Translation of a program written in a source language into a semantically equivalent program written in a target language
It also reports to its users the presence of errors in the source program
Translation of a program written in a source language into a semantically equivalent program written in a target language
It also reports to its users the presence of errors in the source program
presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Error Handling
• It is an important feature of any compiler.
• A good compiler should be able to detect and report
errors.
• It should be able to modify input, when it finds an
error in lexical analysis phase.
• A more sophisticated compiler should be able to
correct the errors, by making guess of user
intentions.
3. Error Handling
• The most important feature of error handler is
correct and more centric error message.
• It should following properties:-
– Reporting errors in original source program, rather than
intermediate or final code.
– Error message shouldn’t be complicated.
– Error message shouldn’t be duplicated.
– Error message should localize the problem.
4. Sources of Error
• Algorithmic Errors:-
– The algorithm used to meet the design may be
inadequate or incorrect.
• Coding Errors:-
– The programmer may introduce syntax or logical errors
in implementing the algorithms.
5. Sources of Error
• Lexical Phase:-
– wrongly formed identifiers (or tokens).
– Some character used which is undefined in PL.
– Addition of an extra character.
– Removal of a character that should be present.
– Replacement of a character with an incorrect characters.
– Transposition of 2 characters.
6. Sources of Error
• Lexical Phase:-
– Best way to handle a lexical error is to find the closest
character sequence that does match a pattern (takes
long time & unpractical)
– Another way is to feed lexical analyzer – a list of
legitimate token available to the error recovery routines.
– Or generate an error.
7. Sources of Error
• Syntactic:-
– Comma instead of a semi-colon.
– Misspelled keywords, operators.
– Two expressions not connected by operator.
– Null expression between parenthesis
– Unbalanced parenthesis
– Handle is absent
• Usually, panic mode or phrase-level recovery is
used.
8. Sources of Error
• Semantic:
– Declaration and scope errors like use of undeclared
or multi-declared identifiers, type mismatch, etc.
– In case of undeclared name, make an entry in the
Symbol table & its attributes.
– Set a flag in ST that it was done due to an error
rather than declaration.
9. Sources of Error
• Logical:
– Syntax is correct, but wrong logic applied to programmer.
– Most difficult to recover.
– Hard to detect by compiler.
10. Goals of Error Handler
• Detect errors quickly and produce meaningful
diagnostic.
• Detect subsequent errors after an error correction.
• It shouldn’t slow down compilation.
11. Goals of Error Handler
Program submitted to a compiler often have errors of
various kinds:-
• So, good compiler should be able to detect as many
errors as possible in various ways.
• Even in the presence of errors ,the compiler should
scan the program and try to compile all of it.(error
recovery).
12. Goals of Error Handler
• When the scanner or parser finds an error and
cannot proceed ?
• Then, the compiler must modify the input so that the
correct portions of the program can be pieced
together and successfully processed in the syntax
analysis phase.
13. CORRECTING COMPILER
• These compilers does the job of error recovery not
only from the compiler point of view but also from
the programmers point of view.
• Ex:PL/C
• But, error recovery should not lead to misleading or
spurious error messages elsewhere (error
propagation).
14. Run-Time Errors
• Indication of run time errors is another neglected
area in compiler design.
• Because, code generated to monitor these
violations increases the target program size, which
leads to slow execution.
• So these checks are included as “debugging
options”.
15. Error Recovery Strategies
There are four common error-recovery strategies that
can be implemented in the parser to deal with errors
in the code:-
• Panic mode recovery
• Phrase-level recovery
• Error productions
• Global correction
16. Error Recovery Strategies
Panic Mode Recovery:-
• Once an error is found, the parser intends to find
designated set of synchronizing tokens (delimiters,
semicolon or } ) by discarding input symbols one at
a time.
• When parser finds an error in the statement, it
ignores the rest of the statement by not processing
the input.
17. Error Recovery Strategies
Panic Mode Recovery:-
• This is the easiest way of error-recovery.
• It prevents the parser from developing infinite loops.
• Ex: a=b + c // no semi-colon
• d=e + f ;
• The compiler will discard all subsequent tokens till a
semi-colon is encountered.
18. Error Recovery Strategies
Phrase-level Recovery:-
• Perform local correction on the remaining input i.e.
localize the problem and then do error recovery.
• It’s a fast way for error recovery.
• Ex: A typical local correction is to replace a comma
by a semicolon.
• Ex: Delete an extraneous semicolon and Insert a
missing semicolon.
19. Error Recovery Strategies
Error Productions:-
• Add rules to grammar that describe the erroneous
syntax.
• It may resolve many, but not all potential errors.
• Good idea about common errors is found & their
appropriate solution is stored.
• These productions detect the anticipated errors
during parsing.
20. Error Recovery Strategies
Error Productions:-
• Ex: E→ +E | -E | *E | /E
• Here, the last two are error situations.
• Now, we change the grammar as:
E→ +E | -E | *A | /A
A→ E
• Hence, once it encounters *A, it sends an error
message asking the user if he is sure he wants to
use a unary “*”.
21. Error Recovery Strategies
Global Correction:-
• Compiler to make as few changes as possible in
processing an incorrect input string.
• Given an incorrect input string x and grammar g,
algorithms will find a parse tree for a related string y,
such that the number of insertions, deletions, and
changes of tokens required to transform x into y is
as small as possible.
22. Error Recovery Strategies
Global Correction:-
• It does the global analysis to find the errors.
• Expensive method & not practically used.
• Costly in terms of time & space.