality rates in Uganda, specifically addressing malnutrition and lack of access to healthcare. It notes that 1 in 13 babies in Uganda do not survive their first year, and 1 in 7 do not live to see their 5th birthday. Key factors discussed include severe acute malnutrition, lack of maternal education, long distances to health clinics, and poverty. The document advocates for improved government health programs and policies to address this issue.
Severe acute malnutrition remains a major cause of childhood mortality worldwide, with 19 million preschool children affected each year. While treatment guidelines have incorporated ready-to-use therapeutic foods and antibiotics in outpatient settings, some children still fail to recover. A 2013 study found that adding amoxicillin or cefdinir to outpatient treatment significantly improved recovery rates. However, a 2016 study found no clear benefit of routine antibiotic use and raised concerns about increasing antibiotic resistance, calling for further research before changing treatment guidelines.
Mohieldin et al. - Unknown - The impact of feeding practices on prevalence of...Moawia Alshiek
- An estimated 9.5 million children under 5 died in 2006, with two-thirds of deaths occurring in the first year of life. Undernutrition contributes to 35% of child deaths.
- Nearly 20 million children under 5 suffer from severe acute malnutrition, most living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Proper nutrition in infancy and early childhood is essential for growth, health and development.
- Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of illness and mortality in children under 5. Up to 70% of diarrheal episodes may be foodborne. Food contaminated during processing can transmit diarrheal diseases and is a major factor in malnutrition.
This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs that provide school meals, maternal/child healthcare, and income support. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs providing school meals, healthcare, and maternal/child services. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
Measuring Poverty through Child Malnutrition A Study With Special Referance T...iosrjce
This study examines child malnutrition in Arumbavur Village, Perambalur District, India. It finds that 81.74% of children in the village are malnourished based on body mass index (BMI) measurements, which is higher than the national average of 43%. Through interviews with 115 households, it identifies several socioeconomic factors contributing to malnutrition, including low family incomes below the national average, lack of sanitation facilities, and limited access to nutritious foods. While most children are breastfed, the average duration is only 6.7 months. The study concludes that despite families' efforts to provide nutrition, children in the village remain underweight and stunted due to their socioeconomic conditions.
Causes - Consequences of Undernutrition ICPD - UNICEF.pdfHoangVu584336
This document summarizes UNICEF's priorities and strategies for attaining 2030 SDG nutrition targets for women and children. It discusses the causes and consequences of undernutrition across the lifecycle from baby to older people. Key causes include inadequate dietary intake, disease, food insecurity, inadequate care, insufficient health services, and unhealthy environments. Consequences include impaired development, increased disease risk, lost productivity and mortality. UNICEF's goal is to protect diets, practices and services that support optimal nutrition for all. It advocates for a systems approach integrating food, health, water/sanitation, education and social protection.
This document reviews community-based agricultural interventions for food and nutrition security in South Africa. It finds that while South Africa is food secure at a national level, many people experience food insecurity and malnutrition due to poverty. Home gardening and small-scale food production have potential to address this by improving access to nutritious foods. Successful models in other countries emphasize year-round production of a variety of vegetables and fruits in home gardens. However, interventions must consider local context and challenges like water scarcity. Overall, the document argues that community-based agricultural projects can make an important contribution to household nutrition if done through integrated programs.
1) The document discusses adolescent health in Nigeria from 1990-2015, focusing on matching health policy with practice. It describes Nigeria's adolescent health policy and its goals of meeting special needs of adolescents.
2) Key health issues affecting Nigerian adolescents are discussed, including high rates of HIV, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and lack of access to health services. Over 30 million Nigerians are between 10-19 years old.
3) The document outlines Nigeria's adolescent health policy framework and strategic trusts, which include improving access to health services, health promotion, and capacity building for healthcare workers on adolescent health issues. Implementation of the policy has faced challenges with poor funding and evaluation.
Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women of Underprivileged Ethnic...Prabesh Ghimire
Abstract
Background. This study aims at determining the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care at the provincial level hospital of Province 2. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Janakpur Provincial Hospital of Province 2, Southern Nepal. 287 pregnant women from underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care were selected and interviewed. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were undertaken. Anemia status was assessed based on hemoglobin levels determined at the hospital’s laboratory. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with anemia. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results. The overall anemia prevalence in the study population was 66.9% (95% CI, 61.1–72.3). The women from most underprivileged ethnic groups (Terai Dalit, Terai Janajati, and Muslims) were twice more likely to be anemic than Madhesi women. Similarly, women having education lower than secondary level were about 3 times more likely to be anemic compared to those with secondary level or higher education. Women who had not completed four antenatal visits were twice more likely to be anemic than those completing all four visits. The odds of anemia were three times higher among pregnant women who had not taken deworming medication compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, women with inadequate dietary diversity were four times more likely to be anemic compared to women having adequate dietary diversity. Conclusions. The prevalence of anemia is a severe public health problem among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups in Province 2. Being Dalit, Janajati, and Muslim, having lower education, less frequent antenatal visits, not receiving deworming medication, and having inadequate dietary diversity are found to be the significant factors. The present study highlights the need of improving the frequency of antenatal visits and coverage of deworming program in ethnic populations. Furthermore, promoting a dietary diversity at the household level would help lower the prevalence of anemia. The study findings also imply that the nutrition interventions to control anemia must target and reach pregnant women from the most-marginalized ethnic groups and those with lower education
This document discusses the importance of integrating nutrition into development efforts. It summarizes 12 briefs on how good nutrition is essential and linked to achieving goals in various areas like health, education, gender equality, poverty reduction, and the environment. Undernutrition levels in developing countries are high, with over 150 million children affected. Improving nutrition can boost outcomes across sectors like reducing child mortality, bolstering education performance, empowering women, and supporting agricultural productivity. The briefs provide evidence of these impacts and recommendations for interventions to integrate nutrition into related policies and programs.
