Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 8-16% of the global population and is often underdiagnosed. Defined as a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or markers of kidney damage for over 3 months, CKD is most commonly caused by diabetes and hypertension. Primary care clinicians play an important role in screening for CKD through routine testing of serum creatinine and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, diagnosing and staging CKD based on GFR and albuminuria levels, and managing CKD through controlling risk factors, treating complications, and referring high-risk patients to nephrologists. Appropriate screening, diagnosis and management
Actualización en la etiología, clasificación y manejo de las glomerulopatías.pdfjhinner eloy
This document provides an overview of recent updates in the classification and management of various glomerular diseases. It discusses how new genetic discoveries have led to changes in classifications, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis now being divided into C3 glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin/C3 positive categories. Treatment options for diseases like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have expanded with the use of rituximab and complement inhibitors. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is now classified based on etiology into anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and immune complex disorders.
Cistitis Intersticial, una actualización.pdfjhinner eloy
This document discusses interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic bladder pain disorder. It provides an overview of the disease including:
1) Theories on the pathophysiology of IC including disruption of the bladder's glycosaminoglycan layer, altered permeability of the bladder epithelium, uroinflammation, and neural upregulation.
2) Common symptoms of IC such as painful urinary symptoms, increased urgency and frequency, and pelvic or abdominal tenderness.
3) Risk factors for IC and the importance of ruling out other conditions through testing to properly diagnose IC.
4) Diagnostic criteria for IC outlined by guidelines which require chronic symptoms and exclusion of other conditions to confirm a diagnosis.
review of literature for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement and balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in management of patients with varices hemorrhage
The document provides information on the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in treating liver diseases. It discusses how TIPS works to create a channel between the hepatic vein and portal vein using a metal stent to reduce portal pressure. The document outlines guidelines for using TIPS to treat variceal hemorrhaging and describes factors like MELD scores that can help identify high-risk patients who may benefit from early TIPS placement. It also reviews the history of TIPS development and provides details on how to perform the TIPS procedure and assess outcomes.
This document discusses treatment of hepatitis C in patients with chronic kidney disease. It begins by establishing the association between HCV infection and CKD, noting that HCV can cause renal impairment and progression of kidney disease through various mechanisms. It then reviews outcomes in this population such as increased prevalence of CKD, faster progression to ESRD, higher mortality rates, and poorer outcomes after renal transplant compared to those without HCV infection. The document next evaluates earlier treatment options with interferon-based regimens, which had low efficacy and significant side effects. It then discusses approval and study of newer direct-acting antiviral regimens, finding improved efficacy and safety particularly with sofosbuvir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
EVIDENCE OF POSTTRAUMATIC COAGULOPATHY IN CASE OF THE SEVERE COMBINED THORACI...pijans
Early coagulopathy associated with trauma – result of exaggerate activity during the initiation phase of
coagulation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the coagulopathy markers for
metabolic monitoring of the severe combined thoracic trauma and it’s possibly to help in outcome
prediction. This retrospective study was performed on 73 male polytrauma patients from 20 to 68 years
old. The prothrombin time, fibrinogen concentration and β-Naphthol test were estimated on 1-2-d, 3-4-th
and 5-6-th days after trauma. The results suggest that hypocoagulation occurs early in equal extent for
survivals and non-survivals. Coagulation abnormalities are the result of vital functions disturbances rather
than direct tissue injury.
This document summarizes information about small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). It discusses:
- SCLC accounts for 15-20% of lung cancers and is strongly associated with tobacco exposure.
- Pathologically, SCLC arises from neuroendocrine precursor cells and displays characteristics like scanty cytoplasm and high mitotic count. Genetic abnormalities include frequent p53 and RB1 mutations.
- SCLC is clinically aggressive, often presenting with widespread metastases. Standard treatment involves platinum-based chemotherapy such as etoposide with cisplatin or carboplatin. The timing and sequencing of chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy is important.
Portal hypertensive gastropathy is a condition seen in patients with portal hypertension where there are characteristic endoscopic findings in the gastric fundus and body. It is thought to be caused by hemodynamic changes related to portal hypertension, especially increased portal pressure, but portal hypertension alone cannot fully explain its development. The pathogenesis is not fully understood but likely involves changes in blood flow and vascular resistance. The prevalence of portal hypertensive gastropathy varies widely in different studies but can be seen in approximately 30-75% of patients with portal hypertension and 35-98% of patients with cirrhosis, depending on the severity of liver disease and presence of varices.
