Resource Type: Brief
Authors: Jenna Wright
Published: July 2015
Resource Description:
An Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) can be defined as the package of services that the government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care. There is no universal essential package of health services that applies to every country in the world.
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
The government of Bangladesh first defined an “Essential Service Package” in 1998, then updated it in 2003 and renamed it the “Essential Service Delivery” Package. This package is defined at a high level, and includes: child health care, safe motherhood, family planning, menstrual regulation, post-abortion care, and management of sexually transmitted infections; communicable diseases (including tuberculosis, malaria, others); emerging noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, mental health conditions, cardiovascular diseases); limited curative care and behavior change communication; and nutrition.
The health system of Bangladesh has undergone a number of reforms and has established an extensive health service infrastructure in both the public and private sectors during the past four decades. Bangladesh has achieved impressive gains in population health, achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4 target of reducing under-five child mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015, and improving other key indicators such as maternal mortality, immunization coverage, and survival rates from malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea diseases.
The health system of Bangladesh has undergone a number of reforms and has established an extensive health service infrastructure in both the public and private sectors during the past four decades. Bangladesh has achieved impressive gains in population health, achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4 target of reducing under-five child mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015, and improving other key indicators such as maternal mortality, immunization coverage, and survival rates from malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea diseases.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: NepalHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
This National Strategic Roadmap on Health workforce Provides comprehensive guidance to the federal, provincial and local levels on Health, Health education. HRH strategy envisions to ensure equitable distribution and availability of quality health workforce as per the country health service system to ensure universal health coverage. This strategy provides guidance to the government at all levels in the federal context to fulfill the constitutional right for the access to health services by each citizen through effective management of the health workforce.
Health for all- primary health care- millennium development goalsAhmed-Refat Refat
PHC is the essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost they and the country can afford to maintain in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
Al
HEALTH SECTOR REFORMS- INDIA
Slides contain;
Reforms & Health System
Definition- HSR
Introduction
Financial reforms
Structural re-organization
Communication
Quality Assurance
Convergence
Public Private Partnership
Ways forward for effective HSR
Conclusion and points for Consideration
End
Mode of Human Resource for Health Production in Nepal
Various Academic and Non Academic Institutes and Councils producing all sorts of Human Resource for Health in Nepal.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: NepalHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
This National Strategic Roadmap on Health workforce Provides comprehensive guidance to the federal, provincial and local levels on Health, Health education. HRH strategy envisions to ensure equitable distribution and availability of quality health workforce as per the country health service system to ensure universal health coverage. This strategy provides guidance to the government at all levels in the federal context to fulfill the constitutional right for the access to health services by each citizen through effective management of the health workforce.
Health for all- primary health care- millennium development goalsAhmed-Refat Refat
PHC is the essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost they and the country can afford to maintain in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
Al
HEALTH SECTOR REFORMS- INDIA
Slides contain;
Reforms & Health System
Definition- HSR
Introduction
Financial reforms
Structural re-organization
Communication
Quality Assurance
Convergence
Public Private Partnership
Ways forward for effective HSR
Conclusion and points for Consideration
End
Mode of Human Resource for Health Production in Nepal
Various Academic and Non Academic Institutes and Councils producing all sorts of Human Resource for Health in Nepal.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: GhanaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: PakistanHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: IndiaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: ZambiaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: TanzaniaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: UgandaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: AfghanistanHFG Project
Resource Type: Brief
Authors: Jenna Wright
Published: May 2015
Resource Description:
An Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) can be defined as the package of services that the government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care. There is no universal essential package of health services that applies to every country in the world.
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Afghanistan has a clearly defined EPHS, which includes a Basic Package of Health Services and an Essential Package of Hospital Services. The Ministry of Public Health first ratified the BPHS in March 2003, and revised it in 2005 and again in 2010. The purpose of the BPHS is to ensure that all primary health care facilities deliver a standardized package of basic services.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: MozambiqueHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: RwandaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: KenyaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: The Republic of South ...HFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: LiberiaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: MalawiHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: IndonesiaHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
Strengthening Primary Care as the Foundation of JKNHFG Project
Central to the vision of JKN and the Government of Indonesia’s commitment to enhancing the health of all of its citizens is strengthening the role of primary care to prevent, treat and manage health conditions. How it is working, what the challenges are, and where might changes to regulations or operationalization of JKN contribute to strengthening the system so that JKN can achieve its goals. This brief focuses on JKN regulations at the primary care level, and shares insights into whether regulations are effective and how they are being implemented in a range of Indonesian contexts.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: EthiopiaHFG Project
Resource Type: Brief
Authors: Jenna Wright
Published: July 2015
Resource Description:
An Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) can be defined as the package of services that the government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care. There is no universal essential package of health services that applies to every country in the world.