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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More Related Content
Similar to Evaluation of the impacts of care givers on malnourished children in Ishaka Adventist Hospital Nassali Scovia School of Nursing sciences, Kampala International University Western campus, Uganda
Maternal and child undernutrition is a serious problem in Bangladesh, with nearly half of children under five stunted and 14% suffering from wasting. Micronutrient deficiencies like iron deficiency anemia and iodine deficiency are also widespread. Inadequate childcare practices like low rates of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction of complementary foods contribute to undernutrition. While the government and NGOs have implemented some nutrition interventions, coverage remains low and interventions have faced challenges. The government has now established the National Nutrition Service to mainstream nutrition services and implement a multi-sectoral response to reduce malnutrition in Bangladesh.
This chapter introduces the background and scope of the study. It discusses the problems of undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infection among under-five children in developing countries like Somaliland. The objectives are to assess the risk factors of nutritional status, prevalence of intestinal parasites, and relationship between nutrition and parasites in under-five children at Erigavo General Hospital. The study aims to determine the nutritional status, parasite infection levels, and their association. It will provide useful information for researchers, students, hospitals, and the Ministry of Health in Somaliland. The geographical scope is Erigavo General Hospital and the time scope is April to June 2022.
The document discusses severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, defining it as very low weight-for-height, visible severe wasting, or bilateral pitting edema in children aged 6-59 months. SAM can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, illness, or a combination of both. It presents clinically as marasmus, kwashiorkor, or marasmic-kwashiorkor and puts children at high risk of death from common illnesses like diarrhea and pneumonia.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT- Background: Malnutrition constitutes a major public health concern worldwide and serves as an indicator
of hospitalized patient’s prognosis. Nutritional support is an essential aspect of the clinical management of children
admitted to hospital. Malnutrition has been long associated with poor quality, poor diet and inadequate access to health
care, and it remains a key global health issue that both stems from and contributes to weakness, with 50% of childhood
deaths due to principal under nutrition.
Methods: The present hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in April to Dec 2015 among 300 rural
adolescents of 9-18 years age (146 boys and 154 girls) attending the outpatient department at Patna Medical College and
Hospital, Bihar, India, belonging to the all caste communities. The nutritional status was assessed in terms of under
nutrition (weight-for-age below 3rd percentile), stunting (Height-for-age below 3rd percentile) and thinness (BMI-for-age
below 5th percentile). Diseases were accepted as such as diagnosed by pediatrician, skin specialist and medical officer.
Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness were found to be 31%, 22.3% and 30.7% respectively. The
maximum prevalence of malnutrition was observed among early adolescents (23% - 54%) and the most common
morbidities were diarrhoea (16.7%), carbuncle / furuncle (16.7%) and scabies (12%).
Conclusion: Malnutrition among hospitalized under five children and around suffers moderately high rates of
malnutrition. Present nutrition programs attention on education for at risk children and referral to regional hospitals for
malnourished children. Screening tools to classify children at risk of developing malnutrition might be helpful.
Key-words- Malnutrition, Hospitalized children, Morbidities, Prevalence, Stunting
Prevalence of Stunting among School Children in Sri LankaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Stunting is a state of the children fail to grow the proper height for their age. By measuring the
Height for age, it can be determined if children are stunting. Low height-for-age reflects an indication of a chronic
deficiency in growth, such as prolonged illness or undernutrition. It is considered as a measure of past nutrition.
The prevalence of stunting among children is a major risk in having child development in developing countries.
Therefore, identifying the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics is important in the attempt of reducing the
prevalence of stunting focusing the country development through well-nourished children. This study aims to
identify the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics among school children in Sri Lanka based on the NuwaraEliya district. The primary data gathered through a sample survey was employed in this study. The sample size is
378 school children and it was selected using stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics;
percentages, tables, pie charts, bar charts and line charts were used in analyzing the prevalence of stunting. Gender
comparison suggest that male children are more better off than female children. Children coming from urban
sector are more likely to be stunted than the children from rural and estate sectors. Increasing income lowering
the prevalence of stunting. It is evident that the lowest incidence of stunting is appearing among the children who
learning in types 1AB schools. The highest incidence of stunting was recorded for the children belonged to poor
families compared to non-poor. Mother’s working group has increased the prevalence of stunting. Thus, the study
suggests to be of concern with gender, living sector, type of school, income, poverty and mother’s employment
in targeting nutritional program to overcome the incidence of stunting.
Keywords: Gender, Income, Mother’s employment, Prevalence of stunting, School children
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
The document discusses factors that contribute to high child mortality rates in Uganda, specifically addressing malnutrition and lack of access to healthcare. It notes that 1 in 13 babies in Uganda do not survive their first year, and 1 in 7 do not live to see their 5th birthday. Key factors discussed include severe acute malnutrition, lack of maternal education, long distances to health clinics, and poverty. The document advocates for improved government health programs and policies to address this issue.
Severe acute malnutrition remains a major cause of childhood mortality worldwide, with 19 million preschool children affected each year. While treatment guidelines have incorporated ready-to-use therapeutic foods and antibiotics in outpatient settings, some children still fail to recover. A 2013 study found that adding amoxicillin or cefdinir to outpatient treatment significantly improved recovery rates. However, a 2016 study found no clear benefit of routine antibiotic use and raised concerns about increasing antibiotic resistance, calling for further research before changing treatment guidelines.
Mohieldin et al. - Unknown - The impact of feeding practices on prevalence of...Moawia Alshiek
- An estimated 9.5 million children under 5 died in 2006, with two-thirds of deaths occurring in the first year of life. Undernutrition contributes to 35% of child deaths.
- Nearly 20 million children under 5 suffer from severe acute malnutrition, most living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Proper nutrition in infancy and early childhood is essential for growth, health and development.
- Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of illness and mortality in children under 5. Up to 70% of diarrheal episodes may be foodborne. Food contaminated during processing can transmit diarrheal diseases and is a major factor in malnutrition.
