Cigarette and cannabis smoking and drinking local gin are closely associated with people of different age groups. This study focused on the haematological evaluation of the effect of local gin consumption alongside cigarette and cannabis smoking on haematological parameters in residents of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government of Rivers State. One hundred and eighty subjects were recruited for this study and the age bracket was between 22 – 65 years. Thirty of the subjects served as the control, thirty other subjects were drinkers of local gin alone, thirty other subjects were smokers of the mainly donchester brand of cigarette and cannabis popularly called “igboo” and the remaining ninety subjects were drinkers of local gin who also smokes cigarette and cannabis. The subjects 4ml of blood was withdrawn into EDTA specimen container for full blood count assay after obtaining consent from the subjects. BC-2800 Auto Haematology Analyzer was used for the assay for FBC while Westergren method was used for erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). Statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 was used for analysis for mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and correlation. The results showed that mean cell volume (MCV), Packed cell volume (PCV), White blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and neutrophil were significantly higher in local gin drinkers who also smoke cigarette P<0.05 compared with control. Conversely, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet, heaemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, monocytes, lymphocytes were not significant when compared with the control. The results showed that neutrophil increased significantly with P-value of 0.16 and F=1.89, Mean cell volume increased significantly with P-value 0.23, Red blood cell increased significantly with P-value 0.34, White blood cell increased significantly with P-value 0.20 and PCV increased significantly with a P-value of 0.55. The correlation of the parameters that showed increased significance among the subjects showed MCV =0.54 among local gin drinkers who smoke and local gin drinkers alone, but the RBC = -0.67 among cigarette smokers who drink local gin and only smokers alone, correlation among local gin consumers only and cigarette smokers alone showed MCV=0.131, WBC= 1.45 and PCV = 0.45. Therefore, this study suggests that a significant increase in neutrophil, RBC, MCV, WBC and PCV may be due to frequent consumption of local gin and frequent smoking of cannabis and cigarette. Drinkers of local gin and smokers of cigarette and cannabis in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area should be informed of the implications of this social habit in their haematological parameters.
Seven Days Opioid Deaths Rise in Vermont Article:
https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2019/02/14/opioid-deaths-rise-in-vermont-but-plummet-in-chittenden-county
Es un articulo acerca de las lesiones que pueden producir el cigarrillo electrónico en cavidad oral, que consideraciones debemos tener en cuenta y como tratarlo
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Seven Days Opioid Deaths Rise in Vermont Article:
https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2019/02/14/opioid-deaths-rise-in-vermont-but-plummet-in-chittenden-county
Es un articulo acerca de las lesiones que pueden producir el cigarrillo electrónico en cavidad oral, que consideraciones debemos tener en cuenta y como tratarlo
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
You will write the literature review for your research proposal th.docxrosemarybdodson23141
You will write the literature review for your research proposal this week. The LR is a summary of the results from the 8 primary research articles submitted in weeks 1 & 2. However, the summary is not an annotated bibliography, rather the LR combines the results you found in the various research articles (both qualitative and quantitative types) into a report indicating what is presently known about the topic. The LR synthesizeswhat has already been learned from previous research—it is not a summary of each article separately; you did that in weeks 1 & 2 as an annotated bibliography so now you must identify what results are the same and different from the combined research articles.
The review must include the 4 research articles from week 1 & 2 (2 qualitative and 2 quantitative primary research articles) and additional research articles you identify as relevant to your problem. See attached example. .
Barron et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:24
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/24
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
National and subnational hypertension
prevalence estimates for the Republic of Ireland:
better outcome and risk factor data are needed
to produce better prevalence estimates
Steve Barron1*, Kevin Balanda1, John Hughes2 and Lorraine Fahy1
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is a global public health challenge. National prevalence estimates can conceal
important differences in prevalence in subnational areas. This paper aims to develop a consistent set of national
and subnational estimates of the prevalence of hypertension in a country with limited data for subnational areas.
Methods: A nationally representative cross-sectional Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition (SLÁN) 2007 was
used to identify risk factors and develop a national and a subnational model of the risk of self-reported,
doctor-diagnosed hypertension among adults aged 18+ years in the Republic of Ireland. The subnational
model’s group-specific risk estimates were applied to group-specific population count estimates for subnational
areas to estimate the number of adults with doctor-diagnosed hypertension in subnational areas in 2007. A
sub-sample of older adults aged 45+ years who also had their blood pressure objectively measured using a
sphygmomanometer was used to estimate the national prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension
among adults aged 45+ years.