Actualización en la etiología, clasificación y manejo de las glomerulopatías.pdfjhinner eloy
This document provides an overview of recent updates in the classification and management of various glomerular diseases. It discusses how new genetic discoveries have led to changes in classifications, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis now being divided into C3 glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin/C3 positive categories. Treatment options for diseases like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have expanded with the use of rituximab and complement inhibitors. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is now classified based on etiology into anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and immune complex disorders.
Cistitis Intersticial, una actualización.pdfjhinner eloy
This document discusses interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic bladder pain disorder. It provides an overview of the disease including:
1) Theories on the pathophysiology of IC including disruption of the bladder's glycosaminoglycan layer, altered permeability of the bladder epithelium, uroinflammation, and neural upregulation.
2) Common symptoms of IC such as painful urinary symptoms, increased urgency and frequency, and pelvic or abdominal tenderness.
3) Risk factors for IC and the importance of ruling out other conditions through testing to properly diagnose IC.
4) Diagnostic criteria for IC outlined by guidelines which require chronic symptoms and exclusion of other conditions to confirm a diagnosis.
review of literature for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement and balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in management of patients with varices hemorrhage
The document provides information on the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in treating liver diseases. It discusses how TIPS works to create a channel between the hepatic vein and portal vein using a metal stent to reduce portal pressure. The document outlines guidelines for using TIPS to treat variceal hemorrhaging and describes factors like MELD scores that can help identify high-risk patients who may benefit from early TIPS placement. It also reviews the history of TIPS development and provides details on how to perform the TIPS procedure and assess outcomes.
This document discusses treatment of hepatitis C in patients with chronic kidney disease. It begins by establishing the association between HCV infection and CKD, noting that HCV can cause renal impairment and progression of kidney disease through various mechanisms. It then reviews outcomes in this population such as increased prevalence of CKD, faster progression to ESRD, higher mortality rates, and poorer outcomes after renal transplant compared to those without HCV infection. The document next evaluates earlier treatment options with interferon-based regimens, which had low efficacy and significant side effects. It then discusses approval and study of newer direct-acting antiviral regimens, finding improved efficacy and safety particularly with sofosbuvir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
EVIDENCE OF POSTTRAUMATIC COAGULOPATHY IN CASE OF THE SEVERE COMBINED THORACI...pijans
Early coagulopathy associated with trauma – result of exaggerate activity during the initiation phase of
coagulation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the coagulopathy markers for
metabolic monitoring of the severe combined thoracic trauma and it’s possibly to help in outcome
prediction. This retrospective study was performed on 73 male polytrauma patients from 20 to 68 years
old. The prothrombin time, fibrinogen concentration and β-Naphthol test were estimated on 1-2-d, 3-4-th
and 5-6-th days after trauma. The results suggest that hypocoagulation occurs early in equal extent for
survivals and non-survivals. Coagulation abnormalities are the result of vital functions disturbances rather
than direct tissue injury.
This document summarizes information about small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). It discusses:
- SCLC accounts for 15-20% of lung cancers and is strongly associated with tobacco exposure.
- Pathologically, SCLC arises from neuroendocrine precursor cells and displays characteristics like scanty cytoplasm and high mitotic count. Genetic abnormalities include frequent p53 and RB1 mutations.
- SCLC is clinically aggressive, often presenting with widespread metastases. Standard treatment involves platinum-based chemotherapy such as etoposide with cisplatin or carboplatin. The timing and sequencing of chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy is important.
Portal hypertensive gastropathy is a condition seen in patients with portal hypertension where there are characteristic endoscopic findings in the gastric fundus and body. It is thought to be caused by hemodynamic changes related to portal hypertension, especially increased portal pressure, but portal hypertension alone cannot fully explain its development. The pathogenesis is not fully understood but likely involves changes in blood flow and vascular resistance. The prevalence of portal hypertensive gastropathy varies widely in different studies but can be seen in approximately 30-75% of patients with portal hypertension and 35-98% of patients with cirrhosis, depending on the severity of liver disease and presence of varices.
