This document discusses various topics related to solid waste management in the United States, including:
1) The composition and sources of solid waste in the US, which includes municipal, agricultural, industrial, and mining waste.
2) Methods for managing different types of waste such as landfilling, composting, recycling, and energy production from waste.
3) Problems associated with landfilling and incineration methods.
4) Benefits of recycling plastics, metals, and other materials as well as challenges around increasing recycling rates.
5) Regulations related to solid waste management like RCRA and Superfund.
Environmental Science presentation about the 3R and their importance in our lives. Solely for academic or educational purposes. Also has informative video clips to aid understanding of the concept
Analysis on municipal solid waste pellets makingJossie Xiong
The calorific value of raw MSW is around 1000 kcal/kg while that of fuel pellets is 4000 kcal/kg. On an average, about 15–20 tons of fuel pellets can be produced after treatment of 100 tons of raw garbage.
One would be able to understand the following points from this Presentation -
- Basic Understanding of Climate and Climate Change
- Cause - Effects & its Remedies
- Impact of Climate Chnage on Various Businesses
- Actionable Remedies
- Water Conservation
Plus point - Some examples Also being shared.
Man, whether or not he admits it, is hastening the speed of the heating of the Earth. Here are some facts on global warming, true case studies, prevention techniques and analyses on failing government solutions to the problem we often pretend is not there.
Environmental Science presentation about the 3R and their importance in our lives. Solely for academic or educational purposes. Also has informative video clips to aid understanding of the concept
Analysis on municipal solid waste pellets makingJossie Xiong
The calorific value of raw MSW is around 1000 kcal/kg while that of fuel pellets is 4000 kcal/kg. On an average, about 15–20 tons of fuel pellets can be produced after treatment of 100 tons of raw garbage.
One would be able to understand the following points from this Presentation -
- Basic Understanding of Climate and Climate Change
- Cause - Effects & its Remedies
- Impact of Climate Chnage on Various Businesses
- Actionable Remedies
- Water Conservation
Plus point - Some examples Also being shared.
Man, whether or not he admits it, is hastening the speed of the heating of the Earth. Here are some facts on global warming, true case studies, prevention techniques and analyses on failing government solutions to the problem we often pretend is not there.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Potential Exam Questions
1. Discuss the composition of
solid waste in the United
States. Distinguish
between municipal waste
and other producers of
waste.
2. Describe the features of a modern sanitary landfill
and relate some of the problems associated with
sanitary landfills.
3. Potential Exam Questions
3. Describe the features of a mass burn incinerator and
relate some of the problems associated with
incinerators.
4. With regard to plastics and metals, discuss the benefits
of recycling and the environmental costs of not
recycling. Explain why such a small percentage of
metal and plastic is recycled in the U.S.
5. Discuss RCRA and the Superfund program. In your
discussion, include an explain of the main goals of each
program.
4. Waste Stream
The waste stream is the flow of wastes we produce.
USA produces more than 11 billion tons of solid waste
each year. USA volume has doubled since 1960.
Agricultural wastes - crop
and animal residue
Mining - mine tailings,
overburden, slag
Industrial waste
Municipal waste
5. Agricultural
Wastes
Types:
Pesticides
Carcasses
Horticultural wastes
Animal feces (e.g., reported that North Carolina’s
hogs outnumber its citizens and produce more fecal
waste than all the people in California, New York, and
Washington combined. Each day the Arkansas
poultry industry dumps urine/feces equal to the daily
waste generated by a population of 8 million people.)
Management:
Landfills/water sources
Composting
Energy Production
6. Industrial Wastes
EPA estimates American industries generate 7.6 billion tons
of industrial solid waste each year
Types:
Manufacturing byproducts
Outdated equipment
Sludge; decontamination products
Management:
Landfills/water sources
Recycling
Energy Production
7. Municipal Waste
Refuse mixing - hazardous wastes with non-hazardous.
Batteries - zinc, lead or mercury
Paint
Pesticides
Plastics that produce dioxins
Loss of recyclable wastes (dumped with non-recyclable
wastes).
14. Disposal Methods
Bad Ideas:
3. Exporting Waste - Garbage Imperialism (e.g.,
Khian Sea from Philadelphia with toxic ash)
Sailed 16
years, then
returned to PA
15. Western History of Waste
Management
Believed that the city of Athens organized the first
municipal dump in the Western world. In approximately
500 BC citizens were required to dispose of their waste at
least one mile from the city walls.
Ancient rubbish dumps excavated in archaeological digs
reveal only tiny amounts of ash, broken tools and pottery.
Everything that could be was repaired and reused,
populations were smaller, and people lived in less
concentrated groups.