Results: The prevalence of self-reported, doctor-diagnosed hypertension among adults aged 18+ years was
12.6% (95% CI = 11.7% - 13.4%). After adjustment for other explanatory variables the risk of self-reported,
doctor-diagnosed hypertension was significantly related to age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p < 0.001), smoking
(p = 0.001) and fruit and vegetable consumption (p = 0.003). Among adults aged 45+ years the prevalence of
undiagnosed hypertension (38.7% (95% CI 34.6% - 42.8%)) was higher than self-reported, doctor-diagnosed
hypertension (23.4% (95% CI = 22.0% - 24.7%)). Among adults a.
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
The role of genetic factors in Hypertension among Iraqi citizensAI Publications
In this study, 140 patients were collected, and they were divided into two groups (120 patients and 30 control groups). The average age in this study ranged from 25 to 65 years. This paper aims to know the role of genetic factors in hypertension among Iraqi citizens and. This study was designed through cooperation with the hospital for the purpose of withdrawing the information found in the electronic record to patients, which includes primary information from demographic data (age - gender - body mass index - blood samples - smoking - alcohol - clinical history - genetic history and blood pressure. The data and demographic information related to the patients were analysed by relying on the statistical analysis program IBM soft SPSS 22. The results that were found were a collection of 140 patients (no positive result for 30 patients) (and 120 patients with a positive result), and the statistical value and the mean for the age of the patients was 45.2±15.3 as was done. Proportion of Family History with Hypertension patients and patient distribution (parents for 90 patients with 64.2% - siblings for 28 patients with 20% - offspring for 32 patients with 22.8%. Through the statistical analysis, a statistically significant relationship was found between genetic factors and their effect on arterial hypertension, with a p-value of 0.001.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
More young people in Canada are visiting EDs because of drinking alcoholΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
More people are visiting emergency departments after drinking alcohol, a new study finds. Researchers looked at more than 765,000 ED visits in Ontario, Canada’s largest province, and found a 175% increase in such visits between 2003 and 2016 among 25- to 29-year-olds. That spiked to a 240% increase in alcohol-related ED visits for young women, who were also more likely than men to be under Canada’s legal drinking age of 19. For both young men and women, visiting the ED for alcohol-related problems also led to more hospital admissions than other types of ED visits. Other countries, including the U.S., have experienced similar increases in alcohol-related visits to the ED, the authors behind the new study write, urging more research into the reasons behind the growing trend.
National Diet and Nutrition Survey: UK 2008 - 2012 - Executive Summary New Food Innovation Ltd
"The NDNS provides the only source of high quality nationally representative data on the types and quantities of foods consumed by individuals, from which estimates of nutrient intake for the population are derived.iv Results are used by Government to develop policy and monitor progress on diet and nutrition objectives of UK health departments, for example those set out in the Healthy Lives, Healthy People white paper in England.v The food consumption data are also used by FSA to assess exposure to chemicals in food, as part of the risk assessment and communication process in response to a food emergency or to inform negotiations on setting regulatory limits for contaminants."
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
More Related Content
Similar to Evaluation of Haematological Parameters among Cigarette Smokers who Drink local Gin in Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni Local Government area of Rivers State
You will write the literature review for your research proposal th.docxrosemarybdodson23141
You will write the literature review for your research proposal this week. The LR is a summary of the results from the 8 primary research articles submitted in weeks 1 & 2. However, the summary is not an annotated bibliography, rather the LR combines the results you found in the various research articles (both qualitative and quantitative types) into a report indicating what is presently known about the topic. The LR synthesizeswhat has already been learned from previous research—it is not a summary of each article separately; you did that in weeks 1 & 2 as an annotated bibliography so now you must identify what results are the same and different from the combined research articles.
The review must include the 4 research articles from week 1 & 2 (2 qualitative and 2 quantitative primary research articles) and additional research articles you identify as relevant to your problem. See attached example. .
Barron et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:24
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/24
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
National and subnational hypertension
prevalence estimates for the Republic of Ireland:
better outcome and risk factor data are needed
to produce better prevalence estimates
Steve Barron1*, Kevin Balanda1, John Hughes2 and Lorraine Fahy1
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is a global public health challenge. National prevalence estimates can conceal
important differences in prevalence in subnational areas. This paper aims to develop a consistent set of national
and subnational estimates of the prevalence of hypertension in a country with limited data for subnational areas.