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
The government of Ethiopia published its “Essential Health Services Package for Ethiopia” in 2005 (Federal Ministry of Health 2005). This package was published with the intention to have public sector facilities provide a minimum standard of care that fosters an integrated service delivery approach essential for advancing the health of the population. The major components of the Essential Health Services Package for Ethiopia are classified building on the Health Service Extension Program, which was launched in 2002 as an essential health services package at the community level, in recognition of the failure of essential services to reach remote communities in the country. By 2010 over 33,000 trained health extension workers were serving both rural and urban areas throughout Ethiopia.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot Series: 24 Priority Cou...HFG Project
A new series of country profiles analyzes the governance dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services (EPHS) in the 24 Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Deaths (EPCMD) priority countries. An EPHS can be defined as the package of services that the government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care.
The user-friendly snapshots explore several important dimensions of the EPHS in each country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. There is no universal EPHS that applies to every country in the world, nor is it expected that all health expenditures in any given country be directed toward provision of that package. Countries vary with respect to disease burden, level of poverty and inequality, moral code, social preferences, operational challenges, financial challenges, and more, and a country’s EPHS should reflect those factors.
Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS. When available, this includes the country’s most recently published package; a comparison of the country’s package to the list of priority reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) interventions developed by the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health in 2011, and a profile of health equity in the country.
Essential Package of Health Services and Health Benefit Plans Mapping BriefHFG Project
Many governments are scaling up health benefit plans, such as social health insurance, to increase population health coverage. This brief presents findings from a mapping between the services covered under the country’s prominent health benefit plan(s) to the country’s Essential Package of Health Services. The mapping analyzes the extent to which the plan(s) cover essential services.
Essential Package of Health Services and Health Benefit Plans Mapping BriefHFG Project
Many governments are scaling up health benefit plans, such as social health insurance, to increase population health coverage. This brief presents findings from a mapping between the services covered under the country’s prominent health benefit plan(s) to the country’s Essential Package of Health Services. The mapping analyzes the extent to which the plan(s) cover essential services.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: Bangladesh
1. ESSENTIAL PACKAGE OF HEALTH SERVICES
COUNTRY SNAPSHOT: BANGLADESH
July 2015
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
It was prepared by Jenna Wright for the Health Finance and Governance Project. The author’s views expressed in this
publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
2. The Health Finance and Governance Project
USAID’s Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project helps to improve health in developing countries by
expanding people’s access to health care. Led by Abt Associates, the project team works with partner countries to
increase their domestic resources for health, manage those precious resources more effectively, and make wise
purchasing decisions. As a result, this five-year, $209 million global project increases the use of both primary and
priority health services, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and reproductive health services. Designed to
fundamentally strengthen health systems, HFG supports countries as they navigate the economic transitions
needed to achieve universal health care.
July 2015
Cooperative Agreement No: AID-OAA-A-12-00080
Submitted to: Scott Stewart, AOR
Jodi Charles, Senior Health Systems Advisor
Office of Health Systems
Bureau for Global Health
Recommended Citation: Wright, J., Health Finance & Governance Project. July 2015. Essential Package of
Health Services Country Snapshot: Bangladesh. Bethesda, MD: Health Finance & Governance Project, Abt Associates
Inc.
Photo Credit: Hirshini von Kalm Dec 2005
Abt Associates Inc. | 4550 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 800 North | Bethesda, Maryland 20814
T: 301.347.5000 | F: 301.652.3916 | www.abtassociates.com
Avenir Health | Broad Branch Associates | Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI) |
| Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSPH) | Results for Development Institute (R4D)
| RTI International | Training Resources Group, Inc. (TRG)
3. CONTENTS
Acronyms................................................................................................................... i
About the Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot Series ... 1
The Essential Package of Health Services in Bangladesh.................................. 2
Priority Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Interventions..............3
Use of Selected Priority Services..............................................................................................4
How the Health System Delivers the EPHS..........................................................................4
Delivering the EPHS to Different Population Groups........................................................5
Providing Financial Protection for the EPHS.........................................................................5
Sources...................................................................................................................... 6
Annex A. Bangladesh's EPHS ................................................................................ 7
Annex B. Comparison between the EPHS and the Priority
RMNCH Services...................................................................................................15
Annex C: Bangladesh Health Equity Profile ...................................................... 21
ACRONYMS
EPHS Essential Package of Health Services
ESD Essential Service Delivery package
RMNCH Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health
4.
