This paper presents the evaluation of safe bearing capacity by using statistical analysis. Bearing capacity formulae are proposed by various researchers for various conditions. In this study, four researchers namely, Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic are selected to use the bearing capacity equations. The required soil data are taken from thirteen soil reports in Chan Aye Thar San Township which includes thirty numbers of boreholes. The bearing capacity of the soil is calculated at the depth of 6ft below ground level and the square footing is considered in this study. The safety factor of 3 is used to obtain the allowable bearing capacity for various equations. To get confidence interval by statistical analysis, the allowable bearing capacity values are divided into three portions. These are the bearing capacity values less than 2 ksf, the bearing capacity values between 2 ksf and 3 ksf, and the bearing capacity values greater than 3 ksf. Confidence interval is taken as 98 . The summary of safe bearing capacity values for different locations is described. Nyein Nyein Thant | Soe Soe War "Evaluation of Safe Bearing Capacity by Using Statical Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26565.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26565/evaluation-of-safe-bearing-capacity-by-using-statical-analysis/nyein-nyein-thant
The document summarizes the plate load test, which determines the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of soil under a given load. The test involves setting up a steel plate on the soil surface and applying a total load that is divided by the plate area to determine bearing capacity. Testing can be done via gravity or truss methods. Results are interpreted, but the test only reflects soil characteristics to twice the plate depth and doesn't indicate long-term settlements, particularly for cohesive soils. Values may also be conservative for large foundations in dense sands.
The effect of soil improvement on foundation super structure designIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil improvement on raft and folded plate foundation design. The authors used Winkler and continuum modeling methods to analyze raft foundations with and without soil strength increases below high settlement areas. They found that localized soil improvement significantly reduced settlement and allowed for reductions in foundation and superstructure material requirements like concrete and steel reinforcement. Selectively increasing soil stiffness parameters like modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) and modulus of elasticity (E) provided benefits to both flat raft and folded plate foundation designs in terms of reduced settlement, moments, and reinforcement needs.
Plate load tests are used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of soil. The test involves gradually loading a circular or square test plate placed in an excavated pit using a hydraulic jack. Dial gauges measure the settlement under each load increment. A load-settlement curve is generated, allowing engineers to determine the safe bearing capacity based on shear failure or permissible settlement. Results provide insight into foundation design and behavior for the site.
This document presents an empirical formulation for determining the allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundations based on in situ measured shear wave velocity. It summarizes the classical theory for ultimate bearing capacity which has various uncertainties. An expression is proposed that relates allowable bearing capacity to only two soil parameters: unit weight and shear wave velocity. Case histories from 14 sites show this expression provides reliable and safe estimates of allowable bearing capacity while being more efficient than the classical theory which requires laboratory testing. The shear wave velocity represents real soil conditions and allows convenient single-step determination of allowable bearing capacity from geophysical surveys.
Distribution of petroleum product within the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria is a daunting
task because of its deltaic nature. To solve this challenge, fixed fuel dispensing stations will be built in the
coastal environment to receive and make supplies available to fishermen and marine transporters. Building of
such fuel stations require proper foundation design. Soil test results of the region was obtained and a foundation
design was made to ascertain the number of piles pile depth, pile spacing, skin friction, lateral load bearing
capacity and end bearing capacity. API codes where used to check and ensure that the results obtained are
within safety limits. This will ensure that the offshore structure completes it intended and designed life span.
1. Soil investigations are conducted to obtain information useful for planning, designing and executing construction projects. This includes determining soil properties, groundwater levels, suitable foundation types and depths, bearing capacity, settlements, and lateral earth pressures.
2. Standard penetration tests are used to determine soil properties like relative density and strength. The test involves driving a split spoon sampler into the soil using a hammer and measuring the blow counts. Corrections are made for dilatancy and overburden pressure.
3. Piles can be classified based on material, load transfer method, construction method, use, and soil displacement. Components of a well foundation include the cutting edge, well curb, stining, bottom plug, sand fill
The document summarizes the plate load test, which determines the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of soil under a given load. The test involves setting up a steel plate on the soil surface and applying a total load that is divided by the plate area to determine bearing capacity. Testing can be done via gravity or truss methods. Results are interpreted, but the test only reflects soil characteristics to twice the plate depth and doesn't indicate long-term settlements, particularly for cohesive soils. Values may also be conservative for large foundations in dense sands.
The effect of soil improvement on foundation super structure designIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effects of soil improvement on raft and folded plate foundation design. The authors used Winkler and continuum modeling methods to analyze raft foundations with and without soil strength increases below high settlement areas. They found that localized soil improvement significantly reduced settlement and allowed for reductions in foundation and superstructure material requirements like concrete and steel reinforcement. Selectively increasing soil stiffness parameters like modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) and modulus of elasticity (E) provided benefits to both flat raft and folded plate foundation designs in terms of reduced settlement, moments, and reinforcement needs.
Plate load tests are used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of soil. The test involves gradually loading a circular or square test plate placed in an excavated pit using a hydraulic jack. Dial gauges measure the settlement under each load increment. A load-settlement curve is generated, allowing engineers to determine the safe bearing capacity based on shear failure or permissible settlement. Results provide insight into foundation design and behavior for the site.