This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs that provide school meals, maternal/child healthcare, and income support. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs providing school meals, healthcare, and maternal/child services. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
Measuring Poverty through Child Malnutrition A Study With Special Referance T...iosrjce
This study examines child malnutrition in Arumbavur Village, Perambalur District, India. It finds that 81.74% of children in the village are malnourished based on body mass index (BMI) measurements, which is higher than the national average of 43%. Through interviews with 115 households, it identifies several socioeconomic factors contributing to malnutrition, including low family incomes below the national average, lack of sanitation facilities, and limited access to nutritious foods. While most children are breastfed, the average duration is only 6.7 months. The study concludes that despite families' efforts to provide nutrition, children in the village remain underweight and stunted due to their socioeconomic conditions.
Causes - Consequences of Undernutrition ICPD - UNICEF.pdfHoangVu584336
This document summarizes UNICEF's priorities and strategies for attaining 2030 SDG nutrition targets for women and children. It discusses the causes and consequences of undernutrition across the lifecycle from baby to older people. Key causes include inadequate dietary intake, disease, food insecurity, inadequate care, insufficient health services, and unhealthy environments. Consequences include impaired development, increased disease risk, lost productivity and mortality. UNICEF's goal is to protect diets, practices and services that support optimal nutrition for all. It advocates for a systems approach integrating food, health, water/sanitation, education and social protection.
This document reviews community-based agricultural interventions for food and nutrition security in South Africa. It finds that while South Africa is food secure at a national level, many people experience food insecurity and malnutrition due to poverty. Home gardening and small-scale food production have potential to address this by improving access to nutritious foods. Successful models in other countries emphasize year-round production of a variety of vegetables and fruits in home gardens. However, interventions must consider local context and challenges like water scarcity. Overall, the document argues that community-based agricultural projects can make an important contribution to household nutrition if done through integrated programs.
1) The document discusses adolescent health in Nigeria from 1990-2015, focusing on matching health policy with practice. It describes Nigeria's adolescent health policy and its goals of meeting special needs of adolescents.
2) Key health issues affecting Nigerian adolescents are discussed, including high rates of HIV, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and lack of access to health services. Over 30 million Nigerians are between 10-19 years old.
3) The document outlines Nigeria's adolescent health policy framework and strategic trusts, which include improving access to health services, health promotion, and capacity building for healthcare workers on adolescent health issues. Implementation of the policy has faced challenges with poor funding and evaluation.
Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women of Underprivileged Ethnic...Prabesh Ghimire
Abstract
Background. This study aims at determining the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care at the provincial level hospital of Province 2. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Janakpur Provincial Hospital of Province 2, Southern Nepal. 287 pregnant women from underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care were selected and interviewed. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were undertaken. Anemia status was assessed based on hemoglobin levels determined at the hospital’s laboratory. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with anemia. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results. The overall anemia prevalence in the study population was 66.9% (95% CI, 61.1–72.3). The women from most underprivileged ethnic groups (Terai Dalit, Terai Janajati, and Muslims) were twice more likely to be anemic than Madhesi women. Similarly, women having education lower than secondary level were about 3 times more likely to be anemic compared to those with secondary level or higher education. Women who had not completed four antenatal visits were twice more likely to be anemic than those completing all four visits. The odds of anemia were three times higher among pregnant women who had not taken deworming medication compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, women with inadequate dietary diversity were four times more likely to be anemic compared to women having adequate dietary diversity. Conclusions. The prevalence of anemia is a severe public health problem among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups in Province 2. Being Dalit, Janajati, and Muslim, having lower education, less frequent antenatal visits, not receiving deworming medication, and having inadequate dietary diversity are found to be the significant factors. The present study highlights the need of improving the frequency of antenatal visits and coverage of deworming program in ethnic populations. Furthermore, promoting a dietary diversity at the household level would help lower the prevalence of anemia. The study findings also imply that the nutrition interventions to control anemia must target and reach pregnant women from the most-marginalized ethnic groups and those with lower education
This document discusses the importance of integrating nutrition into development efforts. It summarizes 12 briefs on how good nutrition is essential and linked to achieving goals in various areas like health, education, gender equality, poverty reduction, and the environment. Undernutrition levels in developing countries are high, with over 150 million children affected. Improving nutrition can boost outcomes across sectors like reducing child mortality, bolstering education performance, empowering women, and supporting agricultural productivity. The briefs provide evidence of these impacts and recommendations for interventions to integrate nutrition into related policies and programs.
Similar to Evaluation of the impacts of care givers on malnourished children in Ishaka Adventist Hospital Nassali Scovia School of Nursing sciences, Kampala International University Western campus, Uganda (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in AfricaPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
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Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacteria are the most commonly identified pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Group B Streptococcus. A battery of diagnostic tests were performed on neonates with suspected sepsis, including a complete blood count, C-reactive protein, and polymorphic gastric aspiration cytology. Combining these inexpensive and readily available tests provides high sensitivity and negative predictive value in detecting neonatal sepsis.
Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
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ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
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ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
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ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that examined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV sero-discordance (where one partner is HIV+ and the other is HIV-) among couples attending Iganga General Hospital in Uganda. The study found that:
1) The prevalence of HIV among individual participants was 6.8% and the prevalence of HIV sero-discordance among couples was 4.8%.
2) Among the infected couples, 52.2% were sero-discordant while 47.8% were concordant positive.
3) Factors associated with HIV sero-discordance included sexual practices like having multiple partners, lack of condom use, lack of male circumcision, and low
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa Distric...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Panchkula offers a wide array of dining experiences. From traditional North Indian flavors to global cuisine, the city’s restaurants cater to every taste bud. Let’s dive into some of the best restaurants in Panchkula
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Effective food packaging provides number of purposes. It functions as a container to hold and transport the food product, as well as a barrier to protect the food from outside contamination such as water, light, odours, bacteria, dust, and mechanical damage by maintaining the food quality. The package may also include barriers to keep the product's moisture content or gas composition consistent. Furthermore, convenience is vital role in packaging, and the desire for quick opening, dispensing, and resealing packages that maintain product quality until fully consumed is increasing. To facilitate trading, encourage sales, and inform on content and nutritional attributes, the packaging must be communicative. For storage of food there is huge scope for modified atmosphere packaging, intelligent packaging, active packaging, and controlled atmosphere packaging. Active packaging has a variety of uses, including carbon dioxide absorbers and emitters, oxygen scavengers, antimicrobials, and moisture control agents. Smart packaging is another term for intelligent packaging. Edible packaging, self-cooling and self-heating packaging, micro packaging, and water-soluble packaging are some of the advancements in package material.