16. Pre-Industrial Revolution Waste
Management in England
In early pre-industrial times, waste was mainly composed of
ash from fires, wood, bones, and vegetable and bodily
waste. It was disposed of into the ground, where it would
act as compost and help to improve the soil.
In 1842, a report in England linked disease to filthy
environmental conditions and launched the age of
sanitation.
17. Post-Industrial Revolution Waste
Management in England
In Nottingham in 1874, a new technology called "the
destructor" provided the first systematic incineration of
municipal solid waste.
The Public Health Act in 1875 charged local authorities in
England with the duty to arrange the removal and disposal of
waste, starting the civic and local authority power over waste
management.
21. Problems and Concerns with Sanitary
Landfills
1. Number of landfills declining
2. Methane gas
3. Contamination of surface and ground
water (must monitor)
4. Plastics - Extremely
long life in a landfill
5. NIMBY
22.
23. Disposal Methods
2. Incineration - Space reduction and energy recovery
Mass burn - avoids sorting, but can cause air pollution
because hazardous wastes are not removed.
Refuse-derived fuel - Removal of unburnable or recyclable
materials before combustion.
24.
25. Incineration - Benefits
1. Incinerators drastically reduce the amount of municipal
solid waste - up to 90% by volume and 75% by weight.
2. Incinerators can be constructed locally, thus cutting
down on transportation costs.
3. Derived heat
may be used
for electricity
generation.
26. Problems and Concerns with Incineration
1. Many of the problems existing with sanitary landfills
2. Air pollution - carbon monoxide, particulates, heavy
metals (mercury and lead), dioxins from plastics
3. Slag and fly ash can be a hazardous waste - removing
batteries and chlorine-based plastics can help.
4. NIMBY
5. Cost
27. Shrinking the Waste Stream – Source
Reduction
Since 2 liter soft drink bottle was introduced in 1977, weight
has been reduced by 35%.
Since 1965, aluminum cans
have been reduced in
weight by 35%.
28. Shrinking the Waste Stream -
Recycling
Benefits:
Fewer landfill/Incineration issues
Fewer raw resources needed
Less pollution
Economics
Constraints:
Fluctuating market price
Diverse Plastics
Lack of Deposit Fees
Lack of Incentives: recycled plastics more costly
29.
30.
31. Tire Recycling
Americans dispose of approximately 278 million
tires/year, more than one for every man, woman and
child. Are approximately 3 billion tires stockpiled.
Mosquitoes
and disease
may arise
from
stockpiles.
Pollution
32. Tire Recycling – Possible Uses
Rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC) - Caltrans began
use of rubberized asphalt concrete in 1980. Between
1980 and 1998, Caltrans used a total of 2,458,930 tons
of RAC. Based upon the formula developed by the
Rubber Pavements Association, this translates to the
use of 4.5 million discarded tires.
Whole tires may be used in
artificial breakwaters and
reefs.
33. Tire Recycling
– Possible Uses
Shredded tires may be used as lightweight fill in civil
engineering applications, and they can replace other
conventional lightweight fill such as expanded foam. The
benefits of using tire chips instead of conventional
construction materials include: reduced density, improved
drainage properties and better thermal insulation.
Chips, crumble, and
shreds of tires currently
have limited markets
(e.g., playground
surfaces)
34. Tire Recycling – Possible Uses
As as energy source (long payback period, requires
ongoing stockpiles, burns hot, emission issues).
On average, the BTU value of scrap tires or TDF (tire-
derived fuel) exceeds that of coal, while the sulfur content
is in the same order of magnitude or even lower.
Cement kilns are by far the largest users of TDF. Some
cement companies have the capacity to incinerate whole
tires, thus being able to omit the comparatively expensive
size reduction process.
35. Means of Disposal EU USA
Tire Derived Fuel (TDF) 508,500 22% 950,000 40%
Landfilling 1,017,100 46% 920,000 38%
Civil Engineering 228,900 10% 225,000 9%
Rubber Recycling 228,800 10% 180,000 7%
Export and Miscellaneous 279,700 12% 135,000 6%
Total: 2,263,000 2,410,000
Table 1: Scrap Tire Disposal in EU Member States and the U.S. in 1999. All figures are in metric
tons, percentage figures are rounded. Sources: Recycling Research Institute, European Tyre
Recycling Association (ETRA).
37. Recycling Benefits
Resource Conservation (e.g., One Sunday edition of
N.Y. Times consumes 62,000 trees.)
Pollution Reduction
Energy Conservation (e.g., Crushed glass reduces the
energy required to manufacture new glass by 50%.)