Methods: A nationally representative cross-sectional Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition (SLÁN) 2007 was
used to identify risk factors and develop a national and a subnational model of the risk of self-reported,
doctor-diagnosed hypertension among adults aged 18+ years in the Republic of Ireland. The subnational
model’s group-specific risk estimates were applied to group-specific population count estimates for subnational
areas to estimate the number of adults with doctor-diagnosed hypertension in subnational areas in 2007. A
sub-sample of older adults aged 45+ years who also had their blood pressure objectively measured using a
sphygmomanometer was used to estimate the national prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension
among adults aged 45+ years.
Results: The prevalence of self-reported, doctor-diagnosed hypertension among adults aged 18+ years was
12.6% (95% CI = 11.7% - 13.4%). After adjustment for other explanatory variables the risk of self-reported,
doctor-diagnosed hypertension was significantly related to age (p < 0.001), body mass index (p < 0.001), smoking
(p = 0.001) and fruit and vegetable consumption (p = 0.003). Among adults aged 45+ years the prevalence of
undiagnosed hypertension (38.7% (95% CI 34.6% - 42.8%)) was higher than self-reported, doctor-diagnosed
hypertension (23.4% (95% CI = 22.0% - 24.7%)). Among adults a.
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
The role of genetic factors in Hypertension among Iraqi citizensAI Publications
In this study, 140 patients were collected, and they were divided into two groups (120 patients and 30 control groups). The average age in this study ranged from 25 to 65 years. This paper aims to know the role of genetic factors in hypertension among Iraqi citizens and. This study was designed through cooperation with the hospital for the purpose of withdrawing the information found in the electronic record to patients, which includes primary information from demographic data (age - gender - body mass index - blood samples - smoking - alcohol - clinical history - genetic history and blood pressure. The data and demographic information related to the patients were analysed by relying on the statistical analysis program IBM soft SPSS 22. The results that were found were a collection of 140 patients (no positive result for 30 patients) (and 120 patients with a positive result), and the statistical value and the mean for the age of the patients was 45.2±15.3 as was done. Proportion of Family History with Hypertension patients and patient distribution (parents for 90 patients with 64.2% - siblings for 28 patients with 20% - offspring for 32 patients with 22.8%. Through the statistical analysis, a statistically significant relationship was found between genetic factors and their effect on arterial hypertension, with a p-value of 0.001.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
More young people in Canada are visiting EDs because of drinking alcoholΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
More people are visiting emergency departments after drinking alcohol, a new study finds. Researchers looked at more than 765,000 ED visits in Ontario, Canada’s largest province, and found a 175% increase in such visits between 2003 and 2016 among 25- to 29-year-olds. That spiked to a 240% increase in alcohol-related ED visits for young women, who were also more likely than men to be under Canada’s legal drinking age of 19. For both young men and women, visiting the ED for alcohol-related problems also led to more hospital admissions than other types of ED visits. Other countries, including the U.S., have experienced similar increases in alcohol-related visits to the ED, the authors behind the new study write, urging more research into the reasons behind the growing trend.
National Diet and Nutrition Survey: UK 2008 - 2012 - Executive Summary New Food Innovation Ltd
"The NDNS provides the only source of high quality nationally representative data on the types and quantities of foods consumed by individuals, from which estimates of nutrient intake for the population are derived.iv Results are used by Government to develop policy and monitor progress on diet and nutrition objectives of UK health departments, for example those set out in the Healthy Lives, Healthy People white paper in England.v The food consumption data are also used by FSA to assess exposure to chemicals in food, as part of the risk assessment and communication process in response to a food emergency or to inform negotiations on setting regulatory limits for contaminants."
Similar to Evaluation of Haematological Parameters among Cigarette Smokers who Drink local Gin in Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni Local Government area of Rivers State (20)
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
Looking for the best engineering colleges in Jaipur for 2024?
Check out our list of the top 10 B.Tech colleges to help you make the right choice for your future career!
1) MNIT
2) MANIPAL UNIV
3) LNMIIT
4) NIMS UNIV
5) JECRC
6) VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIV
7) BIT JAIPUR
8) APEX UNIV
9) AMITY UNIV.