This document presents an empirical formulation for determining the allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundations based on in situ measured shear wave velocity. It summarizes the classical theory for ultimate bearing capacity which has various uncertainties. An expression is proposed that relates allowable bearing capacity to only two soil parameters: unit weight and shear wave velocity. Case histories from 14 sites show this expression provides reliable and safe estimates of allowable bearing capacity while being more efficient than the classical theory which requires laboratory testing. The shear wave velocity represents real soil conditions and allows convenient single-step determination of allowable bearing capacity from geophysical surveys.
Distribution of petroleum product within the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria is a daunting
task because of its deltaic nature. To solve this challenge, fixed fuel dispensing stations will be built in the
coastal environment to receive and make supplies available to fishermen and marine transporters. Building of
such fuel stations require proper foundation design. Soil test results of the region was obtained and a foundation
design was made to ascertain the number of piles pile depth, pile spacing, skin friction, lateral load bearing
capacity and end bearing capacity. API codes where used to check and ensure that the results obtained are
within safety limits. This will ensure that the offshore structure completes it intended and designed life span.
1. Soil investigations are conducted to obtain information useful for planning, designing and executing construction projects. This includes determining soil properties, groundwater levels, suitable foundation types and depths, bearing capacity, settlements, and lateral earth pressures.
2. Standard penetration tests are used to determine soil properties like relative density and strength. The test involves driving a split spoon sampler into the soil using a hammer and measuring the blow counts. Corrections are made for dilatancy and overburden pressure.
3. Piles can be classified based on material, load transfer method, construction method, use, and soil displacement. Components of a well foundation include the cutting edge, well curb, stining, bottom plug, sand fill
Seismic performance of circular elevated water tank with framed stagingIAEME Publication
1) The document analyzes the seismic performance of a circular elevated water tank supported by a framed staging system. Various methods are used to calculate the lateral stiffness (Ks) of the staging, including software analysis and two theoretical formulas.
2) Five iterations of the analysis are performed by varying the tank dimensions. Results for base shear and base moment are compared across the different calculation methods.
3) Graphs show that the rapid assessment method for calculating Ks results in more economical design values for base shear and moment, as it consistently provides lower estimates than the other methods. Therefore, using the rapid assessment method to analyze the tank results in a safer and more cost-effective design.
This soil investigation report summarizes subsurface exploration and laboratory testing conducted for a proposed wind turbine foundation project. One borehole was drilled to a depth of 10 meters and standard penetration and sampling tests were performed. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected and subjected to various laboratory tests to determine physical and engineering properties. These included dry density, particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, shear strength, consolidation, and free swell tests. The results were analyzed to evaluate the subsurface conditions and provide a safe bearing capacity for foundation design of the wind turbine.
This report investigates the subsurface conditions and dewatering requirements for installing roughly 1200 meters of sanitary forcemain along the Jock River in Richmond, Ontario. One of the main challenges is the high groundwater table, which requires significant dewatering down to depths of 4.5 meters below ground level. Two dewatering methods are analyzed: sump pumping and a wellpoint system. The report also examines soil excavation support needs due to trench heights and proposes using stacked trench boxes to safely support the soils.
The objective of this project is to calculate the factor of safety of a complex slope situation. The stress distribution zones are also shown in the project. The probability of slope failure can be shown using FLAC3D software.
The report summarizes a geotechnical investigation conducted for the construction of a flyover at NH-89 Ch:0+620 in Rajasthan, India. Two boreholes were drilled to a depth of 15m and standard penetration tests were conducted. The subsurface soils generally consisted of gravelly sand mixed with boulders. Laboratory tests showed the soils were non-plastic with negligible swelling pressure. Based on shear strength parameters and settlement analyses, the recommended safe bearing capacities range from 16.91 to 62.93 t/m2 depending on foundation depth. Proper compaction should be used for any backfilling.
Effect of fines on liquefaction using shake table testeSAT Journals
calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
Effect of Pile Length on the Settlement and Straining Actions for the pile Ra...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of pile length on settlement and straining actions for pile raft foundations. Finite element analysis was used to model pile raft foundations with pile lengths of 28D, 32D, 36D, and 40D. The analysis found that as pile length increased from 28D to 40D:
1) The bending moment in the raft decreased by 29% under static and dynamic loads
2) The shear force in the raft decreased by 0.5% under static and dynamic loads
3) The settlement of the piled raft decreased by 40% under static and dynamic loads.
Geotechnical Engineering A (BSc)Coursework No 2 - Shear bo.docxhanneloremccaffery
Geotechnical Engineering A (BSc)
Coursework No 2 - Shear box test
Level 5
Group: B
Submitted to: Dr. Martin Pritchard
Submission Deadline: 7th of April 2016
Name: Rui Dorey
Student ID: 77149818
Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 3
Experimental procedure 4
Calculations and results 4
Discussion 11
Conclusion 11
References 11
Appendix I 11
Appendix II 11
Appendix III 11
Abstract
On the shear box experiment for geotechnical module, the goal was to determine the displacement of sample of sand and also to calculated the angle of shear resistance . According to The direct shear box test BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5 the group B has performed the experiment. In addition, the shear box test was performed on typical standard test conditions. However, the hanger on this test has suffered from four different vertical loads which were: 15, 25, 35 and 45 kg of mass. As result, on this experiment the shear stress of the four tests has increased simultaneously as the load of the test has increased, so the higher the load means the higher the shear stress and the effective normal stress. On the other hand by using the best line in order to determine the apparent cohesion on this test it was possible to see that the result of cohesion was 0 and the angle derived was: =48.76.
