Eukaryotic cells contain organelles enclosed within membranes and a nucleus containing DNA. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a nucleus bounded by a membrane that contains rod-shaped chromosomes. The cell wall provides structure and protection to plant cells, composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The plasma membrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates what enters and exits the cell and encloses the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm are various membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions to support the cell.

1. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTES
CELL WALL , CELL MEMBRANE, NUCLEUS

2. ULTRASTURCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
 EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE DEVELOPED AND THEY ARE THE BUILDING BLOCK OR
THE SMALLEST UNIT OF THE LIFE OF ORGANISMSAS SIMPLE TO THE
COMPLICATED PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
 EUKARYOTIC CELL CONTAIN SOME CELL ORGANELLES WHICH PERFORM THEIR
INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS AND SUPPORT CELL LIFE.
 UNLIKE PROKARYOTIC CELLS , EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN ;
- A MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS
- SEVERAL ROD- SHAPED CHROMOSOMES
-NUMEROUS MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES ( LIKE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
GOLGI APPARATUS, CHLOROPLASTS, AND MITOCHONDRIA.

3. COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

4. THE CELL WALL
• THE CELL WALL IS THE OUTER
COVERING, RIGID, SEMI- PERMEABLE
PROTECTIVE LAYER IN PLANTS CELL,
FUNGI, ALGAE, AND ALSO SOME
ARCHEA.
• THE CELL WALL WILL PROTECT THE
CELL AND PROVIDE STRUCTURAL
SUPPORT AND ALSO GIVES THE
DEFINITE SHAPE TO THE CELL.
• IN PLANTS, A SECONDARY CELL WALL
IS A THICKER ADDITIONAL LAYER OF
THE CELLULOSE WHICH INCREASE
WALL RIGIDITY.

5. COMPOSITION OF CELL WALL
• IN BACTERIA, PEPTIDOGLYCAN IS MAJOR COMPOSITION IN CELL WALL.
• IN FUNGI, THE CELL WALL CONTAIN ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE POLYMER CHITIN.
• IN THE PLANT CELL WALL, CELL WALL CONTAIN CELLULOSE.
• THE PRIMARY CELL WALL OF THE PLANTS IS COMPOSED OF THE POLYSACCHARIDES
CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE AND PECTIN.
• SOME OF THE OTHER POLYMERS THAT ARE PRESENT IN PLANT CELL WALL IS LIGNIN,
SUBERIN OR CUTIN ARE ANCHORED TO OR EMBEDDED IN PLANT CELL WALLS.
• ALGAE POSSESS CELL WALL MADE OF GLYCOPROTEIN AND POLYSACCHARIDES.

6. STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE

7. PLANT CELL WALL
STRUCTURE
• THE PLANT CELL WALL IS MULTI-LAYERED AND
ALSO CONSISTS OF THREE SECTIONS.
• MIDDLE LAMELLA: OUTER CELL WALL LAYER
CONTAINS POLYSACCHARIDES CALLED PECTINS
WHICH HELP IN BINDING OF CELLS.
• PRIMARY CELL WALL: PRESENT BETWEEN MIDDLE
LAMELLA AND PLASMA MEMBRANE. COMPOSED
OF CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS AND THIS PROVIDE
FLEXIBILITY FOR CELL GROWTH.
• SECONDARY CELL WALL: PRESENT BETWEEN
PRIMARY CELL WALL AND CONTAIN LIGNIN
WHICH HELPS IN STRENGTHENING OF CELL WALL.

8. LAMPORT AND EPSTEIN
MODEL
• LAMPORT AND EPSTEIN (1983) MODEL EXPLAINS
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MATRIX
MOLECULES AND CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS.
• MODEL SAYS THAT THE PROTEIN MOLECULES LIE
PERPENDICULAR TO CELL SURFACE THROUGH
WHICH THE MICROFIBRIL PASSES.
• THERE ARE COVALENT LINKS BETWEEN PROTEIN
AND CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS, AND BETWEEN THE
PROTEIN.