10) JNU
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES, FEES AND PLACEMENT, WATCH THE FULL VIDEO GIVEN BELOW ON "TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSNje0MBh7g
VISIT CAREER MANTRA PORTAL TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES/UNIVERSITITES in Jaipur:
https://careermantra.net/colleges/3378/Jaipur/b-tech
Get all the information you need to plan your next steps in your medical career with Career Mantra!
https://careermantra.net/
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Evaluation of Haematological Parameters among Cigarette Smokers who Drink local Gin in Ogba/ Egbema/ Ndoni Local Government area of Rivers State
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-5, May-2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.5.5.10 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 355
Evaluation of Haematological Parameters among
Cigarette Smokers who Drink local Gin in Ogba/
Egbema/ Ndoni Local Government area of Rivers
State
Ilueme C. Precious1, Tombotamunoa W. J. Lawson2 and N. C. Ibeh3
1Rivers State Ministry of Health, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
2 Department of Mathematics/Statistics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, PMB 5047, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Abstract— Cigarette and cannabis smoking and drinking
local gin are closely associated with people of different age
groups. This study focused on the haematological
evaluation of the effect of local gin consumption alongside
cigarette and cannabis smoking on haematological
parameters in residents of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local
Government of Rivers State. One hundred and eighty
subjects were recruited for this study and the age bracket
was between 22 – 65 years. Thirty of the subjects served as
the control, thirty other subjects were drinkers of local gin
alone, thirty other subjects were smokers of the mainly
donchester brand of cigarette and cannabis popularly
called “igboo” and the remaining ninety subjects were
drinkers of local gin who also smokes cigarette and
cannabis. The subjects 4ml of blood was withdrawn into
EDTA specimen container for full blood count assay after
obtaining consent from the subjects. BC-2800 Auto
Haematology Analyzer was used for the assay for FBC
while Westergren method was used for erythrocyte
Sedimentation Rate (ESR).Statistical package forthe Social
Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 was used for analysis for mean,
standard deviation, ANOVA and correlation. The results
showed that mean cell volume (MCV), Packed cell volume
(PCV), White blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and
neutrophil were significantly higher in local gin drinkers
who also smoke cigarette P<0.05 compared with control.
Conversely, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet,
heaemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell
haemoglobin concentration, monocytes, lymphocytes were
not significant when compared with the control. The results
showed that neutrophil increased significantly with P-value
of 0.16 and F=1.89, Mean cell volume increased
significantly with P-value 0.23, Red blood cell increased
significantly with P-value 0.34, White blood cell increased
significantly with P-value 0.20 and PCV increased
significantly with a P-value of 0.55. The correlation of the
parameters that showed increased significance among the
subjects showed MCV =0.54 among local gin drinkers who
smoke and local gin drinkers alone, but the RBC = -0.67
among cigarette smokers who drink local gin and only
smokers alone,correlation among local gin consumers only
and cigarette smokers alone showed MCV=0.131, WBC=
1.45 and PCV = 0.45. Therefore, this study suggests that a
significant increase in neutrophil, RBC, MCV, WBC and
PCV may be due to frequent consumption of local gin and
frequent smoking of cannabis and cigarette. Drinkers of
local gin and smokers of cigarette and cannabis in
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area should be
informed of the implications of this social habit in their
haematological parameters.
Keywords— Haematological, Local gin, Cigarette,
Smokers and drinkers.
I. INTRODUCTION
Local gin and cigarette smoking are seen as a social habit of
so many alcoholics that we see in water side environments
and environments that some form of street hideouts are
known for especially in environment or areas that are prone
to crisis and cult activities. Local gin is called different
names for different people and in a different area, such
names are ogogoro, kai-kai, root and hard man. Cigarette
smokers of different brands are often times associated with
alcohol consumption. In the local areas where this research
was conducted are mainly smokers who are local gin
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-5, May-2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.5.5.10 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 356
drinkers especially in small corners of the street called
“joint.” They can always be seen early hours of the morning
in those areas and most of them are low-income earners to
middle-income earners.
Haematological parameters are of immense importance as
they provide diverse and vital information about a
population under investigation (Ernst et.al; 1990). Several
factors determine the value of any particular haematological
parameters under assessment (Ernst et.al; 1990); the
importance of various population and gender-specific
reference values cannot therefore be over emphasized
(Dirren et.al; 1991).
Most of the studies done in the area of cigarette smoking
and alcohol consumption has always seemed to be
subjective because there are different brands of cigarette as
well as different brands of alcoholic beverages with
different concentration of alcohol and by so all are
generalized as smoking cigarette and drinking alcohol.