Abdominal Pain as Initial Presentation of Lung Adenocarcinomaasclepiuspdfs
Isolated celiac lymph node metastasis (ICLNM), in general, is not common with a reported incidence of 5–10% for lung adenocarcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma rarely metastasizes to the celiac lymph node leading to abdominal pain. It is not typical for ICLNM to be the initial presentation of lung adenocarcinoma as well. In this case, a 56-year-old man presented with a 4-week history of persistent periumbilical dull pain. Workup was remarkable for celiac lymph node mass which turned out to be adenocarcinoma with unknown primary cancer. Whole body position emission tomography scan and biopsy of the mass with immunohistochemistry could identify lung adenocarcinoma as the primary cancer. After a well-informed discussion of options for chemotherapy drugs with the patient, the decision was made to pursue bevacizumab combined with chemotherapeutics. He was charged home with abdominal pain relief and outpatient follow-up after short-course of chemotherapy.
This study aimed to determine the frequency of steatosis in 158 hepatitis C patients and examine its relationship to fibrosis. The key findings were:
1) Steatosis was present in 45% of liver biopsies. A strong correlation was observed between increasing steatosis and worsening fibrosis.
2) No significant relationship was found between steatosis and either BMI or age.
3) The results suggest steatosis may play a role in accelerating liver disease progression in hepatitis C by fueling free radical production, amplifying the virus's cytopathic effect. Efforts to control steatosis may help slow disease progression.
This document discusses acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), comparing existing definitions from APASL, EASL/CLIF, and NASCELD. It notes that while not consistent, the definitions lay groundwork for future research. The APASL definition focuses on an acute hepatic insult leading to liver failure within 4 weeks in patients with chronic liver disease/cirrhosis. EASL/CLIF and NASCELD have broader definitions not requiring liver failure, instead focusing on extrahepatic organ failures. The document also discusses the "golden window" period for treatment, reversibility of ACLF, grading systems for prognosis, and the APASL ACLF research consortium database.
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. It first defines AKI and describes its stages of severity. It then reviews the epidemiology of AKI in COVID-19, finding incidence rates ranging from 5-57% depending on location and study. The main proposed mechanisms of AKI in these patients include direct viral infection of kidney cells, cytokine storm effects, AKI related to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and kidney-lung crosstalk exacerbating injury. Risk factors for developing AKI include older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes and pre-existing kidney disease. Treatment involves preventing AKI through fluids and avoiding nephrotoxins, with renal replacement therapy used in severe cases
This document defines and outlines Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS), a rare eosinophilic vasculitis disease. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CSS. CSS is characterized by eosinophil-rich inflammation involving small to medium blood vessels and is associated with asthma, allergies, and eosinophilia. Treatment involves high doses of corticosteroids, with immunosuppressants used for resistant cases. Prognosis is generally better than other vasculitis diseases but mortality can occur from cardiac or neurological involvement.
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus have improved outcomes for patients with lupus nephritis (LN). CNIs inhibit T-cell activation and stabilize podocyte actin, reducing proteinuria. Tacrolimus is more potent than cyclosporine with fewer side effects. Combination therapy with low-dose mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus was shown to be superior to intravenous cyclophosphamide for inducing remission in LN. While CNIs effectively treat LN, concerns remain regarding their long-term nephrotoxicity and risk of serious infections.
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is an overlap syndrome with features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. It is defined by the presence of high-titer antibodies against U1 ribonucleoprotein. Common clinical manifestations include Raynaud's phenomenon, arthritis, myositis, interstitial lung disease, gastrointestinal involvement, and vascular abnormalities. Prognosis is generally good, though pulmonary hypertension can sometimes lead to death within a few weeks if not properly managed. Treatment focuses on conventional therapies for the overlapping conditions.