Introduction
On the direct shear box test BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5, the aim is to calculate and determine the volumetric displacement of a sand and the shear resistance angle. Moreover on this experiment , the shear strength of the soil in this case the sand can be defined by being the maximum shear stress that is applied at any direction. However, when the soil tested reaches the point failure means that the soil reached the maximum yield stress. Moreover, the soil shear strength is given by the frictional resistance (F) which is derived from “inter-particle forces, (N)” and in this case the pore water has no shear strength. Besides, the formula that is used to calculated the shear strength in shear box test which involves the total normal stress, apparent cohesion (C) and shear resistance angle(φ) is: tf = σntanφ BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5. The sample used in the direct shear box is resulted by shear during the plane and it is divided by upward and downward pieces when it is applied a horizontal load on the upper piece when the downward piece is positioned. The proving ring usually helps to apply the load and consequently the shear created by the sample normally is readable straight away and also the shear stress (t) is a result of a division of a shear by the plan area of the box, BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5.
In order to get accurate results, this test has to be repeated many times with different normal loads by using the sample with different specimens. After plotting ...
This document provides a geotechnical analysis and recommendations for a five-story school building. It includes:
- A description of the site conditions and soil profile based on borehole testing.
- Calculations of footing sizes, stress distributions, and settlements for shallow foundations to support the building loads.
- A recommendation to construct the building 10.5 meters from the top of a slope to achieve a safety factor of 1.5 against slope failure.
"A Review of the Settlement of Stone Columns in Compressible Soils"Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes a review of stone column settlement performance in compressible soils. It presents a new database of settlement improvement factors (n) calculated from over 20 case studies of stone column-improved ground. The database shows that n, a measure of settlement reduction, is generally predicted well by Priebe's improvement factor method. Additionally, n reflects the construction method, with dry bottom feed columns consistently outperforming other methods. The discussion considers how the stone column friction angle and construction technique affect settlement.
Post Earthquack Slope Stability Analysis of Rubble Mound BreakwaterIJERA Editor
Rubble mound breakwaters are structures built mainly of quarried rock. Generally armourstone or artificial concrete armour units are used for the outer armour layer,which should protect the structure againist wave attack. Armour stones and concrete armoure unites in this outer layer are usually placed with care to obtain effective interlocking and consequently better stability
Design of Pile Foundation for site in Sangli district of Maharashtra: Case studyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of designing a pile foundation for an OPD building in Sangli District, Maharashtra, India.
The soil at the site was found to be clayey based on tests. Piles were chosen as the foundation type due to the very low bearing capacity of the soil. Piles of varying diameters from 450mm to 600mm and 10m length were designed. Reinforcement details are provided in a table. The paper concludes that the pile foundation design is safe as the load on each pile is less than the working load.
IRJET-Design of Pile Foundation for site in Sangli district of Maharashtra: C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of designing a pile foundation for an OPD building in Sangli District, Maharashtra, India.
The soil at the site was found to be clayey based on tests. Piles were chosen as the foundation type due to the very low bearing capacity of the soil. Piles ranging from 600mm to 450mm in diameter and 10m in length were designed. Reinforcement details are provided in a table. The paper concludes that the pile foundation design is suitable as the load on each pile is less than the working load.
This document provides a summary of the review and analysis conducted for the Blakely Mountain Dam located in Arkansas. Key points include:
1) The dam is 1200 feet long and 230 feet high and was constructed between 1950-1952 for flood control and hydropower.
2) Analyses included seepage flow using flow nets and PLAXIS, slope stability using circular arc and PLAXIS methods, and settlement analysis using 1D and parabolic equations.
3) The dam was found to be stable under steady state seepage, rapid drawdown, and after construction conditions based on factor of safety calculations.
4) A test fill was conducted to determine suitable compaction methods
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
- The design of pillars is a critical aspect of underground pillar mining to ensure strata control and prevent sudden, catastrophic pillar collapses.
- Statutory guidelines exist for pillar dimensions but have limitations as they are based only on past experience and do not consider dynamic loading or scientific analysis.
- The author suggests a modified formula for calculating pillar load that includes a dynamic load factor to account for loads during pillar extraction, which are different depending on the extraction method.
This document discusses the design of pillars in underground coal mining. It notes that pillar failure can be either gradual or sudden, with sudden failures causing disasters. Statutory guidelines for pillar dimensions are provided but have limitations as mine depths increase. The author proposes modifications to the standard formula for calculating rock load on pillars to account for dynamic loads during pillar extraction, with a dynamic load factor. Two common formulas for estimating pillar strength are examined, with the author noting limitations and suggesting greater consideration of pillar width in the calculations. Overall, the author aims to provide a more scientifically-based approach to pillar design for stability during formation and extraction.
This document discusses the design of pillars in underground coal mining. It notes that pillar failure can be either gradual or sudden, with sudden failures causing disasters. Statutory guidelines for pillar dimensions are provided but have limitations as mine depths increase. The author proposes modifications to the standard formula for calculating rock load on pillars to account for dynamic loads during pillar extraction, with a dynamic load factor. Two common formulas for estimating pillar strength are examined, with the author noting limitations and making suggestions to better account for depth and pillar width factors. Overall, the author aims to provide a more scientifically-based approach to pillar design for stability during formation and extraction.
