Presentation includes description about Euglenoid blooms and toxins produced by the different Euglena species and their effects.

1. EUGLENOID BLOOMS
AND TOXINS

2. INTRODUCTION
 Euglenoids widely distributed fresh, marine and brakish
water.
 Euglenoids are photoautotrophic.
 Euglenoid bloom is a kind of bloom which is formed by
the Euglena species.
 These blooms are not commonly found in the
environment.
 The common species causing bloom is Euglena
sanguinea.

3. Euglena sanguinea Euglena granulata

4. EUGLENOID BLOOMS
 The blooms are formed commonly by E.sanguinea.
 In addition to that E. granulata also responsible for the
bloom formation.
Appearance of the euglenoid bloom

5.  The bloom produced by the Euglena sanguinea is
copper rust in color.
 In Dal lake, Srinagar, Kashmir, A red bloom is formed
by E. shafiqii is reported.
 The factors like light, temperature, inorganic nutrients
and water movement and major elements needed for
bloom formation.
 Euglenophytes prefer high temperature, low
dissolved oxygen and acidic environment for their
luxuriant growth.
 Phosphate, Iron and lower concentration of oxygen
favour the growth of euglenoid blooms.

6. EUGLENOID TOXINS
 Euglenophycin is the major toxin produced by the
Euglenophytes.
 It is a alkaloid toxin and acts as icthyotoxin, cyanotoxin
and also as neurotoxin.
 Over 30 species of euglenoids are responsible for the
production of toxin.
 These toxin is produced by Euglena sanguinea and
Euglena granulata.

8. EFFECTS OF EUGLENOID TOXINS
 They commonly produced Icthyotoxin which is a fish
kill toxin and leads to fish mortality.
 Icthyotoxin cause important economic loss in
commercial agriculture ponds in the United states.
 The blooms impart unpleasant taste to water, making it
unsuitable for drinking purpose.
 These toxins are water soluble, non-protein, heat
stable and liable to oxidation.
 And also thick bloom of Euglenophyta affected the
growth of other phytoplankton.

10.  Control measures
 Algicides are sprayed to control the blooms because
the bloom causing species are sensitive.
 In 2002, at Tide water research station in North
Carolina showed that Potassium permanganate is
applied to control bloom formation.
 Benefits of blooms
 They are the indicator of organic water pollution.
 Euglena sanguinea used as biomarkers of nitrogen
over load in flooded rice fields.

11. CONCLUSION
The common species causing Euglenoid bloom
is Euglena sanguinea. The bloom produced by this is
copper rust in color.
Euglenophycin is the major toxin
produced by the Euglenophytes. They commonly
produced Icthyotoxin which is a fish kill toxin and
leads to fish mortality.

12. REFERENCES
 Rehman. S. U.1997. A red bloom of Euglena shafiqii.
University of Agricultural science and technology,
Jammu and Kashmir, India.
 Lee. R. E., 2008. Phycology. Cambridge university,
Newyork.245-259
 www.ncib.nim.nih.gov.