Cytopenias, or low blood cell counts, are a common adverse effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Neutropenia is the most frequent cytopenia, followed by thrombocytopenia and anemia. Cytopenias occur more commonly in advanced disease and when switching to second-line TKIs after resistance or intolerance develops to first-line treatment. While cytopenias can result in serious infections and bleeding, they are generally a result of the drug's efficacy rather than true toxicity, as they tend to improve over time with continued treatment. Careful monitoring and dose modifications or growth factor support can help manage cytopenias while maintaining treatment continuity
This document discusses locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). It provides details on the procedures, indications, outcomes, and complications of PEI and RFA. PEI involves injecting ethanol directly into tumors to induce chemical necrosis. It is indicated for HCC lesions ≤3 cm and can achieve complete ablation in 70-80% of lesions <3 cm. RFA uses heat generated by radiofrequency energy to ablate tumors. It is effective for tumors <3 cm, with an ablation success rate of 90% for lesions <2 cm. Both PEI and RFA have low risks of major complications but can
This document discusses inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in elderly patients. It notes that up to 30% of the IBD population is aged 60 or older, and half of those were diagnosed after age 60. The pathogenesis of late-onset IBD is unclear but may involve immunosenescence and changes in the gut microbiome. Elderly IBD patients often experience delays in diagnosis due to atypical presentations. Treatment options need to consider safety risks in elderly patients from comorbidities and polypharmacy. While guidelines do not differ for elderly patients, treatment must balance efficacy against risks of side effects on an individual basis.
This document discusses primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts. It provides details on the epidemiology, associated conditions, diagnosis, and treatment of PSC. Highlights include that PSC often co-occurs with inflammatory bowel disease, diagnosis involves cholangiography to detect bile duct abnormalities, and treatments like ursodeoxycholic acid and liver transplantation are discussed. The document also describes local data on PSC patients and initiatives to support research and patients through a new Australian Bowel Foundation.
Abstract—Hydatid cyst disease is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus Multilocularis. In human beings, apart from involving the liver and lungs commonly, it also affects other organs like brain, kidney and spleen. Rupture of Hydatid cyst into abdominal cavity causes disseminated abdominal hydatidosis which is a rare complication. Here this rare case was presenting as a 48 years old female patient of disseminated intra-abdominal hydatidosis. Disseminated abdominal hydatidosis occurs secondary to traumatic or surgical rupture of a hepatic cyst. Ultrasonography or Computed Tomography findings are helpful in making a definitive diagnosis. For localized hydatid cysts in liver or lungs, the management of choice is preferably surgical while the treatment for disseminated intra-abdominal hydatidosis remains medical. Albendazole is the treatment of choice for disseminated abdominal hydatidosis.
This document presents the case of a 28-year-old woman who received a kidney transplant in 2019 due to end-stage renal disease caused by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Her kidney function and proteinuria were stable after transplant until November 2019 when a biopsy showed recurrent FSGS. She received plasma exchange and rituximab treatment. Over the following year her kidney function remained stable with decreasing proteinuria in response to ongoing plasma exchange and rituximab.
This document summarizes the treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis. It describes initial immunosuppressive therapy including glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide or rituximab for moderate to severe disease. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy options include methotrexate, azathioprine and low dose glucocorticoids, typically continued for 12-18 months after remission is achieved. Prophylactic treatments and management of organ system involvement are also outlined.
This document discusses graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It describes the pathogenesis of GVHD, including the role of donor T-cells attacking host epithelial cells. It also outlines risk factors for developing acute GVHD, typical symptoms by organ system, methods for diagnosis including histologic confirmation, and treatments for both acute and steroid-refractory GVHD. The document emphasizes the importance of preventing and controlling acute GVHD given its impact on transplantation outcomes and survival.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as kidney damage or decreased kidney function lasting at least 3 months. The global prevalence of CKD is estimated to be 13.4% with higher rates in certain regions like eastern Uganda. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Later stages of CKD can cause complications like fluid overload, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis which require management approaches like dietary modifications and medications. The document discusses evaluating and managing CKD and its associated risks and complications.
This summary outlines the key findings of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial which evaluated the effect of empagliflozin treatment on kidney disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The randomized, double-blind trial involved over 6,600 patients with CKD across 8 countries. Patients received either empagliflozin 10mg or placebo daily. The primary outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death occurred in 13.1% of the empagliflozin group versus 16.9% of the placebo group, representing a 28% lower risk with empagliflozin. Secondary outcomes also favored empagliflozin treatment, including lower rates of hospitalization. The benefits were
This study evaluated the causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients in Pakistan. Diabetic nephropathy was the leading cause of CKD (28% of cases), followed by glomerulonephritis (22%) and hypertension (14.6%). Most patients presented with late-stage CKD. Among those under 50, glomerulonephritis was most common (33.2%) while diabetic nephropathy was most frequent in those over 50 (39.6%). The high prevalence of diabetes, infections, and late detection of diseases contribute to the burden of CKD in Pakistan.