5. ABOUT THE ESSENTIAL PACKAGE OF
HEALTH SERVICES COUNTRY SNAPSHOT SERIES
An Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) can be defined as the package of services that the
government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential
packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political
empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care. There is no universal essential
package of health services that applies to every country in the world, nor is it expected that all health
expenditures in any given country be directed toward provision of that package. Countries vary with
respect to disease burden, level of poverty and inequality, moral code, social preferences, operational
challenges, financial challenges, and more, and a country’s EPHS should reflect those factors.
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots produced by the Health Finance & Governance
Project as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Package of Health
Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores
several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute
to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. The information
presented in this country snapshot feeds into a larger cross-country comparative analysis undertaken by
the Health Finance & Governance Project to identify broader themes related to how countries use an
EPHS and related policies and programs to improve health service delivery and health outcomes.
Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS. When
available, this includes the country’s most recently published package; a comparison of the country’s
package to the list of priority reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions developed
by the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health in 2011 (PMNCH 2011), and a profile of
health equity in the country.
1
6. THE ESSENTIAL PACKAGE OF
HEALTH SERVICES IN BANGLADESH
The government of Bangladesh first defined an “Essential Service Package” in 1998, then updated it in
2003 and renamed it the “Essential Service Delivery” Package. This package is defined at a high level, and
includes:
Child health care, safe motherhood, family planning, menstrual regulation,1 post-abortion care, and
management of sexually transmitted infections
Communicable diseases (including tuberculosis, malaria, others)
Emerging noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, mental health conditions, cardiovascular diseases)
Limited curative care and behavior change communication
Nutrition
Note, the third and current sector-wide approach document, called the Strategic Plan for Health,
Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016, mentions the intention to update the
ESD package. However, we did not identify an updated package when reviewing the literature for this
report.
The government of Bangladesh implements the Strategic Plan for Health, Population and Nutrition Sector
Development Program 2011–2016 through 32 separate Operational Plans. “Essential Services Delivery” is
one of these plans, and includes the following components:
1. Support Services & Coordination
2. Limited Curative Care
3. Urban Health Services
4. Medical Waste Management
5. Mental Health and Autism
6. Tribal Health
7. Strengthening Upazila2 Health System & Referral System
1 Menstrual regulation means abortion before the 11th week of pregnancy (World Bank 2011).
2 See section “How the Health System Delivers the EPHS in Bangladesh” for information about the Upazila Health
System.
2
7. Several additional Operational Plans specify the government’s strategy for delivering primary health care
services: “Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Care Operational Plan”; “Community-Based Health Care
Operational Plan;” and the “National Nutrition Services Operational Plan.” Additionally, during
implementation of the second sector-wide approach, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
stewarded the formulation of National Neonatal Health Strategy and Technical Guidelines for Bangladesh
(2009) in response to disappointing progress on improvement in maternal and neonatal health
outcomes. Based on our analysis we believe that the priority services specified across the 32
Operational Plans, plus the services specified in the National Neonatal Health Strategy and Technical
Guidelines for Bangladesh (2009), encompass Bangladesh’s EPHS. For the complete list of services, see
Annex A. There we summarized the priority services identified across these documents.
Priority Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and
Child Health Interventions
To see a comparison of Bangladesh’s EPHS and the priority reproductive, maternal, newborn and child
health (RMNCH) interventions (PMNCH 2011), refer to Annex B.
Status of Service in EPHS Status Definition # of Services
Included The literature on the essential package specifically
mentioned that this service was included. 39
Explicitly Excluded The literature on the essential package specifically
mentioned that this service was not included. 6
Implicitly Excluded This service was not specifically mentioned, and is not
clinically relevant to one of the high-level groups of services
included in the essential package.
0
Unspecified The literature on the essential package did not specifically
mention this service, but this service is clinically relevant to
one of the high-level groups of services included in the
essential package.
15
The following six priority RMNCH interventions are excluded from Bangladesh's EPHS:
Explicitly excluded:
Prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, including with antiretroviral
medicines
Screen for and manage HIV (if not already tested)
Screen for and initiate or continue antiretroviral therapy for HIV
Initiate prophylactic antiretroviral therapy for babies exposed to HIV
Routine immunization plus H. influenzae, meningococcal, pneumococcal, and rotavirus vaccines
Comprehensive care of children infected with, or exposed to, HIV
3
8. Use of Selected Priority Services
The table below presents the country’s data on common indicators. Empty cells signify that these data
are not available.