This document discusses modeling the dynamic break in underground ring blasting operations. It presents a 3D visualization method using a Kleine field to model the potential break zone around blastholes, which can be used with cavity monitoring surveys to assess dilution and recovery. It examines circular and elliptical break geometries. The document also discusses challenges with underground blasting patterns and powder factors due to complex geometries and the confined nature of drilling. It presents methods for estimating break dimensions and powder factors using different geometric shapes to model the break zone.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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1) The document analyzes the seismic performance of a circular elevated water tank supported by a framed staging system. Various methods are used to calculate the lateral stiffness (Ks) of the staging, including software analysis and two theoretical formulas.
2) Five iterations of the analysis are performed by varying the tank dimensions. Results for base shear and base moment are compared across the different calculation methods.
3) Graphs show that the rapid assessment method for calculating Ks results in more economical design values for base shear and moment, as it consistently provides lower estimates than the other methods. Therefore, using the rapid assessment method to analyze the tank results in a safer and more cost-effective design.
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This report investigates the subsurface conditions and dewatering requirements for installing roughly 1200 meters of sanitary forcemain along the Jock River in Richmond, Ontario. One of the main challenges is the high groundwater table, which requires significant dewatering down to depths of 4.5 meters below ground level. Two dewatering methods are analyzed: sump pumping and a wellpoint system. The report also examines soil excavation support needs due to trench heights and proposes using stacked trench boxes to safely support the soils.
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effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
Effect of Pile Length on the Settlement and Straining Actions for the pile Ra...IRJET Journal
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1) The bending moment in the raft decreased by 29% under static and dynamic loads
2) The shear force in the raft decreased by 0.5% under static and dynamic loads
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Geotechnical Engineering A (BSc)Coursework No 2 - Shear bo.docxhanneloremccaffery
Geotechnical Engineering A (BSc)
Coursework No 2 - Shear box test
Level 5
Group: B
Submitted to: Dr. Martin Pritchard
Submission Deadline: 7th of April 2016
Name: Rui Dorey
Student ID: 77149818
Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 3
Experimental procedure 4
Calculations and results 4
Discussion 11
Conclusion 11
References 11
Appendix I 11
Appendix II 11
Appendix III 11
Abstract
On the shear box experiment for geotechnical module, the goal was to determine the displacement of sample of sand and also to calculated the angle of shear resistance . According to The direct shear box test BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5 the group B has performed the experiment. In addition, the shear box test was performed on typical standard test conditions. However, the hanger on this test has suffered from four different vertical loads which were: 15, 25, 35 and 45 kg of mass. As result, on this experiment the shear stress of the four tests has increased simultaneously as the load of the test has increased, so the higher the load means the higher the shear stress and the effective normal stress. On the other hand by using the best line in order to determine the apparent cohesion on this test it was possible to see that the result of cohesion was 0 and the angle derived was: =48.76.
Introduction
On the direct shear box test BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5, the aim is to calculate and determine the volumetric displacement of a sand and the shear resistance angle. Moreover on this experiment , the shear strength of the soil in this case the sand can be defined by being the maximum shear stress that is applied at any direction. However, when the soil tested reaches the point failure means that the soil reached the maximum yield stress. Moreover, the soil shear strength is given by the frictional resistance (F) which is derived from “inter-particle forces, (N)” and in this case the pore water has no shear strength. Besides, the formula that is used to calculated the shear strength in shear box test which involves the total normal stress, apparent cohesion (C) and shear resistance angle(φ) is: tf = σntanφ BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5. The sample used in the direct shear box is resulted by shear during the plane and it is divided by upward and downward pieces when it is applied a horizontal load on the upper piece when the downward piece is positioned. The proving ring usually helps to apply the load and consequently the shear created by the sample normally is readable straight away and also the shear stress (t) is a result of a division of a shear by the plan area of the box, BS 1377; Part 7 1990: 4 and 5.
In order to get accurate results, this test has to be repeated many times with different normal loads by using the sample with different specimens. After plotting ...
This document provides a geotechnical analysis and recommendations for a five-story school building. It includes:
- A description of the site conditions and soil profile based on borehole testing.
- Calculations of footing sizes, stress distributions, and settlements for shallow foundations to support the building loads.
- A recommendation to construct the building 10.5 meters from the top of a slope to achieve a safety factor of 1.5 against slope failure.
"A Review of the Settlement of Stone Columns in Compressible Soils"Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes a review of stone column settlement performance in compressible soils. It presents a new database of settlement improvement factors (n) calculated from over 20 case studies of stone column-improved ground. The database shows that n, a measure of settlement reduction, is generally predicted well by Priebe's improvement factor method. Additionally, n reflects the construction method, with dry bottom feed columns consistently outperforming other methods. The discussion considers how the stone column friction angle and construction technique affect settlement.
Post Earthquack Slope Stability Analysis of Rubble Mound BreakwaterIJERA Editor
Rubble mound breakwaters are structures built mainly of quarried rock. Generally armourstone or artificial concrete armour units are used for the outer armour layer,which should protect the structure againist wave attack. Armour stones and concrete armoure unites in this outer layer are usually placed with care to obtain effective interlocking and consequently better stability
Design of Pile Foundation for site in Sangli district of Maharashtra: Case studyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of designing a pile foundation for an OPD building in Sangli District, Maharashtra, India.