This document provides guidelines for the detection, prevention and management of kidney disease in people with diabetes. It aims to standardize screening approaches and improve diagnosis and management to reduce progression to end-stage renal disease. Key points covered include definitions of microalbuminuria and nephropathy, prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetes populations, screening recommendations including annual urine testing for albumin/protein starting at age 12, and the relationship between reduced kidney function and mortality risk. The goal is a collaborative approach between primary care, diabetes specialists and nephrology to manage renal complications of diabetes.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as kidney damage or decreased kidney function (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2) persisting for over 3 months. CKD results from diseases affecting the pre-renal, intrinsic renal, or post-renal systems and commonly has no symptoms in early stages. The main causes of CKD are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney diseases. CKD can accelerate due to factors like proteinuria, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.
Abdominal Pain as Initial Presentation of Lung Adenocarcinomaasclepiuspdfs
Isolated celiac lymph node metastasis (ICLNM), in general, is not common with a reported incidence of 5–10% for lung adenocarcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma rarely metastasizes to the celiac lymph node leading to abdominal pain. It is not typical for ICLNM to be the initial presentation of lung adenocarcinoma as well. In this case, a 56-year-old man presented with a 4-week history of persistent periumbilical dull pain. Workup was remarkable for celiac lymph node mass which turned out to be adenocarcinoma with unknown primary cancer. Whole body position emission tomography scan and biopsy of the mass with immunohistochemistry could identify lung adenocarcinoma as the primary cancer. After a well-informed discussion of options for chemotherapy drugs with the patient, the decision was made to pursue bevacizumab combined with chemotherapeutics. He was charged home with abdominal pain relief and outpatient follow-up after short-course of chemotherapy.
This study aimed to determine the frequency of steatosis in 158 hepatitis C patients and examine its relationship to fibrosis. The key findings were:
1) Steatosis was present in 45% of liver biopsies. A strong correlation was observed between increasing steatosis and worsening fibrosis.
2) No significant relationship was found between steatosis and either BMI or age.
3) The results suggest steatosis may play a role in accelerating liver disease progression in hepatitis C by fueling free radical production, amplifying the virus's cytopathic effect. Efforts to control steatosis may help slow disease progression.
This document discusses acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), comparing existing definitions from APASL, EASL/CLIF, and NASCELD. It notes that while not consistent, the definitions lay groundwork for future research. The APASL definition focuses on an acute hepatic insult leading to liver failure within 4 weeks in patients with chronic liver disease/cirrhosis. EASL/CLIF and NASCELD have broader definitions not requiring liver failure, instead focusing on extrahepatic organ failures. The document also discusses the "golden window" period for treatment, reversibility of ACLF, grading systems for prognosis, and the APASL ACLF research consortium database.
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. It first defines AKI and describes its stages of severity. It then reviews the epidemiology of AKI in COVID-19, finding incidence rates ranging from 5-57% depending on location and study. The main proposed mechanisms of AKI in these patients include direct viral infection of kidney cells, cytokine storm effects, AKI related to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and kidney-lung crosstalk exacerbating injury. Risk factors for developing AKI include older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes and pre-existing kidney disease. Treatment involves preventing AKI through fluids and avoiding nephrotoxins, with renal replacement therapy used in severe cases
This document defines and outlines Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS), a rare eosinophilic vasculitis disease. It provides details on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CSS. CSS is characterized by eosinophil-rich inflammation involving small to medium blood vessels and is associated with asthma, allergies, and eosinophilia. Treatment involves high doses of corticosteroids, with immunosuppressants used for resistant cases. Prognosis is generally better than other vasculitis diseases but mortality can occur from cardiac or neurological involvement.
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus have improved outcomes for patients with lupus nephritis (LN). CNIs inhibit T-cell activation and stabilize podocyte actin, reducing proteinuria. Tacrolimus is more potent than cyclosporine with fewer side effects. Combination therapy with low-dose mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus was shown to be superior to intravenous cyclophosphamide for inducing remission in LN. While CNIs effectively treat LN, concerns remain regarding their long-term nephrotoxicity and risk of serious infections.