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-b...AdelinePdelaCruz
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-based products is cacao beans, which are produced by the cacao tree in pods. The Maya and Aztecs, two of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations, valued cacao as a sacred plant and used it in religious rituals, social gatherings, and medical treatments. It has a long and rich cultural history.
The Menu affects everything in a restaurant; as our friend and FCSI consultant Bill Main says, “The Menu is your blueprint for profitability.”
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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD PACKAGING (FOOD TECHNOLOGY)
Evaluation of the impacts of care givers on malnourished children in Ishaka Adventist Hospital Nassali Scovia School of Nursing sciences, Kampala International University Western campus, Uganda
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(stunting), 16 percent from underweight
and 6 percent from acute malnutrition
though Uganda has ratified a range of
international covenants and committed
itself to ending hunger and malnutrition
[9].
Taking two broad forms, under nutrition
and over nutrition, the under nutrition in
children causes direct structural damage
to the brain and impairs infant motor
development and exploratory behavior.
Children who are undernourished before
age of two and gain weight quickly later
in childhood and in adolescence are at
high risk of chronic diseases related to
nutrition. Studies have found a strong
association between under nutrition and
child mortality [10; 3; 8].
Undernourished girls tend to grow into
short adults and are more likely to have
small children. Prenatal malnutrition and
early life growth patterns can alter
metabolism and physiological patterns
and have lifelong effects on the risk of
cardiovascular disease. Children who are
undernourished are more likely to have
lower educational achievement and
economic status, and give birth to smaller
infants. Children often face malnutrition
during the age of rapid development,
which can have long-lasting impacts on
health [11].
Once malnutrition is treated, adequate
growth is an indication of health and
recovery. Even after recovering from
severe malnutrition, children often
remain stunted for the rest of their lives.
Even mild degrees of malnutrition double
the risk of mortality for respiratory and
diarrheal disease mortality and malaria.
This risk is greatly increased in more
severe cases of malnutrition [12, 8].
Problem statement
Globally, a recent analysis that compared
different causes of mortality and
morbidity showed that maternal and child
malnutrition is the single leading cause of
health loss worldwide [13]. Furthermore,
the consequences of inadequate Infant
and Young Child Feeding remain a
common health problem usually most
prevalent between 6-24 months, and one
of the major underlying causes of
morbidity and mortality in children of
developing countries with a direct and
indirect contribution of up to 60% of child
mortality reported in developing
countries [14].
The burden of childhood malnutrition is
significant globally, out of 555.729
million under five children population;
32% are stunted, 3.5% are severely wasted
and 20.2% are underweight [15; 4].
Malnourished children experience
developmental delays, cognitive
impairment, weight-loss and illness as a
result of inadequate intake of protein,
calories and other nutrients [16; 6].
On Africa’s continent, out of about 141.9
million under five population; 40% are
stunted, 3.9% are wasted and 21.9% are
underweight yet also it has been indicated
that Inadequate Infant and Young Child
Feeding practices are a major risk factor
associated with childhood malnutrition;
catalyzed by poverty, ignorance and lack
of knowledge about balanced diet
especially in developing countries of
Africa [17, 8, 4].
In East Africa, Nutritional studies have
been reported more frequently in
countries like Kenya with the prevalence
of stunting among children aged 6-59
months being 47%, and the prevalence
increasing with age through 36-47 months
(58%), Severe stunting was found in 23.4%
of the children. Stunting peaked (56%) in
children aged 36-47 months, and
compared to other age-groups, stunting
was significantly (p<0.01) more likely in
children aged 36-47 months.
A similar proportion (51.3%) of males
were stunted as females (48.7%) with a
stunting rate of 34.6%, under weight of
26.5%, and wasting of 6.2% among
children aged five and below. In the same
study, most (89.3%) caregivers reported
that they were experiencing food
shortages. Families dealt with food
shortages by reducing the amount of food
eaten (52%) and eating less-expensive
food (39%) [18].
In Uganda, Childhood malnutrition has
been reported to be one of the highest
diseases among the developing countries
and still affects over 2 million Ugandan
children under the age of five years [19].
In Uganda,33% of children aged five years
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and below are stunted, 14% are
underweight 5% are wasted, 250,000
children aged five and below suffer from
acute malnutrition with 360 million in
this age group dying daily from
conditions like diarrhorea, anemia and
respiratory infections. Preventative and
Nutritional intervention could save at
least 120 of these children daily. Majority
(94%) of Infant and Young Child (6-
24months) receive inappropriate
complementary feeding hence a critical
underlying factor to a high prevalence
rate of under nutrition [20].
In Ishaka Adventist hospital, the records
office indicated that malnutrition and
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in
particular is a problem in the area [21]
monthly Reports. It’s on this basis that
the researcher decided to carry out the
research to assess knowledge, attitude
and practices of caretakers of
malnourished children under five years
towards malnutrition in Ishaka Adventist
hospital.
Aim of the study
To assess knowledge, attitude and
practices of caretakers of malnourished
children under five years of age in Ishaka
Adventist hospital
Specific objectives
The research was guided by the following
specific objectives:
i. To assess the level of knowledge of
caretakers of malnourished children
under five years of age in Ishaka
Adventist hospital.
ii. To assess attitude of caretakers of
malnourished children under five
years of age in Ishaka Adventist
hospital.
iii. To determine the practices of
caretakers of malnourished children
under five years of age in Ishaka
Adventist hospital.
Research questions
(i) What is the level knowledge of
caretakers of malnourished children
under five years of age in Ishaka
Adventist hospital.