The soil at the site was found to be clayey based on tests. Piles were chosen as the foundation type due to the very low bearing capacity of the soil. Piles of varying diameters from 450mm to 600mm and 10m length were designed. Reinforcement details are provided in a table. The paper concludes that the pile foundation design is safe as the load on each pile is less than the working load.
IRJET-Design of Pile Foundation for site in Sangli district of Maharashtra: C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of designing a pile foundation for an OPD building in Sangli District, Maharashtra, India.
The soil at the site was found to be clayey based on tests. Piles were chosen as the foundation type due to the very low bearing capacity of the soil. Piles ranging from 600mm to 450mm in diameter and 10m in length were designed. Reinforcement details are provided in a table. The paper concludes that the pile foundation design is suitable as the load on each pile is less than the working load.
This document provides a summary of the review and analysis conducted for the Blakely Mountain Dam located in Arkansas. Key points include:
1) The dam is 1200 feet long and 230 feet high and was constructed between 1950-1952 for flood control and hydropower.
2) Analyses included seepage flow using flow nets and PLAXIS, slope stability using circular arc and PLAXIS methods, and settlement analysis using 1D and parabolic equations.
3) The dam was found to be stable under steady state seepage, rapid drawdown, and after construction conditions based on factor of safety calculations.
4) A test fill was conducted to determine suitable compaction methods
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
- The design of pillars is a critical aspect of underground pillar mining to ensure strata control and prevent sudden, catastrophic pillar collapses.
- Statutory guidelines exist for pillar dimensions but have limitations as they are based only on past experience and do not consider dynamic loading or scientific analysis.
- The author suggests a modified formula for calculating pillar load that includes a dynamic load factor to account for loads during pillar extraction, which are different depending on the extraction method.
This document discusses the design of pillars in underground coal mining. It notes that pillar failure can be either gradual or sudden, with sudden failures causing disasters. Statutory guidelines for pillar dimensions are provided but have limitations as mine depths increase. The author proposes modifications to the standard formula for calculating rock load on pillars to account for dynamic loads during pillar extraction, with a dynamic load factor. Two common formulas for estimating pillar strength are examined, with the author noting limitations and suggesting greater consideration of pillar width in the calculations. Overall, the author aims to provide a more scientifically-based approach to pillar design for stability during formation and extraction.
This document discusses the design of pillars in underground coal mining. It notes that pillar failure can be either gradual or sudden, with sudden failures causing disasters. Statutory guidelines for pillar dimensions are provided but have limitations as mine depths increase. The author proposes modifications to the standard formula for calculating rock load on pillars to account for dynamic loads during pillar extraction, with a dynamic load factor. Two common formulas for estimating pillar strength are examined, with the author noting limitations and making suggestions to better account for depth and pillar width factors. Overall, the author aims to provide a more scientifically-based approach to pillar design for stability during formation and extraction.
This document discusses modeling the dynamic break in underground ring blasting operations. It presents a 3D visualization method using a Kleine field to model the potential break zone around blastholes, which can be used with cavity monitoring surveys to assess dilution and recovery. It examines circular and elliptical break geometries. The document also discusses challenges with underground blasting patterns and powder factors due to complex geometries and the confined nature of drilling. It presents methods for estimating break dimensions and powder factors using different geometric shapes to model the break zone.
Similar to Evaluation of Safe Bearing Capacity by Using Statical Analysis (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26565 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 957
III. Locations of Bore Hole Data for Soil Report
To estimate the allowable bearing capacity of the soil,
various bearing capacity equations and methods will be
used. To calculate the allowable bearing capacity values, the
required soil parameters are taken from soil reportsinChan
Aye Thar San Township. There are thirteen locations in this
Township for soil reports. It can be seen that there arethirty
boreholes for thirteen locations.
The site locations of number (4) and number (12) have 3
bore holes for each. There are four bore holes in the site
location of 80 street between 30& 31 streets, location 9. The
remaining site locations havetwoboreholes. The watertable
was not found in six boreholes. The values of soilparameters
are described in Table 1 for each location.
Table1. Soil Report of Thirty Bore Holes
2 0.5 110.75 85.3 875 4°
1 0.5 117.3 91.5 500 3°
3 1 102.5 78.7 580 2°
2 2 102.5 78.7 580 2°
1 3 118.1 95.3 970 4°
2 3 118.8 96.3 980 4°
3 3 118 95.2 965 4°
4 3 118.1 95.1 960 4°
2 8 102.5 76.8 331 2°
2°52′30′′
3 - 113.6 90.5 762.5 3°
1 - 118.8 99.3 955 6°
2 - 118.8 99 950 6°
712.5
13
2° 30′
c
ib/ft²
3°7′30′′
12
1 - 114 91.1 765
2 - 113.4 90.4
2° 30′
2 - 104.3 81.2 665 2° 30′
11
1 3 104.2 81 660
2° 30′
9
10
1 3 102.6 76.9 550 2° 15′
8
1 2 104.3 81.2 660
2° 30′
2 2 104.2 81 660 2° 30′
7
1 2 104.3 81.2 665
2° 30′
2 2 104.3 81.2 665 2° 30′
6
1 2 104.2 81 660
2° 30′
2 1 104.2 81 660 2° 30′
5
1 1 104.3 81.2 665
2° 30′
2 1 104.2 81 655 2° 30′
104.5 81.3 660 2° 30′
4
1 1 104.3 81.2 660
2° 45′
3
1 1 104.6 81.5 745 2° 30′
2 1
2
2 0.5 116.5 90.6 490
1
1 0.5 106.6 81.3 550
Locat
ion
Bore
Hole
Water Table
Depth (ft)
Unit Weight of Soil
(lb/cu-ft)
Shear
Characteristics
Wet Dry
ᵩ
IV. CalculationofAllowableBearingCapacityValues
To calculate the allowable bearing capacity values, the
necessary data are taken from soil reports in Table 1. In this
paper, thirteen soil reports (thirty boreholes) in Chan Aye
Thar San Township are used for evaluation. The types of
footing are square footings at depth 6 ft below ground level
for all boreholes. The size of the footing is 4 ft x 4 ft. If the
foundation is located belowthegroundwatertable,theeffect
of the ground water table is considered in the calculation of
bearing capacity. Water table occurs mostly at shallow
depth. But, water table occurs at depth 8 ft below ground
level in borehole number 2 of location 10. By using the
bearing capacity equations of Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen,
and Vesic are obtained the ultimate bearing capacity values.