Indicator Year Value Urban Value Rural Value
Pregnant women sleeping under insecticide-
treated nets (%)
Births attended by skilled health personnel
(in the five years preceding the survey) (%)
2011 49.9 21.3
BCG immunization coverage among one-
year-olds (%)
2013 99
Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis
(DTP3) immunization coverage among one-
year-olds (%)
2013 97
Median availability of selected generic
medicines (%)—private
Median availability of selected generic
medicines (%)—public
Source: Global Health Observatory, World Health Organization.
How the Health System Delivers the EPHS
RMNCH services from the EPHS are delivered through:
government-sponsored community health workers
public sector primary care facilities
public sector referral facilities
The EPHS in Bangladesh is delivered through the Upazila Health System, which consists of a subdistrict
Hospital, Health Centers (with or without beds), and Community Clinics. The Upazila health system
refers to district or national hospitals for tertiary and specialty care services.
Community Clinics are small facilities established in remote and hard-to-reach areas. Community health
workers (called community health care providers) are stationed in the Community Clinics, and provide
health education, health promotion, treatment of minor ailments, and referral services to higher
facilities. The Clinics are intended to be a one-stop service center for primary health care with emphasis
on maternal and neonatal health (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 2010). One objective of the
Strategic Plan for Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 is to recruit at
least one community health care provider per Community Clinic.
4
9. Delivering the EPHS to Different Population Groups
The government’s strategy for implementing the EPHS includes specific activities to improve equity of
access for specific populations; these include:
women,
adolescents,
the indigent, and
rural populations.
See Annex C for the World Health Organization’s full health equity profile of Bangladesh based on data
from a 2011 Demographic and Health Survey.
Key findings from the health equity profile include:
Coverage of maternal health services is strongly associated with wealth, education level of the
mother, and rural versus urban place of residence, suggesting inequity in service coverage.
Coverage of at least one antenatal care visit is 49 percent among women with rural residence,
compared to 74 percent among women with urban residence.
Coverage of reproductive health services and childhood immunization services is not strongly
associated with wealth, education level of the mother, and rural versus urban place of residence,
suggesting more equality in service coverage for these types of services.
The Strategic Plan for Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 and its
Operational Plans include specific strategies to improve care provision for the following subpopulations:
hard to reach populations (rural), disadvantaged or poor populations, urban populations, newborns,
children, adolescents, women, people with disabilities, the elderly, and HIV and AIDS patients.
Providing Financial Protection for the EPHS
Community-based insurance is available in parts or all of the country.
All services included in the EPHS are legally exempt from user fees on a national scale.
In Bangladesh, primary health care services from the EPD are officially free in the Upazila Health System.
There is a nominal fee for services at tertiary and specialized hospitals. However, according to studies
such as the Bangladesh Service Delivery Survey of 2003, 80 percent of the respondents reported paying
for services, with 20 percent making direct payments to service providers (Bangladesh Health Watch
2012).
The government of Bangladesh also implements a program called the demand-side financing scheme,
which provides vouchers to pregnant women in order to increase use of safe motherhood services. The
scheme is supposed to cover the poor, but many poor families are not reached, and there is rampant
mis-targeting of people eligible for benefits (Bangladesh Health Watch 2012).
Some health insurance schemes exist in the country, but are not sponsored by the government. Several
not-for-profit nongovernmental development organizations provide health services through micro health
insurance; this is mainly financed by development partners. The private health insurance market is in
nascent stages in Bangladesh. Social health insurance schemes do not currently exist.
5
10. SOURCES
Bangladesh: Equity Profile - Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services. World Health
Organization. Accessed April 2015 at http://www.who.int/gho/health_equity/countries/en/
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Bangladesh. 2010. Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 Operational
Plan: Community-Based Health Care. Dhaka.
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Bangladesh. 2010. Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 Operational
Plan: Essential Service Delivery. Dhaka.
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Bangladesh. 2010. Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 Operational
Plan: Family Planning Field Services Delivery Program. Dhaka.
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Bangladesh. 2010. Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 Operational
Plan: Maternal, Child, Reproductive and Adolescent Health. Dhaka.
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Bangladesh. 2010. Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 Operational
Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child and Adolescent Health. Dhaka.
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
Bangladesh. 2010. Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016 Operational
Plan: National Nutrition Services. Dhaka.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh. 2010. Strategic Plan for Health,
Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011–2016. Dhaka.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh. 2009. National Neonatal Health
Strategy & Technical Guidelines for Bangladesh. Dhaka.
Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health. 2011. A Global Review of the Key Interventions
Related to Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH). Geneva, Switzerland:
PMNCH.
World Bank. April 2011. Reproductive Health at a Glance: Bangladesh. Accessed in May 2014
at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-1303736328719/Bangladesh42111web.pdf.