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is an overlap syndrome with features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. It is defined by the presence of high-titer antibodies against U1 ribonucleoprotein. Common clinical manifestations include Raynaud's phenomenon, arthritis, myositis, interstitial lung disease, gastrointestinal involvement, and vascular abnormalities. Prognosis is generally good, though pulmonary hypertension can sometimes lead to death within a few weeks if not properly managed. Treatment focuses on conventional therapies for the overlapping conditions.
Cytopenias, or low blood cell counts, are a common adverse effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Neutropenia is the most frequent cytopenia, followed by thrombocytopenia and anemia. Cytopenias occur more commonly in advanced disease and when switching to second-line TKIs after resistance or intolerance develops to first-line treatment. While cytopenias can result in serious infections and bleeding, they are generally a result of the drug's efficacy rather than true toxicity, as they tend to improve over time with continued treatment. Careful monitoring and dose modifications or growth factor support can help manage cytopenias while maintaining treatment continuity
This document discusses locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). It provides details on the procedures, indications, outcomes, and complications of PEI and RFA. PEI involves injecting ethanol directly into tumors to induce chemical necrosis. It is indicated for HCC lesions ≤3 cm and can achieve complete ablation in 70-80% of lesions <3 cm. RFA uses heat generated by radiofrequency energy to ablate tumors. It is effective for tumors <3 cm, with an ablation success rate of 90% for lesions <2 cm. Both PEI and RFA have low risks of major complications but can
This document discusses inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in elderly patients. It notes that up to 30% of the IBD population is aged 60 or older, and half of those were diagnosed after age 60. The pathogenesis of late-onset IBD is unclear but may involve immunosenescence and changes in the gut microbiome. Elderly IBD patients often experience delays in diagnosis due to atypical presentations. Treatment options need to consider safety risks in elderly patients from comorbidities and polypharmacy. While guidelines do not differ for elderly patients, treatment must balance efficacy against risks of side effects on an individual basis.
This document discusses primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts. It provides details on the epidemiology, associated conditions, diagnosis, and treatment of PSC. Highlights include that PSC often co-occurs with inflammatory bowel disease, diagnosis involves cholangiography to detect bile duct abnormalities, and treatments like ursodeoxycholic acid and liver transplantation are discussed. The document also describes local data on PSC patients and initiatives to support research and patients through a new Australian Bowel Foundation.
Abstract—Hydatid cyst disease is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus Multilocularis. In human beings, apart from involving the liver and lungs commonly, it also affects other organs like brain, kidney and spleen. Rupture of Hydatid cyst into abdominal cavity causes disseminated abdominal hydatidosis which is a rare complication. Here this rare case was presenting as a 48 years old female patient of disseminated intra-abdominal hydatidosis. Disseminated abdominal hydatidosis occurs secondary to traumatic or surgical rupture of a hepatic cyst. Ultrasonography or Computed Tomography findings are helpful in making a definitive diagnosis. For localized hydatid cysts in liver or lungs, the management of choice is preferably surgical while the treatment for disseminated intra-abdominal hydatidosis remains medical. Albendazole is the treatment of choice for disseminated abdominal hydatidosis.
This document presents the case of a 28-year-old woman who received a kidney transplant in 2019 due to end-stage renal disease caused by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Her kidney function and proteinuria were stable after transplant until November 2019 when a biopsy showed recurrent FSGS. She received plasma exchange and rituximab treatment. Over the following year her kidney function remained stable with decreasing proteinuria in response to ongoing plasma exchange and rituximab.
This document summarizes the treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis. It describes initial immunosuppressive therapy including glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide or rituximab for moderate to severe disease. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy options include methotrexate, azathioprine and low dose glucocorticoids, typically continued for 12-18 months after remission is achieved. Prophylactic treatments and management of organ system involvement are also outlined.
This document discusses graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It describes the pathogenesis of GVHD, including the role of donor T-cells attacking host epithelial cells. It also outlines risk factors for developing acute GVHD, typical symptoms by organ system, methods for diagnosis including histologic confirmation, and treatments for both acute and steroid-refractory GVHD. The document emphasizes the importance of preventing and controlling acute GVHD given its impact on transplantation outcomes and survival.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as kidney damage or decreased kidney function lasting at least 3 months. The global prevalence of CKD is estimated to be 13.4% with higher rates in certain regions like eastern Uganda. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Later stages of CKD can cause complications like fluid overload, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis which require management approaches like dietary modifications and medications. The document discusses evaluating and managing CKD and its associated risks and complications.
