Et3003 sem2-1314-6 network layers iii (arp)
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The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which allows devices on a local area network to dynamically map IP addresses to physical addresses. It describes ARP's operation where a device sends an ARP request as a broadcast to find the physical address associated with a known IP address. The target device responds with its physical address allowing future communication. Proxy ARP is also described, where a router will respond to ARP requests on behalf of devices, acting as a proxy to allow routing between subnets.
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1) IP packets can be fragmented into smaller pieces if they exceed the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size of a network. Each fragment contains a header with fields like Identification, Flags, and Fragmentation Offset to allow reassembly.
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Et3003 sem2-1314-4 network layers i (ipv4 addressing)
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1. The document introduces topics related to the network layer including IPv4 addressing, classful addressing, subnetting, supernetting, classless addressing, network masks, special addresses, and network address translation (NAT).
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Et3003 sem2-1314-4 network layers i (ipv4 addressing)
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IP Routing
Overview of IP routing protocols, packet forwarding and proxy ARP.
The principle of IP routing proved to be very flexible and scalable in the growth of the Internet and TCP/IP based networks.
IP routing denotes protocols for exchanging IP address range reachability like RIP, BGP and OSPF.
In contrast to IP routing, IP packet forwarding collectively means all functions performed when an IP router receives a packet and forwards it over the output interface indicated by an IP route in the routing table.
When an IP router performs a route lookup, it calculates a route decision based on different properties like prefix (mask) length, route precedence and metrics.
Routing protocols for exchanging route information can be coarsely classified as distance vector and link state protocols. Distance vector protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) exchange information about the path cost to specific targets (IP address ranges). Routers that talk distance vector protocols receive reachability information about all sub-networks indirectly from neighboring routers.
In contrast to distance vector protocols, link state protocols like OSPF disseminate information about the link state of each router link in a network to all routers in the network. Thus link state protocols tend to converge faster to topology changes since all routers have firsthand information of the topology of the network.
Proxy ARP may be a convenient solution when it comes to add additional subnets without having to add routes to routers and hosts. A proxy ARP enabled router would answer ARP requests on behalf of the targeted hosts mimicking a local network access to the requesting host.
Arp
ARP and RARP protocols are used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local area networks. ARP requests are broadcast to the network to resolve IP to MAC addresses, and ARP replies provide the requested mapping. Hosts cache ARP entries to avoid frequent address resolution, with entries expiring after 20 minutes. Proxy ARP allows a router to respond to ARP requests on behalf of hosts on different connected networks.
Address resolution protocol (ARP)
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
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The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and its role in compensating for deficiencies in the Internet Protocol (IP). ICMP provides error reporting and query messages to detect and diagnose network problems. Some key points covered include:
- ICMP reports errors encountered in IP packet delivery such as packets being discarded due to congestion or expired time-to-live values.
- ICMP query messages like ping are used to check reachability and calculate round-trip times between hosts or routers.
- The main ICMP message types are for error reporting, queries, and network management functions like redirection and router discovery.
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The document discusses the key aspects of the Internet Protocol (IP) including its connectionless delivery service, packet format and processing by routers. IP provides end-to-end delivery of packets across interconnected networks, with each packet containing a header for routing. Routers examine packet headers to forward packets via the best path towards the destination based on routing tables. IP itself provides a best-effort delivery service, while higher level protocols implement reliable connections.
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Introduction to data link layer
The Internet is a combination of networks glued together by connecting devices (routers or switches). If a packet is to travel from a host to another host, it needs to pass through these networks
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The document discusses key concepts about the network layer, including:
1) The network layer is responsible for transporting data segments from the sending host to the receiving host by encapsulating segments into datagrams. Network layer protocols exist in every host and router.
2) The main functions of the network layer are forwarding, which moves packets through routers from input to output, and routing, which determines the best path from source to destination using routing algorithms.