To get the allowable bearing capacity values, the factor of
safety, 3 is used. The allowable bearing capacity values
obtained from bearing capacity equations proposed by
Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic are described in Table 2.
Table2. Allowable Bearing Capacity Values with Four
Formulae
Terzaghi Meyerhof Hansen Vesic
qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf)
1 1.689 1.878 1.956 1.96
2 2.824 3.158 3.302 3.309
1 1.599 1.787 1.856 1.862
2 1.548 1.727 1.795 1.799
1 2.246 2.492 2.604 2.609
2 2.007 2.228 2.325 2.33
1 2.006 2.227 2.324 2.328
2 1.991 2.211 2.308 2.312
3 1.73 1.917 1.998 2.001
1 2.02 2.242 2.34 2.345
2 2.005 2.226 2.324 2.328
1 2.016 2.239 2.335 2.339
2 2.03 2.255 2.352 2.356
Location
Bore
hole
2
4
1
3
5
6
1 2.03 2.255 2.352 2.356
2 2.016 2.239 2.335 2.339
1 2.016 2.24 2.336 2.34
2 1.74 1.929 2.008 2.011
1 3.165 3.543 3.7 3.707
2 3.196 3.578 3.736 3.743
3 3.148 3.524 3.68 3.687
4 3.133 3.508 3.663 3.67
1 1.686 1.874 1.949 1.952
2 1.092 1.225 1.253 1.257
1 2.026 2.252 2.347 2.351
2 2.072 2.308 2.398 2.404
1 2.462 2.75 2.86 2.868
2 2.276 2.541 2.638 2.646
3 2.435 2.719 2.826 2.834
1 3.569 4.061 4.227 4.246
2 3.551 4.041 4.206 4.224
11
12
13
7
8
9
10
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26565 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 958
From the above table, it can be found that the allowable
bearing capacity values by using Terzaghi’s equationareless
than that of Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic equations. The
allowable bearing capacity values of Vesic’s equation are the
largest values in four equations. Shape factors, depth factors
and inclination factors are notincluded in Terzaghi’s bearing
capacity equation. In the bearing capacity equations of
Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic, shape factorsand depth factors
are considered. Therefore, the allowable bearing capacity
values by using the equations of Meyerhof, HansenandVesic
are large values. The greater the factors included in
equations, the larger the bearing capacity values.
V. Evaluation of Safe Bearing Capacity by Using
Statistical Analysis
The allowable bearing capacity values are obtained by
calculation of Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic
equations. The allowable bearing capacity values are
diffusely between one and five. Therefore, the availabledata
were analyzed into three portions arranged in descending
order. These three portions are bearing capacity values less
than 2 ksf, bearing capacity values between 2 ksf and 3 ksf,
and bearing capacity values greater than 3 ksf. And then,
variation and confidence interval will be calculated by
statistical analysis. The confidence level is taken as 98%.
Each portion calculated by statistical analysisis described as
a table. So, it can be easily seen the confidence interval of
resultant data by using table form.
A. Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity Values less
than 2 ksf
In one hundred and twenty boreholes, the allowablebearing
capacity values less than 2 ksf are twenty-six boreholes by
using four equations. These are eightboreholesinTerzaghi’s
equation, seven boreholes in Meyerhof’s equation, six
boreholes in Hansen’s equation and five boreholes in Vesic’s
equation. To get the safe bearing capacity of the soil, a 98%
confidence interval is used by a statistical approach. The
calculation procedure for safe bearing capacity values less
than 2 ksf is described in Table 3.