Smoking and drinking has shown to raise mean cell volume
but does not affect haemoglobin, Red blood cell count and
leucocytes counts (Carole, 2010). Heavy smoking and
heavy drinking have also increased haemoglobin
concentration of the blood. Alcohol consumption decreases
white blood cell count but cigarette smoking increases the
total peripheral blood leucocyte.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To determine the haematological parameters
among local gin drinkers.
2. To determine haematological parameters among
cigarette smokers.
3. To evaluate the relationship between local gin
consumption and smoking on haematological
parameters.
Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have been
found to be a major depressive disorder in leucocyte count
for men (Surtees, 2003).
The most common brand of cigarette younger generations
smoke is Donchester and cannabis but the older generations
smoke mainly Benson and Hedges. Rivers State
Government banned the sale and consumption of Local gin
in the State due to the death of about 66 persons in Woji
town and Trans-Amadi (DailyPost, 2015). Cigarette packs
are clearly written with an inscription that the federal
Ministry of health warns that smokers are liable to die
young and cannabis smokers see cannabis in a different
light from other brands of cigarettes. That informs the
reason for this research work.
According to 2006 census, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local
Government Area of Rivers State is said to have a
population of about 218,350 persons. Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni
Local Government Area is located within the Orashi region
of Rivers State where oil is the most abundant mineral
resources. It is a local Government that has people of four
different languages such as Egbema speaking, Egi speaking,
Omoku speaking, and Ndoni spoken languages. The area is
known for its oil and gas-rich environment but a lot of the
youths and elderly are of low-income earners and middle-
income earners despite the fact that it is acclaimed that three
major oil multinational companies residing in the area will
make the people of the area rich.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study sites
This study was carried out in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local
Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria with the approval
of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Community Healthcare Ethics
Committee.
3.2 Sample Size.
For calculating sample size, the formula proposed by
Cochran, (1977) was adopted and a total of 180 adult
volunteers between the ages of 22-65 years were recruited.
3.3 Sample Collection
Four milliliters of the venous blood sample was collected
from the median antecubital vein of the subjects left upper
limb in the morning hours between 7 a.m to 8 a.m and it
was in the fasting state for all the subjects. The 4ml of blood
was taken with the aid of syringe and put in
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) bottle. The time
between collection and assay was between 1-2hours. Auto
Haematology Analyzer BC-2800 was used to determine the
complete blood count, and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
(ESR) was performed using the Westergren Method.
3.4 Statistical Method
Statistical analysis was done using software; Statistics
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was used to compare parameters among
groups, descriptive statistics were also used (Mean and
Standard deviation) to compare between groups. An alpha
value of < 0.05 denoted a statistically significant difference.
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-5, May-2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.5.5.10 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 358
Table.4.3: Haematological parameters of ogogoro drinkers who smoke cigarettes and control.
Parameters
Neutrophils (%)
Haemoglobin (g/dl)
PCV (%)
RBC (1028/L)
WBC (109/L)
ESR (mm/hr)
MCV (fl)
MCH (pg)
Platelet count (109/L)
Monocytes (%)
Lymphocytes (%)
MCHC (g/L)
Control
N=30
31.9 ± 15.2
149 ± 2.5
53.8 ± 9.0
6.08 ± 1.4
4.3 ± 1.6
21.1 ± 9.7
85.0 ± 7.9
23.4 ± 2.34
231.7 ± 92.8
13.9 ± 8.7
56.2 ± 13.4
23.4 ± 2.3
Drinkers & Smokers
N=90
36.6 ± 6.98
13.4 ± 3.69
51.1 ± 14.9
5.86 ± 1.71
5.17 ± 2.01
33.3 ± 25.6
89.4 ± 7.86
25.8 ± 2.33
141± 94.9
12.7 ± 4.58
51.4 ± 7.89
29.1 ± 1.52
F (P) Value
1.89
4.9
0.604
1.094
1.65
4.75
1.52
4.85
6.25
3.1
2.4
4.8
P-value
0.16
0.01
0.55
0.34
0.20
0.01
0.23
0.01
0.004
0.05
0.10
0.00
Results are mean ± SD. Key words: Packed cell volume (PCV), Mean cell volume (MCV), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR), Mean cell Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell
(WBC).
Table.4.4: Correlation of Neutrophil, Packed cell volume, Red blood cell, White blood cell, and Mean cell volume.