This summary outlines the key findings of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial which evaluated the effect of empagliflozin treatment on kidney disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The randomized, double-blind trial involved over 6,600 patients with CKD across 8 countries. Patients received either empagliflozin 10mg or placebo daily. The primary outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death occurred in 13.1% of the empagliflozin group versus 16.9% of the placebo group, representing a 28% lower risk with empagliflozin. Secondary outcomes also favored empagliflozin treatment, including lower rates of hospitalization. The benefits were
This study evaluated the causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients in Pakistan. Diabetic nephropathy was the leading cause of CKD (28% of cases), followed by glomerulonephritis (22%) and hypertension (14.6%). Most patients presented with late-stage CKD. Among those under 50, glomerulonephritis was most common (33.2%) while diabetic nephropathy was most frequent in those over 50 (39.6%). The high prevalence of diabetes, infections, and late detection of diseases contribute to the burden of CKD in Pakistan.
This document provides guidelines for the detection, prevention and management of kidney disease in people with diabetes. It aims to standardize screening approaches and improve diagnosis and management to reduce progression to end-stage renal disease. Key points covered include definitions of microalbuminuria and nephropathy, prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetes populations, screening recommendations including annual urine testing for albumin/protein starting at age 12, and the relationship between reduced kidney function and mortality risk. The goal is a collaborative approach between primary care, diabetes specialists and nephrology to manage renal complications of diabetes.
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD). It defines CKD as kidney damage or decreased kidney function (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2) persisting for over 3 months. CKD results from diseases affecting the pre-renal, intrinsic renal, or post-renal systems and commonly has no symptoms in early stages. The main causes of CKD are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney diseases. CKD can accelerate due to factors like proteinuria, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.
cardiorenal syndrome and its characteristics and complications and causes.pptxArunDeva8
This study analyzed the risk factors and outcomes of acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS-1) in 460 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome or acute decompensated heart failure at a tertiary care center in South India. 34% of patients developed CRS-1, defined as acute kidney injury resulting from acute worsening of cardiac function. Risk factors for CRS-1 included diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lower ejection fraction, and higher levels of cardiac biomarkers. Patients with CRS-1 required more intensive care interventions and had higher in-hospital mortality of 20.2% compared to 7.8% in patients without CRS-1. Early detection and multidisciplinary management can help provide better outcomes for patients with
Chronic kidney disease is defined by decreased kidney function or kidney damage lasting at least 3 months. It is caused by conditions that damage the kidneys such as diabetes and hypertension. Symptoms are often vague but can include fatigue, nausea, and decreased appetite. Complications include anemia, heart disease, bone disease, and nerve problems. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure and other risk factors as well as managing complications through diet, medication, dialysis or transplantation.
Acute kidney injury from diagnosis to prevention and treatment strategiesLeonardo Rodrigues
- Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function and is associated with increased short and long-term mortality. AKI diagnosis relies on changes in serum creatinine and urine output.
- Risk factors for AKI include older age, chronic kidney disease, comorbidities like diabetes and heart disease, as well as exposures to sepsis, surgery, nephrotoxins and shock. Causes of AKI include pre-renal, intrinsic renal and post-renal factors.
- Prevention strategies focus on identifying at-risk patients, optimizing volume status, and discontinuing or avoiding nephrotoxins. Treatment involves correcting hypovolemia, discontinuing
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND NEW TREATMENT APPROACHESPARUL UNIVERSITY
This document summarizes autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and new treatment approaches. ADPKD is characterized by bilateral renal cysts that lead to chronic kidney disease. About 78% of cases are caused by mutations in the PKD1 gene and 15% by PKD2. These mutations disrupt renal epithelial cells and lead to cyst formation and growth over time, eventually causing loss of kidney function. The document outlines the stages of ADPKD progression and approaches to diagnosis, including ultrasound and MRI. It discusses treatments focused on slowing disease progression, including controlling hypertension with RAAS inhibitors and the vasopressin antagonist tolvaptan. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage complications and improve outcomes for
This study estimated the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among 132 patients attending a diabetes clinic in Jamaica. Approximately 86% of patients had CKD based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 or albuminuria of 30 mg/g or higher. Over 20% had moderate albuminuria and 62% had severe albuminuria. Based on risk categories from the KDIGO guidelines, 51% were at high risk and 17% at very high risk of adverse outcomes like mortality, cardiovascular disease, and kidney failure. The high prevalence of CKD and risk of adverse outcomes shows the need for further studies on preventing CKD in diabetes patients in developing countries.