(ii) What are the attitudes of caretakers of
malnourished children under five
years of age in Ishaka Adventist
hospital.
(iii)What are the practices of caretakers of
malnourished children under five
years of age in Ishaka Adventist
hospital.
Justification of the study
The statements below formed the
justification of the study:
Malnutrition can be prevented using
simple interventions and yet is estimated
to contribute to more than one third of all
child deaths globally, it has been
proposed that, Lack of access to highly
nutritious foods, especially in the present
context of rising food prices, is a common
cause of malnutrition. Poor feeding
practices, such as inadequate
breastfeeding, offering the wrong foods,
and not ensuring that the child gets
enough nutritious food, contribute to
malnutrition. Infection – particularly
frequent or persistent diarrhea,
pneumonia, measles and malaria – also
undermines a child's nutritional status
also contribute to malnutrition [21]. The
following point further justifies the study.
(i) There is urgent need to understand
if mothers and care takers know
the causes of malnutrition,
furthermore their attitude and
practices toward malnutrition
need to be urgently known if this
killer disease is to decrease in our
population.
(ii) This study will help to create
awareness to the district health
leaders, health care providers and
community about the knowledge,
attitude and beliefs of mothers so
that best suited approaches to
prevent malnutrition can be
implemented.
(iii)The findings will contribute to
existing literature on Knowledge,
attitude and practices of
caretakers towards malnutrition
among children under five years of
age in Ishaka Adventist hospital
and to the community.
(iv) Furthermore, will help the
researcher to fulfill the academic
requirements of the award of
diploma of nursing of UNMEB.
(v) There is evidence that countries
with a high burden of malnutrition
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have slow economic progress and
malnutrition affects development
in terms of education and
productivity (mothers support
project 01/01/2013, New vision
05/10/2013) hence this research
will act to supplement implanters
of national economic guideline in
making informed decisions about
health.
METHODOLOGY
Study design and rationale
A descriptive cross-sectional design was
used for this study as it aims at
determining the knowledge, attitudes and
practices at a specific point in time.
Primary data was collected from care
givers using semi structured
questionnaire and there was no follow
ups to these care givers thus making the
study design cheap.
Study area
The study was conducted in Ishaka
Adventist hospital. It is located in
Bushenyi-Ishaka municipality-Bushenyi
district in western Uganda. The hospital is
about 365 kilometers from the capital city
of Uganda, Kampala.
The hospital is a church founded serving
people from about 10 rural and
surrounding districts. It’s here that most
children are referred to. The hospital has
a special ward for people living with HIV
and AIDS as these children are normally
malnourished and receives about 20
patients daily below age of 5 with various
conditions.
Study population
The study population was among all care
givers of malnourished children below 5
years attending Ishaka Adventist hospital.
Sample size determination
Samples size was determined using a
statistical formula adapted from Fishers
given by:
n =
z2
pq
d2
Where:
n= Number of samples required
Z= 1.96(95% confidence interval)
P = is the proportion of care givers whose
knowledge, attitude and practices towards
malnutrition is known.
q= 1-p
d= is the degree of precision required
when d= 15 % (0.15), p= 50 % (0.50)
n= (1.96)2
x 0.50(1-0.50)
(0.15)2
n = 42 care givers were involved in the
study. The sample size was low since the
stated degree of precision is low, and the
fact that the time and content scope are
low then the sample size is low as above.
Sampling procedure
Simple random continuous method was
used to recruit care givers in the study at
OPD and Random sampling technique was
used to select care givers who are
admitted on ward. In simple random
continuous method, the first care giver
was sampled and then 4th
and so on at
intervals of four as they came in at OPD.
In the ward, folded papers were used
written on yes and no and put in a box
from which those care givers that picked
yes participated in the study.
Inclusion criteria
(i) Care givers who were able to give
informed consent.
(ii) Care givers of malnourished children
below five years.
Exclusion criteria
(i) Care givers who did not give consent.
(ii) Care givers with children not in
specified age range and whose child
was not malnourished.
Definition of variables
(i) Independent variable is malnutrition.
(ii) Dependent variables are Knowledge,
attitude and practices of mothers
towards malnutrition nurses.
Research instrument
The research used questionnaires that
included open ended questions,
structured and closed ended questions,
this helped the care givers to give their
views openly towards their knowledge,
beliefs and practices towards
malnutrition. It was also made in sections
that is A, B, C and D. The participation
was done by filling these questionnaires
by the care givers of malnourished
children below five years. A 4- point
Likert Scale using items rated as “strongly
disagree”, “disagree”, “agree”, and
“strongly agree” was used to measure
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beliefs. Knowledge and practices were
measured by closed and open-ended
questions according to WHO.
Data collection procedures
Data management
Caregivers were interviewed using
questionnaires prepared. The care givers
were given adequate time to read and
understand the questions before
answering them those that didn’t not
know English, the researcher translated
the questions in local language. After
collecting data successfully, the
researcher carried out other two activities
i.e., editing and coding. These were aimed
at reducing unnecessary information into
manageable proportions and summaries
to facilitate the presentation and analysis
of data.
Data analysis
Data was electronically analyzed using a
computer program statistical package for
social sciences (SPSS) version 20.1 and
excel was also used for some forms of
data analysis. The results were
summarized and displayed into tables,
graphs and pie charts. This gave way for
other methods of data presentation
including but not limited to descriptive
discussion.
Pre-visiting visiting
Prior to the study, the researcher visited
the hospital after obtaining permission
from school of nursing to allow collect
data. Permission was also obtained from
the hospital administrator at Ishaka
Adventist hospital to be able to access the
premises and the care givers. This helped
the researcher to establish rapport with
the care givers and helped the researcher
get oriented to the hospital especially the
wards and the nurses handling these care
givers.
Pre-testing
The research instrument was pre-tested
for validity and reliability on a tenth of
sample size on caregivers attending
Kampala international university teaching
hospital (KIU- TH). This is because KIU-
TH has similar characteristics like those
of Ishaka Adventist hospital.