Parameters
r
Significance
Neutrophil
-2.6
0.16
PCV
-0.49
0.55
RBC
-1.68
0.342
WBC
-0.543
0.202
MCV
0.54
0.229
Table.4.5: Correlation of Neutrophil,packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell,and mean cell volume among cigarette
smokers who drink ogogoro and only cigarette smokers alone.
Parameters
r
significance
Neutrophil
0.6
0.16
MCV
1.53
0.55
RBC
-0.67
0.342
PCV
21.86
0.202
WBC
4.43
0.229
Table.4.6: Correlation of Neutrophil, packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell, and mean cell volume.
Parameters
r
Significance
Neutrophil
-4.67
0.16
MCV
0.131
0.55
RBC
-1.031
0.342
WBC
1.45
0.229
PCV
0.43
0.202
V. DISCUSSION
Several studies have shown that alcohol consumption and
cigarette smoking has an impact on the blood cells (Jaana
et.al., 2004 ; Paolo et.al., 1996) and also has effect also
haematological parameters (Erhabor et.al., 2013). Cancer,
cirrhosis of the liver, visual problems and many form of
mental health is not just enough to show that alcohol and
cigarette have effect on brain, liver, eye, heart, and blood
vessels (Ross et.al., 2016). Therefore, in this study we
decided to show the effect local gin that is locally brewed in
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area and other
parts of West Africa especially Rivers State generally and
cannabis smoking that you see young people wrap. To some
extent, the results obtained from this research is not
subjective like other research conducted on alcohol
consumption by undermining brands and alcohol
concentration of the different brands that are not brewed
even in West Africa.
Chronic alcohol consumption has been suggested as one of
the factors that may lead to hypocellularity (decreased
production of the erythrocytes, leucocytes and
thrombocytes). These lead to anaemia, leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia and their relative sequelae (Latvala et.al.,
2014 and Vatn et.al., 2001).
5. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-5, May-2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.5.5.10 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 359
In this study, among the three main red blood cell indices
that help in measuring the average size and haemogobin
composition of the red blood cells (MCV, MCH & MCHC);
the study established significantly larger values of mean cell
volume among drinkers of local gin, smokers of cannabis
and cigarette smoking and drinkers of local gin alongside
cigarette and cannabis smoking, confirming a research by
Asif et al., while MCHC showed no level of significance in
the study among smokers, drinkers and smokers and
drinkers (P=0) but the level of MCH among smokers,
drinkers and smokers and drinkers were lowered. Although
Asif et al., 2010 found an increase in MCV and decrease in
MCH and MCHC levels of smokers. The finding of this
research agrees with the finding made by (Salamzadeh,
2012) to some extent that the amounts of MCH and MCHC
in smoker group were significantly lower (P<0.05)
compared to non-smoker group.
The red blood cell level of smokers, drinkers and smokers
who drink local gin increased as compared to the control
subjects. This could be due to the level of smoking and
consumption of local gin as well. This further confirms
studies by (Maja et.al., 2017).
In this study, there was an increase in packed cell volume
but a decrease in haemoglobin level among the smokers of
cannabis, drinkers of local gin and smokers of cannabis who
drink local gin. This supports a study by Lakshmi et.al 2012
that showed a significant increase in smokers haematocrit
but this study contradicts his study that smoking also
increases haemoglobin level. In this same study Lakshmi
et.al 2012 also agreed that there was significant high red
blood cell count in smokers and drinkers as the intensity of
smoking and drinking increases. Increased number of red
blood cell but decrease level of haemoglobin cannot be
explained by the fact that tissue hypoxia caused by carbon
monoxide leads to increased secretion of erythropoietin,
thus causing erythropoiesis.
This study went further to show that erythrocyte
sedimentation rate was significantly not elevated among
smokers of cannabis and cigarette, drinkers of local gin and
smokers of cannabis who drink local gin as compared to
study that show showed a high level of erythrocyte
sedimentation rate in chronic alcoholics compared to non-
alcoholics (Erhabor, 2011; Wood 1987).
The platelet count showed that cannabis and cigarette
smoking, local gin consumption and smoking and
consuming local gin has a significant effect as compared to
those who don’t smoke, drink and smoke and drink
alongside. Although similar studies showed that there is a
significant difference between the platelet counts of chronic
alcoholics and non-alcoholics, that thrombocytopenia was
greatly significant among alcoholics compared to non –
alcoholics (Teddy et.al., 2013).