3) Network layers can provide either a connection-oriented service using virtual circuits, which require call setup, or a connectionless service using datagrams as in the Internet protocol.
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MAC addresses are 48- or 64-bit identifiers linked to the hardware of network adapters. They are expressed as hexadecimal strings like 01-23-45-67-89-AB. There are two types: universally administered addresses, which are assigned at manufacture with the first three octets identifying the manufacturer, and locally administered addresses, which can be manually changed but must be unique on the local subnet. MAC addresses can be useful for security and troubleshooting network issues.
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Internet Protocol
This document discusses the network layer in the internet. It covers the internet protocol (IP) which provides connectionless best-effort delivery of packets called internet datagrams. The transmission control protocol (TCP) provides reliable stream service using acknowledgments, while the user datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless datagram service. The document then describes the IP version 4 protocol, including the header fields, fragmentation, addressing, and subnetting techniques.
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The document discusses IPv4 and its datagram format. It explains that IPv4 is a best-effort, connectionless protocol that provides no error control or flow control. The datagram format includes a header containing fields like version, header length, total length, protocol, source/destination addresses, and an optional data field. It describes fields related to fragmentation, checksum calculation, and optional header fields like timestamps and routing options.
Link state routing protocol
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path to all destinations based on a link-state database containing the full network topology. Each router runs the same algorithm locally to determine the optimal path. Key aspects include link-state advertisements to share connectivity information, the topological database to store network maps, and shortest path first calculations to derive routes. Common link-state protocols are OSPF and IS-IS. They provide fast convergence and scalability but require more resources than distance-vector protocols.
IP Datagram Structure
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the fundamental protocol that defines how data is sent between computers on the Internet. IP addresses uniquely identify each computer and data is sent in packets that contain the source and destination addresses. Packets can take different routes and arrive out of order, with TCP ensuring proper ordering. IP is connectionless and sends each packet independently. The most common versions are IPv4 and the newer IPv6. The IP datagram structure includes a header with fields like version, length, checksum, and source/destination addresses, followed by the data. Large data can be fragmented into multiple packets for transmission.
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Overview of IP routing protocols, packet forwarding and proxy ARP.
The principle of IP routing proved to be very flexible and scalable in the growth of the Internet and TCP/IP based networks.
IP routing denotes protocols for exchanging IP address range reachability like RIP, BGP and OSPF.
In contrast to IP routing, IP packet forwarding collectively means all functions performed when an IP router receives a packet and forwards it over the output interface indicated by an IP route in the routing table.
When an IP router performs a route lookup, it calculates a route decision based on different properties like prefix (mask) length, route precedence and metrics.
Routing protocols for exchanging route information can be coarsely classified as distance vector and link state protocols. Distance vector protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) exchange information about the path cost to specific targets (IP address ranges). Routers that talk distance vector protocols receive reachability information about all sub-networks indirectly from neighboring routers.
In contrast to distance vector protocols, link state protocols like OSPF disseminate information about the link state of each router link in a network to all routers in the network. Thus link state protocols tend to converge faster to topology changes since all routers have firsthand information of the topology of the network.
Proxy ARP may be a convenient solution when it comes to add additional subnets without having to add routes to routers and hosts. A proxy ARP enabled router would answer ARP requests on behalf of the targeted hosts mimicking a local network access to the requesting host.
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The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which allows a machine on a network to dynamically map logical IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. It describes how ARP works by broadcasting a request packet to find the physical address associated with a target IP address. The target machine then responds with its physical address in an ARP reply message. The original sender can then directly address packets to the target using its physical address. The document outlines the ARP packet format and encapsulation process, as well as the basic steps of how ARP operates to perform dynamic address mapping on a network.
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ICMP provides error reporting and feedback messages for IP. It uses IP datagrams to transport control messages between hosts and routers. ICMP messages include echo requests/replies used by ping, time exceeded and destination unreachable errors, redirects, and path MTU discovery fragments needed messages. ARP resolves IP addresses to hardware addresses locally through broadcast requests and unicast replies to populate caches. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks to allow communication before subnet migration.