Table3. Calculation Procedure for Safe Bearing Capacity
Values less than 2 ksf
Df Terzaghi Meyerhof Hansen Vesic
(ft) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf)
10 6 2 1.092 1.225 1.253 1.257
2 6 2 1.548 1.727 1.795 1.799
2 6 1 1.599 1.787 1.856 1.862
10 6 1 1.686 1.874 1.949 1.952
1 6 1 1.689 1.878 1.956 1.96
4 6 3 1.73 1.917 1.998
8 6 2 1.74 1.929
4 6 2 1.991
Minimum
Value
Q0 min 1.092 1.225 1.253 1.257
First Quatile Q1 25% 1.574 1.742 1.735 1.664
Second
Quatile
Q2 50% 1.688 1.874 1.903 1.862
Third
Quatile
Q3 75% 1.735 1.907 1.96 1.954
Location
Bore
hole
Maximum
Value
Q4 max 1.991 1.929 1.998 1.96
Percentile 80% 1.763 1.916 1.969 1.956
Range (max-
min)
0.899 0.704 0.745 0.703
Inter Quatile
Range (Q3-
Q1)
0.162 0.165 0.226 0.291
Average
Value
1.634 1.762 1.801 1.766
Varience s
2
0.061 0.057 0.071 0.077
Standard
Deviation
s 0.247 0.239 0.266 0.277
Coefficient
of Variation
V(%) 15.112 13.533 14.794 15.675
Maximum
error of
Estimate
E 98% 0.262 0.283 0.366 0.464
min 1.373 1.479 1.435 1.302
max 1.896 2.046 2.167 2.23
Confidence
interval
x
v
Based on the calculation of allowablebearing capacity values
by four equation, a 98% confidence interval is obtained by
statistical analysis. To get 98% of safety, maximum error
values of 0.262 ksf at Terzaghi, 0.283 ksf at Meyerhof, 0.366
ksf at Hansen and 0.464 ksf at Vesic are allowed. Confidence
interval are from 1.373 to 1.896 ksf of allowable bearing
capacity values at Terzaghi’s equation, 1.479 to 2.046 ksf at
Meyerhof equation, 1.435 to 2.167 ksf at Hansen equation
and 1.302 to 2.23 ksf at Vesic equation. From the above
calculation results, the safe bearing capacity values should
be used from 1.3 to 2 ksf.
B. Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity Values
between 2 ksf and 3 ksf
In one-hundred and twenty boreholes, the allowablebearing
capacity values between 2 ksf and 3 ksf are sixty-seven
boreholes by using four equations. These are sixteen
boreholes in Terzaghi’s equation and Meyerhof’s equation,
seventeen boreholes in Hansen’s equation and eighteen
boreholes in Vesic’s equation. To get the safe bearing
capacity of the soil, 98% confidence interval is used by
statistical analysis. The calculation procedure for safe
bearing capacity values between 2 ksf and 3 ksf is described
in Table 4.
Table4. Calculation Procedure for Safe Bearing Capacity
Values between 2 ksf and 3 ksf
Df Terzaghi Meyerhof Hansen Vesic
(ft) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf)
4 6 3 2.001
8 6 2 2.008 2.011
4 6 2 2.211 2.308 2.312
5 6 2 2.005 2.226 2.324 2.328
4 6 1 2.006 2.227 2.324 2.328
3 6 2 2.007 2.228 2.325 2.33
6 6 1 2.016 2.239 2.335 2.339
7 6 2 2.016 2.239 2.335 2.339
8 6 1 2.016 2.24 2.336 2.34
Location
Bore
hole
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8 6 1 2.016 2.24 2.336 2.34
5 6 1 2.02 2.242 2.34 2.345
11 6 1 2.026 2.252 2.347 2.351
6 6 2 2.03 2.255 2.352 2.356
7 6 1 2.03 2.255 2.352 2.356
11 6 2 2.072 2.308 2.398 2.404
3 6 1 2.246 2.492 2.604 2.609
12 6 2 2.276 2.541 2.638 2.646
12 6 3 2.435 2.719 2.826 2.834
12 6 1 2.462 2.75 2.86 2.868
1 6 2 2.824
Minimum
Value
Q0 min 2.005 2.211 2.008 2.001
First
Quatile
Q1 25% 2.016 2.234 2.325 2.328
Second
Quatile
Q2 50% 2.028 2.247 2.34 2.343
Third
Quatile
Q3 75% 2.261 2.4 2.45 2.424
Maximum
Value
Q4 max 2.824 2.75 2.86 2.868
Percentile 80% 2.324 2.507 2.59 2.572
Range (max
- min)
0.819 0.539 0.852 0.867
Inter
Quatile
Range (Q3-
Q1)
0.245 0.167 0.125 0.095
Average
Value
2.155 2.339 2.412 2.394
Varience s
2
0.054 0.032 0.042 0.049
Standard
Deviation
s 0.233 0.178 0.205 0.222
Coefficient
of Variation
V(%) 10.809 7.631 8.489 9.288
Maximum
error of
Estimate
E 98% 0.152 0.116 0.128 0.135
min 2.004 2.223 2.284 2.26
max 2.307 2.455 2.541 2.529
Confidence
interval
x
v
Based on the calculation ofallowablebearing capacity values
by four equation, a 98% confidence interval is obtained by
statistical analysis. To get 98% of safety, maximum error
values of 0.152 ksf at Terzaghi, 0.116 ksf at Meyerhof, 0.128
ksf at Hansen and 0.135 ksf at Vesic are allowed. The
confidence interval is from 2.004 to 2.307 ksf of allowable
bearing capacity values at Terzaghi’s equation, 2.223 to
2.455 ksf at Meyerhof’s equation, 2.284 to 2.541 ksf at
Hansen’s equation and 2.26 to 2.529 ksf at Vesic’s equation.
From the above calculation results, the safe bearing capacity
values should be used from 2 to 2.5 ksf.
C. Determination of Safe Bearing Capacity Values
greater than 3 ksf
In one-hundred and twenty boreholes,theallowablebearing
capacity values greater than 3 ksf are twenty-seven
boreholes by using fourequations. These aresixboreholesin
Terzaghi’s equation,sevenboreholesin Meyerhof’sequation,
Hansen’s equation and Vesic’s equation. To get the safe
bearing capacity of the soil, 98% confidence interval is used
by statistical analysis. The calculation procedure for safe
bearing capacity values greater than 3 ksf is described in
Table 5.