6
11. ANNEX A. BANGLADESH'S EPHS
Essential Service Delivery (ESD) Program Package
Child health care, safe motherhood, family planning, menstrual regulation,3 post abortion care, and
management of sexually transmitted infections;
Communicable diseases (including tuberculosis, malaria, others);
Emerging noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, mental health, cardio-vascular diseases);
Limited curative care and behavior change communication;
Nutrition
Source: Strategic Plan for Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare)
Components of the Essential Service Delivery Program
Support Services & Coordination
Limited Curative Care
Urban Health Services,
Medical Waste Management,
Mental Health and autism
Tribal Health, and
Strengthening Upazila4 Health System & Referral System.
Source: Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 Operational Plan: Essential Service Delivery (Directorate General of Health Services)
Specified Services from Other Operational Plans
The community level will be the focus of all area based Community Nutrition activities/ interventions. At
the community level, nutrition services will be delivered by Health Assistants (HA), Family Welfare
Assistants (FWAs) and Community Health Care Provider (CHCP) in addition to their usual duties.
These activities will be supervised by their respective supervisors and will be carried out through group
counseling; one-to-one counseling during home visits to pregnant women, new mothers, growth falters
(that is, pregnant women, infants and young children). The HAs, FWAs and CHCPs will receive
supervision and guidance from Health/Family Planning Inspectors and Family Welfare Visitors to carry
out nutrition services along with other health and family planning responsibilities. In addition, services of
Community Group & Community Support Group will be achieved wherever they are available and
whenever necessary.
3 Menstrual regulation means abortion before the 11th week of pregnancy (World Bank, 2011).
4 The Upazila Health System consists of a Hospital, Health Centers (with or without beds) and Community Clinics.
7
12. The Community Clinic is a one stop service center for primary health care in rural areas. The major
services provided are:
Maternal and neonatal health care services
• IYCF: Counseling to all women with children who come to outpatient department and
community for exclusive breast feeding until 6 months of age including positioning and
attachment, supporting for trouble-shooting for any breastfeeding problem, proper
complementary foods and advice on adequate nutrition after six months of age, weight and
height measurements.
Management of Acute Malnutrition: Screening for malnutrition (MUAC, growth monitoring),
nutrition advice for all children, classification and categorization of referred children by level of
malnutrition, treatment of uncomplicated cases of moderate malnutrition, referral for complicated
cases to primary level care facility, follow-up of referrals from the community and monitor follow-up
visits to children under treatment.
Integrated Management of Childhood illness
Reproductive health and family planning services
Expanded Program on Immunization, acute respiratory infection, communicable disease detection
Registration of newly married couple, pregnant women, birth & death, preservation of EDD
Nutritional education and micro-nutrient supplements: provide advice, guidance to households on
iodine, iron, and vitamin A, advocacy and monitoring, follow-up and compliance of use of iron folic
acid by pregnant women; provision of zinc in addition to oral rehydration salts during treatment of
diarrhea, provision of de-worming medication, iron-folic acid supplements, post-partum vitamin A
supplementation.
Health and family planning education & counseling: in addition to BCC messages on IYCF nutrition
education and counseling will be provided to adolescents, pregnant and lactating women on topics
such as, personal hygiene and cleanliness especially during preparation of food and feeding of infants
and young children, general nutrition, health and nutritional importance of de-worming and
consumption of micronutrient supplements (Vitamin A, Iron, Folate etc.).
Identifications of other severe illnesses like tuberculosis, malaria, pneumonia, life threatening
influenza, obstetrical emergencies and refer to higher facilities
Identification of emerging and reemerging diseases & refer to higher facilities.
Other services as identified by Government of Bangladesh under HPNSDP to be provided
Treatment of minor ailments
Establishing effective referral linkage with higher facilities
Source: Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 Operational Plan: Community-based Health Care (Directorate General of Health Services)
8
13. Priority Interventions and Activities of the National Nutrition Services
Growth Monitoring and Promotion
Behavior Change Communication to Promote Good Nutritional Practices
Micronutrient supplementation:
• Vitamin A supplementation
• Iron folate supplementation
• Iron Supplementation and Deworming of Adolescent Girls
• Zinc Supplementation during Treatment of Diarrhea
• Vitamin D, Calcium Supplementation (advocate for consumption of calcium rich food and
calcium supplementation during pregnancy and after 40 years of age)
Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Salt Iodization Program
Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition and Community Management of Acute Malnutrition
Community based nutrition services
• Regular growth monitoring for children under 2 years of age.