Address resolution protocol
ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network delivery. It uses broadcast datagrams to request MAC addresses and unicasts to reply. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks during subnet transition. RARP and Inverse ARP work in reverse to resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses.
Networking.pdf
The document provides an overview of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). It discusses:
- ARP allows mapping between a host's logical IP address to its physical MAC address on a local area network.
- Each device maintains an ARP cache table to map IP-MAC address pairs for other devices on the network. An ARP request is broadcast to resolve addresses and the responding device unicasts an ARP reply.
- ARP spoofing vulnerabilities exist since ARP does not authenticate requests/replies, allowing an attacker to poison a device's ARP cache with false address mappings and intercept network traffic.
Nnnnnn
This document provides a summary of network protocols. It defines a network as a set of connected devices that can send and receive data. It explains that network protocols establish detailed rules for how computer systems exchange information. The document then overview Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) and several other key network protocols, including Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP), and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). For each protocol, it provides high-level descriptions of their functions and operations in 2 sentences or less.
Arp config-arp
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses to allow communication between hosts on a local area network (LAN). ARP maintains a cache that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. Static and dynamic entries are stored in the ARP cache, with dynamic entries expiring after a timeout period. Proxy ARP and other protocols like Reverse ARP and Serial Line ARP provide additional ARP functionality in certain network configurations.
Transport Layer, Network layer.pptx
Multiplexer takes several inputs and gives a single output, while demultiplexer takes a single input and gives several outputs. They both follow combinational logic and work on different operational principles - multiplexer is many-to-one, while demultiplexer is one-to-many. Multiplexing and demultiplexing at the transport layer allow data from multiple applications to be transmitted simultaneously over a network from source to destination, where it is directed to the appropriate application.
Presentation on arp protocol
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
Communication networks_ARP
Gourav Salla presented on Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses so devices can communicate on a local network. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the target IP address. The device with that IP address responds with its MAC address. This address resolution allows packets for that destination to be sent directly using layer 2 addressing. ARP caches entries to avoid repeating the lookup for frequent communication between devices on the same subnet.
Advanced_Networking_Principles_and_Protocols_Lecture_3_part2.pptx
This document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) which maps IP addresses to physical addresses to allow communication between hosts on a local area network (LAN). It describes how ARP uses broadcasts to resolve addresses dynamically and how static mappings can also be used. It also discusses how ARP works over ATM networks using ATMARP, including request/reply messages and building mapping tables. Finally, it outlines the typical components of an ARP software package including cache tables, queues, input/output modules, and cache control.
NP - Unit 3 - Forwarding Datagram and ICMP
The document discusses IP forwarding and ICMP. It describes how IP datagrams are forwarded across networks using routers and forwarding tables. ICMP allows routers to send error or control messages back to the source if a datagram experiences problems during forwarding. The key types of ICMP messages are described, such as echo request/reply for ping, destination unreachable, time exceeded, and parameter problem messages.
ARP
ARP enables hosts on a network to dynamically map IP addresses to physical hardware addresses. Each host maintains an ARP cache containing IP to physical address mappings. When a host needs to send data to another host, it first checks its ARP cache for the mapping. If no mapping exists, the host broadcasts an ARP request containing the target IP address. The host with that IP address responds with its physical address, which the requesting host adds to its ARP cache. This process allows hosts to dynamically learn each other's physical addresses as needed for packet transmission.
Ch21 network layer final
The document discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting at the network layer. It describes how Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map between logical IP addresses and physical MAC addresses on a local network. It also explains how Reverse ARP (RARP), Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can be used to map physical addresses to logical addresses. Additionally, it outlines how Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides error reporting for IP without a built-in mechanism. Finally, it states that Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is involved in IP multicasting.