9. PLANT CELL WALL FUNCTIONS:
• SUPPORT: THE CELL WALL PROVIDES MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND SUPPORT AND ALSO
CONTROLS DIRECTION OF CELL GROWTH.
• WITHSTAND TURGOR PRESSURE: TURGOR PRESSURE IS THE FORCE THAT EXERTED
AGAINST THE CELL WALL . AND THIS PRESSURE HELPS A PLANT TO REMAIN RIGID AND
ERECT, BUT CAN ALSO CAUSE A CELL TO RUPTURE.
• REGULATE GROWTH: SENDS SIGNALS FOR THE CELL TO ENTER THE CELL CYCLE IN ORDER
TO DIVIDE AND GROW.
• COMMUNICATION: CELLS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER VIA PLASMODESMATA.
• PROTECTION: PROVIDES A BARRIER TO PROTECT AGAINST PLANT VIRUSES AND OTHER
PATHOGENS . IT ALSO HELPS TO PREVENT WATER LOSS.

10. PLASMA MEMBRANE ( CELL MEMBRANE)
• PLASMA MEMBRANE IS ALSO KNOWN AS CELL MEMBRANE. PLASMA MEMBRANE IS TOUGH,
FLEXIBLE LIPID BILAYER.
• PLASMA MEMBRANE IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE TO THE POLAR SUBSTANCES.
• THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IS COMPOSED OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, WHICH IS TWO
LAYERS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS BACK-TO-BACK.
• THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS HAVE ONE HEAD AND TWO TAILS.
• HEAD: POLAR AND HYDROPHILIC ( WATER - LOVING)
TAIL: NON – POLAR AND HYDROPHOBIC ( WATER - FEARING)
• PLASMA MEMBRANE LOOKS LIKE PHOSPHOLIPID SANDWICH WITH THE HEADS FORMING
THE BREAD AND THE TAILS FORMING THE MEAT IN THE MIDDLE.

11. STRUCTURE OF PLASMA
MEMBRANE :
• GORTER AND GRENDEL: GORTER
AND GRENDEL’S MEMBRANE
THEORY (1925).
• DAVSON AND DANIELLI:
PAUCIMOLECULAR MODEL (1935).
• J.DAVID ROBERTSON: UNIT
MEMBRANE MODEL.
• SINGER AND NICOLSON: FLUID
MOSAIC MODEL (1972).
• NOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE IS KNOWN AS
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL.

12. PLASMA MEMBRANE- FUNCTIONS
• PLASMA MEMBRANE SEPERATES THE CELL FROM ITS OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT AND
REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND EXITS THE CELL.
• PLASMA MEMBRANE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN PROTECTING THE INTEGRITY OF THE
INTERIOR OF THE CELL.
• THE CELL MEMBRANE COMPOSED OF PROTEINS AND LIPIDS WHERE-
PROTEIN: MONITERS AND MAINTAIN THE CELL’S CHEMICAL CLIMATE
LIPID: GIVES THE CELL FLEXIBILITY .

13. NUCLEUS AND ITS
STRUCTURE
• NUCLEUS IS THE MOST PROMINENT ORGANELLE IN
A CELL.
• IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS TRUE NUCLEUS IS PRESENT
WHERE THE CELL’S DNA IS SURROUNDED BY A
MEMBRANE.
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE IS PUNCTUATED WITH THE
PORES THAT CONTROL THE PASSAGE OF IONS,
MOLECULES AND RNA BETWEEN NUCLEOPLASM AND
CYTOPLASM.
• NUCLEOPLASM IS THE SEMI- SOLID FLUID INSIDE
THE NUCLEUS WHERE WE CAN FIND THE
CHROMATIN AND NUCLEOLUS.
• IN THIS EUKARYOTES THE CHROMOSOMES ARE
LINEAR STRUCTURES.

14. GERL ( GOLGI- ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-LYSOSOME
COMPLEX):
• THIS SYSTEM IS FOUND IN CELL WHICH ALSO INCLUDES GOLGI APPARATUS,
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND LYSOSOMES TO PERFORM ENDOCYTOSIS AND
EXOCYTOSIS FUNCTIONS.
• ENDOCYTOSIS OF EXTERNAL MATERIALS AND EXOCYTOSIS OF INTERNAL
SUBSTANCES.
• SYNTHESIZING OR RECYCLING OF MATERIALS AND REMOVAL OD WASTES.

15. THANK YOU…!!!