Editing
While in the field, editing was done to
check for accuracy and completeness of
the data this ensured quality of collected
data.
Coding
Post-coding was done by assigning code
numbers to responses on a summary
sheet to aid data entry and analysis.
Ethical Consideration
Approval was sought from KIU-SONS-
Research committee. After approval of the
proposal, the researcher presented it
together with introduction letter to the
hospital administrator to seek
permission. Then proceeded to the wards
and OPD for data collection. Respondents
were assured of confidentiality regarding
the researched information and their
consent forms were obtained after a
thorough explanation of the topic
including the objectives and the outcomes
before engaging them. Participation
remained voluntarily throughout the
study.
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RESULTS
Care giver’s bio data
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC
Table 1: Showing the distribution of age of care givers of the malnourished children.
Age Category(years) Frequency(N) Percentage (%)
Below 18 5 12
18-24 20 48
25-35 15 36
Above 35 2 5
Total 42 100
Gender
Females 35 83
Males 7 17
Total 42 100
Occupation
Peasant 37 88
House wife 4 21
Business woman/man 1 5
Total 42 100
Education level
Never completed primary 30 74
Completed primary 7 21
Completed secondary 2 5
Completed university 0 0
Total 42 100
Marital status
Married 26 62
Divorced 2 5
Separated 10 24
Single mother/father 4 10
Total 42 100
According to the results from the table:
Majority of the respondents were between
ages 18-24, 20(48) and the least were
below the age 18,5(12).
The gender according to results in table 1,
the majority 35(83%) were female and the
least 7(17%) being males.
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According to the results in the table 1,
majority of the respondents were
peasants 37(88%) and the least 1(5%)
being business women/men.
Results according to the table, majority of
the respondents 30(74%) never completed
primary and the least 0(0%) completed
University.
Results in the table show marital status
that the majority 26(62%) were married
and the least 2(5%) were divorced.
Care giver’s Knowledge towards malnutrition
Table 2: Showing definition of malnutrition
Definition Frequency(N) Percentage (%)
Child having poor nutrient status 05 12
Children who cry a lot of hunger 04 10
Children having large head and swollen stomach 30 71
I don’t know 03 7
Total 42 100
71 % of Care takers defined, malnutrition
as when a child is having large head and
swollen stomach, 10% as a child who cry a
lot of hunger,12% as a child having good
nutrition requirement.
Table 3: Causes of malnutrition
Responses Frequency Percentage (%)
When the child is exclusively breast feed for the
first 6 month
5 12
Poor hygiene in preparing the child food,
poverty, unsafe water, disease and infections
26 62
When the child is eating too much 6 14
I don’t know 5 12
Total 42 100
Majority of respondents 26(62%) indicated
that malnutrition is caused by Poor
hygiene in preparing the child food,
poverty, unsafe water, diseases, and
infections, 6 (14%) respondents said it’s
when the child is eating too much,5 (12%)
said it’s when the child is exclusively
breast feed for the first 6 month.12%
didn’t know at all.
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Care takers knowledge on signs and symptoms of malnutrition
Table 2: Showing knowledge of care takers on signs and symptoms
Sign and symptom Frequency Percentage (%)
The skin may become thin,
dry and inelastic
21 50
Longer time for recovery
from infection and illness
08 19
Repeated vomiting 04 10
In ability to eat 09 21
Total 42 100
21(50%) of the respondents said the skin
may become thin, dry and
inelastic,9(21%) said inability to eat,19%
longer time for recovery from infection
and illness,10% said repeated vomiting
as also illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 1: signs and symptoms of Malnutrition
Similarly, significantly it can be seen
that,21(50%) of the respondents said the
skin may become thin, dry and inelastic,
21% said inability to eat,19% longer time
for recovery from infection and illness,
10% said repeated vomiting as also
illustrated above.
50
19
10
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
The skin may become
thin, dry and inelastic
Category 2Longer time
for recovery from
infection and illness
Repeated vomiting In ability to eat
signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of malnutrition
Signs and symptoms of malnutrition
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Table 3: Breast feeding related knowledge
Aspect of Knowledge Frequency(N) Percentage (%)
Appropriate time to
initiate breast feeding
Soon after birth
35 83
One day 2 5
One month 0 0
No idea 5 12
Total 42 100
Care takers were asked about appropriate
time for initiation of breast feeding and
majority 35(83%) said soon after birth and
minority 05(12%) had no idea.
Table 6: General knowledge about feeding related habits
Knowledge prompt Frequency(N) Percentage (%)
Duration of exclusive breast
feeding
6 months.
8 19
One year 10 24
2-4 month 5 12
I don’t know 19 45
Total 42 100
Benefits of colostrums
Has more nutrients
30 71
Gives the baby defense against
diseases
10 24
Don’t know 2 5
Total 42 100
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Figure 2: Information about breast feeding
According to the figure 1 above,
majority of the respondents 28(67%)
said Yes and 14(33%) said No. This
indicates that most of respondents had
knowledge about breast feeding.
28
14
Do you always get information about breast
feeding
Yes
No
Figure 3: source of information.
According to the figure 2 above, Majority of the respondents 10(36%) got their
information from the health centre and the least respondents 5(18%) got their
information from the radios. This showed that majority of respondents got information
which was adequate.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Radio
Health
centre Friend
Relative
5
10
6 7
Source of information
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Figure 4:Time of initiation of complementary feeding
According to the figure 4 above, majority of the respondents 35(83%) initiated
complementary feeding at 6months and the least respondents 0(0%) initiated
complementary feeding immediately after birth. This showed that most of the care
takers knew when to initiate complementary feeding.
Figure 5: How often is complementary feeding.
According to the figure 4 above, majority of the respondents, 20(54%) oftenly gave
complementary feeds as long as the child wanted and the least respondents 3(8%)
oftenly gave complementary feeds twice a day.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Immediately
after birth
At one month At 6month Idont know
When complementary feeding
is initiated
7
3
7
20
How often is complementary feeds given
Once aday
Twice aday
Thrice aday
As long as he/she wants
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According to figure 6 above, majority of respondents, 16(38%) knew cow’s milk as their
commercial feed, 10(23%) respondents knew matooke, 10(23%) respondents knew rice and
6(14%) respondents didn’t know anything.