This study established a significantly larger number of
white blood cells among smokers of cannabis and cigarette,
drinkers of local gin and those who smoke cannabis and
drink local gin alongside in comparison to the control
group. The increased white blood cell count observed is
similar to earlier studies (Maja, 2017; Inal, 2014; Higuchi,
2016). Although the exact mechanism of how smoking of
cannabis and drinking of local gin increases the number and
level of white blood cell is not well known
Some authors claim that an increase in the level of white
blood cells can be the damage done by nicotine-induced
release of catecholamines and steroid hormones from the
core of the adrenal gland. It is not known that increase in
the level of certain endogenic hormones, such as
epinephrine and cortisol, results in an increase in the
number of white blood cell (Kapoor, 2015; Deutsch, 2012).
The white blood cell differential that showed a significant
increase is the neutrophil. A study also confirms that
smoking and drinking increases the level of neutrophil
(Oduola et.al., 2015). The neutrophil levels of smokers of
cannabis, drinkers of local gin and smokers of cannabis who
drink local gin respectively increased. But the lymphocyte
count and monocyte count showed that local gin
consumption, cannabis smoking and drinking local gin and
smoking alongside did not have a significant effect as
compared to the control subjects.
VI. CONCLUSION
From the present study, we can conclude that cannabis and
cigarette smoking increases red blood cells, white blood
cells, mean cell volume, neutrophil count and packed cell
volume, we also conclude that local gin consumption
increases red blood cells, white blood cells, mean cell
volume, neutrophil count and packed cell volume and lastly
conclude that smokers of cannabis and cigarette who drink
local gin has a significant increase in red blood cells, white
blood cells, neutrophil count, packed cell volume and mean
cell volume. The change in these haematological parameters
might be associated with a greater risk for developing
cardiac diseases such as atherosclerosis, polycythemia vera,
and possible leucocytosis.
6. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-5, Issue-5, May-2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.5.5.10 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 360
REFERENCES
[1] Carole, L; George, D; Laurence, G and Graham, C
(2010). The Combined effect of smoking tobacco and
drinking alcohol on cause-specific mortality: a 30-year
cohort study. BMC Public Health 10; pp789.
[2] Deutsch, V; Lerner-Geva, L; Reches, A; Boyko, V;
Limor, R and Grisaru. D (2007). Sustained leukocyte
count during rising cortisol level. Haematologica
118(2); pp 73-76.
[3] Erhabor, O 2013. Evaluation of haematological
parameters among alcoholics in Port Harcourt Nigeria.
International Journal of Laboratory Haematology,
pp107-108.
[4] Ernst, E; Matrai, A; Schmolzel, H and Magyrarosy, I (
1987). Dose-effect relationship between smoking and
blood rheology. Br J Haematol 65; pp 485 – 487.
[5] Cochran, W (1977). Sampling techniques, 3rd ed.. New
York: JohnWiley and sons, pp78-79.
[6] Inal, B; Hacibekiroglu, T; Cavus, B; Musaoglu, Z;
Demir, H and Karadag, B (2014). Effects of smoking
on healthy young men’s haematologic parameters.
Northern Clinics of Istanbul 1(1); pp19-25.
[7] Kapoor, D; Jones, T (2005). Smoking and hormones in
health and endocrine disorders. European Journal of
Endocrinology 152(4); pp 491-499.
[8] Jaana, L 2016. Effect of alcohol consumption and
acetaldehyde on blood cells and molecules, Pathogenic
and Diagnostic Implications. Mediwest Health
Technology Centre, Koskenalantie 16.
[9] Latvala, J; Hietala, J; Koivisto; Jarvi, K; Anttila, P and
Niemelä, O (2005). Immune responses to ethanol
metabolites and cytokine profiles differentiate
alcoholics with or without liver disease. AM J
Gastroenterol 100; pp 1303 – 1310.
[10] Maja, M; Besim, P and Adiija (2017). Effect of
cigarette smoking on haematological parameters in
healthy population. The Academy of Medical Sciences
of Bosnia and Herzegovina 55(1); pp 15-31.
[11] Oduola, T; Adeosun, G; Oduola, A; Agbaje, R and
Raheem, A (2005). Drinking patterns; biochemical and
haematological findings in alcohol Consumers in Ile-
Ife, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 4(11);
pp1304-1308.
[12] Vatn, M 2008. The effect of pentagastrin secretion
and cholecystokinin on the intrinsic factor secretion in
man. American journal of medicine 29; pp 53-56.