Table 5. Calculation Procedure for Safe Bearing Capacity
Values greater than 3 ksf
Df Terzaghi Meyerhof Hansen Vesic
(ft) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf) qall (ksf)
1 6 2 3.158 3.302 3.309
9 6 4 3.133 3.508 3.663 3.67
9 6 3 3.148 3.524 3.68 3.687
9 6 1 3.165 3.543 3.7 3.707
9 6 2 3.196 3.578 3.736 3.743
13 6 2 3.551 4.041 4.206 4.224
13 6 1 3.569 4.061 4.227 4.246
Minimum
Value
Q0 min 3.133 3.158 3.302 3.309
First
Quatile
Q1 25% 3.148 3.512 3.667 3.674
Second
Quatile
Q2 50% 3.181 3.543 3.7 3.707
Third
Quatile
Q3 75% 3.509 3.925 4.089 4.104
Maximum
Value
Q4 max 3.569 4.061 4.227 4.246
Percentile 80 % 3.556 3.999 4.163 4.18
Location
Bore
hole
Range (max-
min)
0.436 0.903 0.925 0.937
Inter
Quatile
Range (Q3-
Q1)
0.361 0.413 0.421 0.43
Average
Value
3.294 3.63 3.788 3.798
Varience s
2
0.039 0.095 0.099 0.102
Standard
Deviation
s 0.198 0.308 0.315 0.32
Coefficient
of
Variation
V(%) 6.024 8.484 8.312 8.417
Maximum
error of
Estimate
E 98% 0.273 0.366 0.374 0.38
min 3.021 3.265 3.414 3.418
max 3.566 3.996 4.162 4.178
Confidence
interval
x
v
Based on the calculation of allowablebearing capacity values
by four equation, a 98% confidence interval is obtained by
statistical analysis. For 98% of safety, allowable maximum
values are 0.273 ksf at Terzaghi,0.366 ksf atMeyerhof,0.374
ksf at Hansen and 0.380 ksf at Vesic. Confidence interval
from 3.021 to 3.566 ksf of allowable bearing capacity values
at Terzaghi’s equation, 3.265 to 3.996 ksf at Meyerhof
equation, 3.414 to 4.162 ksf at Hansen equation and3.418 to
4.178 ksf at Vesic equation. From the above calculation
results, the safe bearing capacity values shouldbeused from
3 to 4 ksf.
VI. Summary of Safe Bearing Capacity Values for
Different Locations
By using statistical analysis, maximum error and 98%
confidence interval of safe bearing capacity are obtained.
The bearing capacity values less than 2 ksf have confidence
interval ranging from 1.3 to 2 ksf. The values between 2 ksf
and 3 ksf are ranging confidence interval 2 to 2.5 ksf. The
bearing capacity values larger than 3ksfarebetween3 and4
ksf of the confidence interval. The bearing capacity values
between this confidence interval are considered to be safe.
Therefore, the summary of safe bearing capacity values
according to locations in Chan Aye Thar San Township is
described in Table 6.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26565 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 960
Table6. Summary of the Safe Bearing Capacity Values for Different Locations
Location
Usable Bearing Capacity
Bearing Capacity
Values <2 ksf
2ksf< Bearing Capacity
Values <3 ksf
Bearing Capacity
Values >3 ksf
Seiktara Mahi Quarter 1.3-2 2-2.5 3-4
Pyi Kyi Myat Hman Quarter
1.3-2 2-2.5
Pyi Kyi MyatShin Quater
Hay Mar Za La Quarter
1.3-2
Pat Kone Pyaw Pwel Quarter
Pat Kone Win Kyin Quarter
2-2.5Yan Myo Lone Quarter
Kan Kout Quarter
Maw Ya Zi War Quarter
3-4
Aung Nan Yate Thar Quarter
VII. Conclusions
The loads from superstructure are transmitted to the
foundation materials. To distribute the load to the
foundation material, the bearing capacity of the foundation
material is required to know. In this study, four researchers,
namely, Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen and Vesic are used to
calculate the bearing capacity. The resulted values are
evaluated by statistical analysis to know the confidence
interval. The required parameters for bearing capacity
calculation are taken from thirteen soil reports (thirty
boreholes) in Chan Aye Thar San Township. Three portions
are considered such as bearing capacity values less than 2
ksf, between 2 ksf and 3 ksf, and greater than 3 ksf. After
analyzing these data, the resulted values are calculated to
obtain their variation and confidence interval by using
statistical analysis. It is required to have a 98% confidence
interval. To get 98% of safety, maximum errors are
calculated by statistical analysis. And then, the confidence
interval is obtained. All bearing capacity values are
influenced according to the number of parameters. In
conclusion, the greater the number of factors considered in
the Equation, the larger the accuracy of bearing capacity
values.
References
[1] [ 84 Das ] Braja M. Das: “Principles of Foundation
Engineering”. Seventh edition, (1984).
[2] [ 85 Das ] Braja M. Das: “Principles of Geotechnical
Engineering”. Seventh edition, (1985).
[3] [ 96 Bow ] Joseph E.Bowles:“FoundationAnalysisand
Design”. Fifth edition,TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc,
(1996).
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