MAC in the Address Resolution Protocol.pptx
ARP is a protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting a request onto the network to discover the MAC address associated with a given IP address. The requesting device then stores the returned MAC address in its ARP cache for future use. ARP cache entries have a timeout period after which the mapping will be deleted. Reverse ARP and proxy ARP are variants that allow devices to discover their own IP address or resolve addresses across network segments. Gratuitous ARP broadcasts a device's MAC address upon startup. DHCP dynamically assigns IP configuration including the IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS to devices on a network.
ITN_Module_9.pptx
This module covers address resolution protocols. It discusses how ARP works to resolve IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses. It also discusses IPv6 neighbor discovery, which uses ICMPv6 messages to resolve IPv6 addresses to MAC addresses. The module includes topics on MAC and IP addressing, how ARP functions, IPv6 neighbor discovery messages and operations, and hands-on labs to examine address resolution processes.
Internet Protocol.pdf
The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) and its role in networking. It covers the following key points:
- IP is the primary network communication protocol and relays packets called datagrams. It provides identification of computer hosts and location services.
- IP version 4 (IPv4) uses a 32-bit address scheme to uniquely identify hosts. It provides best effort delivery of packets from source to destination.
- Other related protocols discussed include ARP, RARP, ICMP, IGMP, routing protocols, and the differences between static, dynamic and default routing. Distance vector and link state routing algorithms are also covered.
DHCP basics
This ppt contains what is dhcp, it's need, advantages, disadvantages, IP address assignment process and types, DHCP architecture and lastly some differences.
ITN_Module_9.pptx
The document discusses address resolution protocols ARP and Neighbor Discovery. It explains that ARP is used in IPv4 networks to map IP addresses to MAC addresses, while Neighbor Discovery performs the same function in IPv6 networks. The document provides details on how ARP and Neighbor Discovery work, including the use of address resolution messages, maintaining ARP/neighbor tables, and resolving addresses for local and remote destinations. It also discusses issues like ARP spoofing attacks and techniques for IPv6 neighbor discovery.
Ethernet, Point-to-Point Protocol, ARP
MAC Sub-layer , Ethernet, Standard Ethernet, Point-to-Point Protocol, Address Resolution Protocol, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
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Address resolution protocol and internet control message protocol
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- 3. Address Mapping • Static Mapping – Static mapping means creating a table that associates a logical address with a physical address This table is stored in each machine on the network – This has some limitations because physical addresses may change static mapping table must be updated periodically This overhead could affect network performance. • Dynamic Mapping – In dynamic mapping, each time a machine knows the logical address of another machine, it can use a protocol to find the physical address • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) : logical address physical address • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP): physical address logical address It is replaced by BOOTP dan DHCP 3
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- 6. 6
- 8. Encapsulation 8 Indicating the data carried is an ARP packet
- 9. Operation • Steps Involved 1. The sender knows the IP address of the target 2. IP asks ARP to create an ARP request message, filling in the sender physical address, the sender IP address, and the target IP address. The target physical address field is filled with 0s. 3. The message is passed to the data link layer where it is encapsulated in a frame using the physical address of the sender as the source address and the physical broadcast address as the destination address. 4. Every host or router receives the frame. Because the frame contains a broadcast destination address, all stations remove the message and pass it to ARP. All machines except the one targeted drop the packet. The target machine recognizes the IP address. 5. The target machine replies with an ARP reply message that contains its physical address. The message is unicast. 6. The sender receives the reply message. It now knows the physical address of the target machine. 7. The IP datagram, which carries data for the target machine, is now encapsulated in a frame and is unicast to the destination. 9
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- 13. Proxy ARP • A technique to create a subnetting effect. • A proxy ARP is an ARP that acts on behalf of a set of hosts • Whenever a router running a proxy ARP receives an ARP request looking for the IP address of one of these hosts, the router sends an ARP reply announcing its own hardware (physical) address • After the router receives the actual IP packet, it sends the packet to the appropriate host or router 13
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