• Nutrition education for mothers, adolescent girls, newlywed women
• Individual counseling of parents for concerning child growth & development, child care,
immunization etc.
• Pregnant women counseling for self-care, well-being and healthy factors, food etc.
• Improved supplementary food (Pushti Packet) for selective and targeted population groups.
• Micronutrient supplementation (Vit.A, IronFolate)
• Deworming for children and adolescent girl
• Referral for severe acute malnutrition and other illness of children and pregnant women
antenatal care, postnatal care.
Source: Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 Operational Plan: National Nutrition Services (Directorate General of Health Services)
9
14. Expanded Program on Immunization:
EPI Priority Activity includes introducing new vaccines: Pneumococcal vaccine, Rota Vaccine, Birth
dose of Hepatitis B vaccine, dT vaccine, Rubella vaccine
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
Management of pneumonia at 1st level facilities
Community and social mobilization through engaging community stakeholders, revitalization of
Community Clinic Management Groups and Community Support Group, active involvement of local
government bodies for promoting healthy behavior and practices and effective demand generation
for MNCH services.
Scale up proven interventions and best practices on reduction of maternal mortalities such as
AMTSL practice at facility, use of Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage, if oxytocin is not
available and use of Magnesium Sulphate for prevention of pre-eclampsia, and post-partum family
planning.
Scale up evidence based protocols for newborn resuscitation (Helping Babies Breathe) and newborn
sepsis
Community based management of childhood priority illness, i.e. pneumonia, diarrhea, neonatal sepsis
and first aid of common injuries by trained CHCPs/BHWs/CHWs
Community based management of neonatal sepsis, birth asphyxia (with bag & mask) and Low birth
weight by the C-SBAs/BHWs/CHCPs/CHWs, identification and referral of sick newborns to
UHC/DH and proper management.
Source: Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child and Adolescent Health (Directorate General of
Health Services)
10
15. Maternal Health Services:
Registration of all pregnant mothers;
Increase birth planning and antenatal care (ANC);
Safe delivery by trained service providers at home and at facilities (MCWCs and
Upgraded UH&FWCs) with active management of 3rd.stage of labor.
Ensure24/7 EOC services in all MCWCs and selected UH&FWCs.
Use of Tab. Misoprostol at field level to prevent PPH
Use of Mg.Sulph. to prevent Eclampsia.
Postnatal care (PNC)
Performance based financing for the service providers;
DSF for the service providers and clients; and
Community mobilization activities;
Reproductive Health Care services:
Reduction of unsafe abortion through safe MR services and Post Abortion Care;
Syndromes management of RTI/STI through diagnosis and treatment;
Counseling on RTI/STD, HIV/AIDS and Condom promotion;
Provide health education for adopting preventive measures against RTI/STTDs with
especial emphasis on condom promotion;
Prevention of unwanted pregnancies through Emergency Contraceptive Pill.
Early detection of Cervical cancer through Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic acid
(VIA) and screening for Breast cancer.
Fertility care services and treatment of infertility.
Adolescent Health Care Services:
Implementation of adolescent health strategies action plans;
Promotional activities on delayed marriage;
Counseling and developing awareness of adolescents on personnel hygienic practices,
nutrition, puberty, anemia, RTI/STI, unprotected sexual activities, night wets, drug
addiction, accident, violence and sexual abuse;
Train adolescents on SRH through peer groups;
Management for minor gynecological problems i.e. dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia etc.;
Syndromes management of RTI/STDs, awareness creation on HIV/AIDS and condom
promotion for married adolescents;
Providing consultation and treatment for some reproductive health related problems of
adolescents;
Full immunization of adolescent girls with five dose tetanus toxoid vaccination in coordination with
EPI Program;
Initiation for making all service centers adolescent friendly in phases.
11
16. Newborn & Child Health Care Service
Promoting integrated approach to address sick Child through IMCI including acute respiratory
infection/pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition, fevers etc.
Growth monitoring
Providing medication of Deforming
Routine immunization in coordination with EPI Program and Vitamin-A supplementation
Ensuring management of drowning, injuries and accident
Limited curative care for Eye, Ear, Skin infection/worm infestation etc.
New born care :
• Health education for mothers on cleanliness, nutrition, danger signs of both mother and baby,
Umbilical cord care, Breast feeding, Thermal control, EPI etc.
• Management of birth asphyxia
• Routine eye care, and
• Special care of pre-term and low birth weight baby
Source: Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 Operational Plan: Maternal, Child, Reproductive and Adolescent Health (Directorate General
of Health Services)
Priority interventions to improve Population and Family Planning services will include:
Promoting delay in marriage and childbearing, use of post-partum Family Planning, post abortion
Family Planning and Family Planning for appropriate segments of the population
Strengthening Family Planning awareness building efforts through mass communication and IEC
activities and considering local specificities.