Table 7: Attitudes of caregivers towards malnutrition.
Figure 6: Commercially available feeds.
Variable
Strongly
agree
Percentage
(%)
Agree
Percentage
(%)
Disagree
Percentage
(%)
Strongly
disagree
Percentage
(%)
Total
It is important to breast feed
for extended period of time
for malnourished child
20 48 10 24 05 12 07 17 42
It’s important to continue
breast feeding when the baby
is sick/malnourished
30 71 05 12 04 10 03 07 42
Breast feeding a malnourished
baby is important for his/her
healthy
33 79 06 14 01 12 02 05 42
Breast feeding stops me from
having sex with my husband
05 12 08 19 15 36 14 33 42
16
10
10
6
commercially available feeds
Milk
Matooke
Rice
Idnt know
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Most of the care givers had a modest
attitude towards malnutrition and feeding
related matters,20 (48%) said it’s
important to breast feed for extended
period of time for malnourished child and
also a majority of respondents 30 (71%)
said it’s important to continue breast
feeding when the baby is sick. And
majority of the care givers agreed that
breast feeding malnourished babies is
important. However, 15 (36%) of
respondents said that malnutrition is
caused by bad luck in the family.
Table 8: Practices of care takers towards malnutrition
Practice Frequency Percentage (%)
Breast feeding mothers 32 76
Non breast-feeding care
takers
10 24
Total 42 100
From the table above, it can be seen that a
majority of care takers admitted that their
children were breast fed 32(76%) and
10(24%) said their children were not
breastfed.
Complementary feeding for
malnourished child is hard to
prepare and makes me like
breast feeding more
16 38 04 10 08 19 14 33 42
Breast feeding is not in line
with the culture
02 5 01 2 19 45 20 48 42
Malnutrition is caused by
other conditions other than
diet
20 48 07 17 03 7 12 29 42
I cannot breast feed my baby
because it makes my breasts
sag
05 12 05 12 15 36 17 40 42
Malnutrition is caused by bad
lack in the family
15 36 18 43 07 17 02 5 42
I prefer home made to
commercial complementary
feeds
22 52 10 24 08 19 02 05 42
I don’t like this child
especially feeding him/her
02 05 05 12 22 52 13 31 42
Breast feeding the
malnourished child is
inconvenient, embarrassing,
and adverse to mothers' figure
07 17 03 07 10 24 22 52 42
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Figure 7: Breastfeeding practices
From the chart above, it can be seen that
a majority of care takers admitted that
their children were breast fed 32(76%) and
10(24%) said their children were not
breastfed.
DISCUSSION
Care takers bio data
From the table 1 above of chapter four,
the majority, 48% are between 18-24
years, while there were few care takers
above the age of 35 year (5%).This is a
category of youth in which most probably
most of these care takers have not
acquired enough and necessary
knowledge to take care of their babies,
Table 1 shows that majority of care takers
were females 83% while males were few
17% this shows low involvement of female
gender in fighting against malnutrition
this results are in agreement with Jemide
et al, [15] who also demonstrated that few
males were able to participate in caring
for malnourished children.
The majority of care takers were peasants
37(88%) while 1 care taker was a business
woman (2%), the peasants are from the
village areas as quoted by most care
takers in this group as “I come from the
village “when they were asked about their
address, as reported by Ambadekar et al.,
[1] rural care takers hence their children
are at an increased risk of malnutrition.
Majority never completed primary level
30 (74%), while none of the participants
had completed university. Education level
could have contributed to the
malnutrition as reported by [16]. From the
results, it is seen that most of the
participant were married 26 (62%).
However, it was not clear whether marital
is connected to malnutrition, and this
could be an area of future research.
Care takers knowledge about
malnutrition
Majority of 30 care takers with a
percentage of 71% on table 5 said
malnutrition during child hood is when
the child is having large head and swollen
stomach, having weight loss and not
having proper body nutritional
requirements. This is line with WHO [22],
which define malnutrition in children as a
condition that develops when the body
does not get the right proportions of food
nutrients during child hood. Base on the
data analysis on the causes of
malnutrition in children, 26 mothers with
majority percentage of 62% said child’s
malnutrition is as a result of poor
76%
24%
Percentage
Breastfeed children Not breast feed
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25
hygienic condition is preparing the child’s
food, poverty, unsafe water diseases and
infections.
This is in line with Sahu et al., [23], who
said diseases, poor hygienic condition,
and poverty unsafe water can lead to
malnutrition in children. On the
definitive signs and symptoms of
malnutrition, 21 mothers with majority of
50% said signs and symptoms of
malnutrition in children include, skin may
become inelastic, longer time for recovery
from infection and illness. This is in line
with Rahman et al., [24], who said,
inadequate food intake or consumption of
non- nutritious food will lead to reduced
muscle mass.
Ekambaram et al., [12] study reported that
the knowledge of the mothers was
inadequate in areas of time of initiation of
breastfeeding (92%) however our study
shows that 83% of care takers had the
right knowledge of initiation of breast
feeding. However 45 % of respondents did
not know the duration of exclusive breast
feeding which we could partly associate
with malnutrition in their patients which
results are in agreement with Mohsin et
al., [25] study Which found out that 62%
which was the majority, listed Poor
hygiene in preparing the child food,
poverty, unsafe water, diseases, and
infections however these results are
slightly diverging from those of Jemide et
al., [15] who in their study identified lack
of nutrients, sickness, improper care and
diseases and maternal knowledge on
malnutrition and care of children as the
causes of malnutrition.
