This document contains 4 questions related to electronics concepts. Question 1 covers semiconductor materials, current carriers, doping, pn junctions, and biasing. Question 2 covers ripple voltage, ripple factor, and calculating branch currents in a diode circuit. Question 3 covers diode clippers, clampers, line regulation, and LED operation conditions. Question 4 covers relationships between DC current gain parameters, transistor biasing, calculating voltage and current gain based on transistor parameters, and determining current and voltage in a transistor circuit.

1. Question 1
a. What is the most widely used semiconductor material?
b. Which electrons are responsible for current in a material?
c. Define doping?
d. What is a pn junction?
e. In a pn junction, briefly explain what the barrier potential is and how it is created?
f. Briefly explain how to forward-bias a pn junction.
g. Which bias condition produces majority carrier current?
Question 2
a. What causes the ripple voltage on the output of a capacitor filter?
b. Define ripple factor.
c. The two diodes shown in Figure 2 can be assumed to have zero forward resistance and
infinite reverse resistance. Calculate the currents in each branch of the circuit.
d. If a sinusoidal waveform with a peak secondary voltage value of 20 V and frequency 100
Hz were to be applied to the inputs of a bridge rectifier circuit, sketch the output waveform
that you would obtain from this circuit. Label the values for the peak voltages of the input
and output waveform.
Question 3
a. Determine the output voltage waveform.
b. Briefly discuss how diode clippers and diode clampers differ in their function.
c. Briefly explain the terms line regulation.
d. In what condition is an LED normally operated?
e. Calculate the value of the current flowing through the Zener diode.
100 Ω
+
Vin = 10 VDC
50 Ω
VZ = 2.1 V
PZM = 0.5 W

2. Question 4
a. Derive the relationship between α DC and β DC .
b. Calculate I E and VCE .
+ VCC = 15 V
RB = 1.5 kΩ
c. The transistor has the following parameters: Forward current transfer function, h fe = 220 ,
Input impedance, hie = 2000 Ω , and Output admittance, hoe = 50 μS
By neglecting reverse voltage transfer function, hre , calculate the voltage and current gain.
d. Determine the ID and VDS.