Using different service delivery approaches for different geographical regions and segments of the
population
Maintaining focus on commodity security and ensuring uninterrupted availability of quality family
planning services closer to the people (at the Community Center level).
Registering eligible couples with particular emphasis on urban areas to establish effective communication
and counseling
Compensating for lost wages (reimbursement for opportunity costs) for long acting and permanent
method contraceptive performance.
Strengthening Family Planning services especially post-partum and post abortion family planning and
demand generation through effective coordination of services with DGHS utilizing appropriate
opportunities.
Source: Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016 Operational Plan: Family Planning Field Services Delivery Program (Directorate General of
Health Services)
12
17. Guidelines for Maternal Care
1.1 Broad Strategic Actions by Level of Care
1.2 Guidelines for Interventions during Pre-pregnancy, Pregnancy, Childbirth and Postnatal Period
1.2.1 Guidelines for Pre-pregnancy Interventions
1.2.2 Guidelines for Interventions during Delivery
1.2.3 Basic ANC: Components by Visits
1.2.4 Components of Birth, Neonate and Emergency Preparedness
1.2.5 Danger Signs in Mother and Neonate
1.3 Guidelines for Interventions during Childbirth
1.3.1 Six Principles of Clean Delivery
1.3.2 Proposed Elements of Clean Delivery and Neonatal Kit
1.3.3 Neonatal Caregiver at Community Level
1.3.4 Essential Newborn Care
1.4 Guidelines for Interventions after Delivery
Guidelines for Healthy Newborn Care
2.1 Broad Strategic Actions by Level of Care
2.2 Guidelines for Healthy Newborn Interventions
Guidelines for Birth Asphyxia
3.1 Broad Strategic Actions by Level of Care
3.2 Guidelines for Birth Asphyxia Interventions
3.3 Management of Birth Asphyxia
3.4 Algorithm for Birth Asphyxia Management
Guidelines for Low Birth Weight Neonates
4.1 Broad Strategic Actions by Level of Care
4.2 Guidelines for Low Birth Weight interventions
4.3 Guidelines by Level of care for Low Birth Weight Neonates
4.4 Algorithm for Follow Up of LBW Babies at Home
Guidelines and Interventions for Neonatal Sepsis
5.1 Broad Strategic Actions by Level of Care
5.2 Guidelines for Neonatal Sepsis interventions
5.3 Management of Neonatal Sepsis
5.4 Identification of Neonatal Sepsis: Danger Signs
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy & Guidelines (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2009)
13
18.
19. ANNEX B. COMPARISON BETWEEN
THE EPHS AND THE PRIORITY RMNCH SERVICES
RMNCH Essential Interventions
Service
Included in
EPHS
Source and Additional Notes
Adolescence
and pre-
pregnancy
Level: Community Primary Referral
Family planning (advice, hormonal and
barrier methods)
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Family Planning Field
Services Delivery Program
Prevent and manage sexually transmitted
infections, HIV
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal, Child,
Reproductive and Adolescent Health
Folic acid fortification/supplementation to
prevent neural tube defects Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Level: Primary and Referral
Family planning (hormonal, barrier and
selected surgical methods)
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Family Planning Field
Services Delivery Program
Level: Referral
Family planning (surgical methods)
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Family Planning Field
Services Delivery Program
Pregnancy
(antenatal)
Level: Community Primary Referral
Iron and folic acid supplementation
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Community-based Health
Care
Tetanus vaccination
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal, Child,
Reproductive and Adolescent Health
Prevention and management of malaria
with insecticide treated nets and
antimalarial medicines
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Prevention and management of sexually
transmitted infections and HIV, including
with antiretroviral medicines No
Source: Operational Plan: National AIDS/STI
Program states that ART is provisioned through
GFATM funds and delivered through NGOs, not
through public health facilities. It is explicitly
excluded.