According to Ambadekar et al., [1] study
showed mothers had different knowledge
about complementary feeding and the
time of initiation of complementary
feeding. Some mothers knew it should be
at least thrice a day, fifty-one (37%)
considered twice a day was enough. The
study revealed that majority 83 % knew
that complementary feeding should be
initiated at 6 months however it seemed
that mothers did not know various foods
to use for complementary feeding, most
10 mothers with 24% and 12(29%) said
malnutrition in children had caused
poor growth and loss of appetite
respectively in their children, these
were the highest responses from the
majority, such results were also
reported by Olack et al., [26] who in
addition to these found in our study said
mothers had knowledge that they had
even identified that malnutrition had
caused a reduction in the body
immunity of their children and anemia
(yellowing of eyes) and death. It
therefore seemed that mothers in this
study had basic knowledge about the
diseases.
Attitude of care takers towards
malnutrition
The results showed that 20 (45%) of the
respondents strongly disagreed that
breast feeding was against their culture
and this results did not match Sriram et
al.,[27] study in which mothers had
reported that “ breast feeding is not in
line with the culture” this probably is
because the two studies are done in
different populations with different
characteristics and cultural norms and the
fact that our participants are from
western part of the country where
breastfeeding is not a cultural taboo. This
illustrates a positive attitude in mothers
to feed their children. However, 33%
strongly disagreed that demand for sex
was most likely to stop them from feeding
their babies [28, 29, 30, 31, 32].
From table 10, (15)36% of respondents
strongly said that malnutrition is caused
by bad lack in the family and this could
probably be the reasons why some care
givers were seeking alternative care as the
first intervention as seen in table 11.
According to Dereje, [11] mothers did not
have better attitude in selection of food
items from different groups of food and
this could have prevented mothers and
care givers to feed on only few food
stuffs. Attitude of mothers towards
feeding during illness was also found to
be varied as reported by Dereje, [11].
Similarly, as reported by Rahman et al.,
[24] that mothers had poor attitude on
different complementary foods to be to
be given to the child, results showed that
there was a tendency of mothers to prefer
few homemade foods. Few commercial
feeds were reported as the participants
16. www.idosr.org Scovia
26
were from the villages. Contrary to
Megabiaw and Rahman, [20], 31% (13) of
the mothers had positive attitude of
feeding the malnourished children.
Zhou et al., [28] shown that care givers of
malnourished child had negative attitudes
and beliefs towards breast feeding as it
was inconvenient, embarrassing, and
adverse to mothers' figure negatively
influenced breast feeding. And care givers
mentioned that they found bottle feeding
a better option for feeding the
malnourished children who were contrary
from the results of this study (table 10),
mothers generally had a good attitude
towards their malnourished children
Practice of mothers toward malnutrition
The majority of mothers were breast
feeding their children which leaves a
question why these children were
malnourished, maybe it could be due to
other inborn infections that predisposed
the children to malnutrition, a question
that is left for future research. The results
also showed that a group of care takers
went for traditional herbal medicine as
the initial step in management of
malnutrition (table 11) could have
worsened the disease as it was noted
during the data collection.
Severe malnutrition was found in the
uneducated class and youth age group
stated earlier in bio data, this could have
been because these care takers are not
aware of best alternative food that could
prevent malnutrition such results were
also reported by [19] who showed that
educations levels, times spent at home
with the child were found to be low in the
respondents who children with
malnutrition. The relationship of gender
of care taker and child malnutrition was
not established which also forms a base
for future research
It was seen that a few 08 (19%) of care
takers took their children for routine
medical checkup, a factor that could have
accelerated the prevalence of
malnutrition. This was seen in the
illiterate class as was earlier reported by
De Onis et al., [10] who reported that
“employment status of the family is
important predictor of malnutrition, the
risk of underweight and stunting was
higher among children of illiterate
mothers and children from lowest and
middle households wealth index”.
Some participants first sought health care
from health centers at home and the fact
that our health systems are not yet
stronger the mothers could have missed
best medical innervations that resulted
into malnutrition, strengthening health
centers even through VHT are important
especially in rural areas. Poor access to
health care including vaccinations and
curative care which subsequently may put
rural children on chronic and/or repeated
illnesses [1]. According to Rahman et al.,
[24] study, mothers seeking medical
services during pregnancy and attending
antenatal clinic was found to be better
sources of information that enhanced
better nutrition status of the children.
CONCLUSION
From the data analyzed, it can be
concluded that;
(i) Majority of the study participants
understand the causes of
malnutrition in children 0-5 years.
(ii) Majority of the mothers did not
understand the signs and symptoms
of malnutrition in children well 0-5
years.
(iii) Majority of the study participants
understand the definition
malnutrition in children 0-5 years.
(iv) Care takers of malnourished
children had good attitude towards
the disease and participation in care
for their children
Recommendation
Recommendations have been presented as
per objectives
Objective one:
(i) Through village health teams and
ANC, there is a need to put more
emphasis on health talks with
effects of malnutrition in children
0-5 years being the top priority so
as to enable the care takers to
know more about the effects,
causes, signs and symptoms and
the prevention of malnutrition in
their children.
(ii) Outreach campaign programmers
should be organized constantly in
17. www.idosr.org Scovia
27
order to educate the mother more
on the effects and prevention of
malnutrition in children 0-5 years.
Also, emphasis should be laid to
mother on exclusive breast feeding
from 0-6 months of a child since
breast milk contain all the
nutrients that a child need in order
to grow healthy.
Objectives two:
As stated above, through outreach
programmes and ANC visits the attitudes
of mothers should be influenced so that
in case a mother get a malnourished child
goes and seeks immediate and proper
medical care to avoid associated
complications.
Objective three:
It’s also recommended that, nurses
attending to these care givers should
emphasis Family planning and Income
generation activities.
The government should increase safe
water coverage.
VHTs should get involved support care
givers in villages to identify this illness
before they are complicated.
Areas of future research
The researcher has identified the
following areas as potential for future
research
(i) Outcome of patients admitted with
malnutrition aged 5 years and
below
(ii) The roles of VHTs in fighting
against malnutrition
(iii)The impact of community outreach
programs on malnutrition.
(iv) Causes and risk factors of
malnutrition among rural residents
in selected sub counties in Uganda.
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