Calcium supplementation to prevent
hypertension (high blood pressure) Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Interventions for cessation of smoking
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Level: Primary and Referral
Screening for and treatment of syphilis
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Low-dose aspirin to prevent pre-eclampsia
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
15
20. RMNCH Essential Interventions
Service
Included in
EPHS
Source and Additional Notes
Anti-hypertensive drugs (to treat high
blood pressure) Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture
of membranes Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Corticosteroids to prevent respiratory
distress syndrome in preterm babies Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Safe abortion
Yes
Source: Strategic Plan for Health, Population and
Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016
Post abortion care
Yes
Source: Strategic Plan for Health, Population and
Nutrition Sector Development Program 2011-2016
Level: Referral
Reduce malpresentation at term with
External Cephalic Version Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Induction of labour to manage prelabour
rupture of membranes at term (initiate
labour) Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Childbirth Level: Community Primary Referral
Prophylactic uterotonics to prevent
postpartum haemorrhage (excessive
bleeding after birth)
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Manage postpartum haemorrhage using
uterine massage and uterotonics Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Social support during childbirth
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Level: Primary and Referral
Active management of third stage of
labour (to deliver the placenta) to prevent
postpartum haemorrhage (as above plus
controlled cord traction)
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health
Management of postpartum haemorrhage
(as above plus manual removal of
placenta)
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Screen and manage HIV (if not already
tested)
No
Source: Operational Plan: National AIDS/STI
Program states that ART is provisioned through
GFATM funds and delivered through NGOs, not
through public health facilities. It is explicitly
excluded.
16
21. RMNCH Essential Interventions
Service
Included in
EPHS
Source and Additional Notes
Level: Referral
Caesarean section for maternal/foetal
indication (to save the life of the
mother/baby)
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Prophylactic antibiotic for caesarean
section Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Induction of labour for prolonged
pregnancy (initiate labour) Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Management of postpartum haemorrhage
(as above plus surgical procedures) Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Postnatal
(Mother)
Level: Community Primary Referral
Family planning advice and contraceptives
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Family Planning Field
Services Delivery Program
Nutrition counselling
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Level: Primary and Referral
Screen for and initiate or continue
antiretroviral therapy for HIV
No
Source: Operational Plan: National AIDS/STI
Program states that ART is provisioned through
GFATM funds and delivered through NGOs, not
through public health facilities. It is explicitly
excluded.
Treat maternal anemia
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Level: Referral
Detect and manage postpartum sepsis
(serious infections after birth) Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health
Postnatal
(Newborn)
Level: Community Primary Referral
Immediate thermal care (to keep the baby
warm)
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Initiation of early breastfeeding (within the
first hour) Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Hygienic cord and skin care
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Level: Primary and Referral
Neonatal resuscitation with bag and mask
(by professional health workers for babies
who do not breathe at birth)
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health
17
22. RMNCH Essential Interventions
Service
Included in
EPHS
Source and Additional Notes
Kangaroo mother care for preterm
(premature) and for less than 2000g
babies
Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Extra support for feeding small and
preterm babies Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Management of newborns with jaundice
(“yellow” newborns) Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Initiate prophylactic antiretroviral therapy
for babies exposed to HIV
No
Source: Operational Plan: National AIDS/STI
Program states that ART is provisioned through
GFATM funds and delivered through NGOs, not
through public health facilities. It is explicitly
excluded.
Level: Referral
Presumptive antibiotic therapy for
newborns at risk of bacterial infection Yes
Source: National Neonatal Health Strategy &
Guidelines
Use of surfactant (respiratory medication)
to prevent respiratory distress syndrome
in preterm babies
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Continuous positive airway pressure
(CPAP) to manage babies with respiratory
distress syndrome
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Case management of neonatal sepsis,
meningitis and pneumonia Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health
Infancy and
Childhood
Level: Community Primary Referral
Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months Yes Source: Operational Plan: National Nutrition Services
Continued breastfeeding and
complementary feeding from 6 months Yes
Source: Operational Plan: National Nutrition Services
Prevention and case management of
childhood malaria Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Community-based Health
Care
Vitamin A supplementation from 6 months
of age
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: National Nutrition Services
Routine immunization plus H. influenzae,
meningococcal, pneumococcal and
rotavirus vaccines
No
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health explicitly states that rota
virus, and pneumococcal vaccines are not yet
included.
Management of severe acute malnutrition Yes Source: Operational Plan: National Nutrition Services
Case management of childhood
pneumonia
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health
18
23. RMNCH Essential Interventions
Service
Included in
EPHS
Source and Additional Notes
Case management of diarrhoea
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Maternal Neonatal Child
and Adolescent Health
Level: Primary and Referral
Comprehensive care of children infected
with, or exposed to, HIV
No
Source: Operational Plan: National AIDS/STI
Program states that ART is provisioned through
GFATM funds and delivered through NGOs, not
through public health facilities. It is explicitly
excluded.
Level: Referral
Case management of meningitis
Unspecified
This service was not specified in reviewed
documents
Across the
continuum of
care
Level: Community Strategies
Home visits for women and children
across the continuum of care Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Community-based Health
Care
Women’s groups
Yes
Source: Operational Plan: Community-based Health
Care
19