This document provides information on chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, staging, etiology, pathogenesis, and management principles. CKD is defined as kidney damage or decreased kidney function persisting for at least 3 months. It is staged based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the presence and severity of albuminuria. The pathogenesis involves both initiating factors that damage the kidneys as well as progressive mechanisms like compensatory hyperfiltration that eventually become maladaptive. Management focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, slowing progression, and treating complications through control of conditions like hypertension, anemia, and bone disease.
Comparative Study of Hscrp in Chronic Kidney Diseaseiosrphr_editor
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global threat to health mainly in developing countries because therapy is expensive and lifelong. over 1 million people worldwide are on dialysis or with a functioning graft. Early detection of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its consequent complications can prevent its grave complications . It causes not only significant morbidity but also it causes high mortality. Because of increase in incidence of Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity and an aging population there is increase in progression of chronic kidney disease to end stage renal disease (ESRD). . Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality in haemodialysis patients and so it has become imperative to have a screening programme at all levels to detect CKD at an early stage and to initiate specific therapy to reduce the progression of renal disease and also the burden of ESRD (1). High sensitive C-Reactive protein (Hs CRP) assay is useful for sensitive detection of inflammatory state (2,3). This study aims at estimating Hs CRP as a marker of inflammation in CKD patients...
Renal disorders can cause complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD) that increase risks during dental procedures and surgery. Patients with CKD are more likely to experience bleeding due to platelet and blood vessel dysfunction, and also have increased risk of infection. They may also develop dental problems such as periodontal disease, tooth discoloration and loss of enamel. When undergoing surgery, CKD patients are at higher risk of complications including bleeding, infections, cardiovascular and thrombotic events due to changes in fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance as well as altered drug metabolism and clearance. Careful preoperative evaluation and management involving nephrologists can help reduce these perioperative risks.
This document discusses atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and the drug Soliris (eculizumab) used to treat it. It provides details on:
- What aHUS is and how it can be life-threatening
- How Soliris works to treat aHUS by reducing complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy
- Different drug approval bodies' assessments of Soliris for aHUS, including concerns about lack of randomized controlled trials but recognition of benefits based on uncontrolled studies and clinical experience
- Conditions under which bodies like NICE and CDEC would recommend funding or listing Soliris for aHUS treatment
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, classification, causes, epidemiology, progression, and risk factors. CKD is defined as kidney damage or decreased kidney function (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2) for at least 3 months. It is classified based on GFR levels (G1-G5) and albuminuria levels (A1-A3). Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. Risk factors for faster progression include older age, male sex, proteinuria, hypertension, and factors related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Progression rates vary significantly
Running head MEDICAL CARE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDN.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDICAL CARE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Medical care planning for patients with Chronic Kidney DiseaseNorys GilSouth University
Medical care planning for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Chronic Kidney is a disorder that disturbs the correct working of the kidney, which is increasingly becoming a challenge to the health care sector. Just like any other chronic disease, CKD comes with the responsibility of ensuring that a patient gets maximum medical treatment facilities and attention as much as possible. “The definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have evolved, but current international guidelines define this condition as decreased kidney function as shown by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or markers of kidney damage, or both, of at least three months duration, regardless of the underlying cause”, Morton & Masson, 2017.
Morbidity and comorbidity of chronic Kidney disease
Weak/low results are closely associated with CKD; this is because of the burdens that are so high when it comes to comorbidity. Many pieces of research have indicated that CKD relates to diabetes and hypertension conditions. Intense conditions of chronic kidney disease also lead to heart complications. There is little information on the mental difficulties that come with CKD.
“Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be associated with adverse clinical outcomes, poor quality of life, and high health-care costs; clinicians need to understand that these observations result from a high burden of comorbidity among CKD patients”, (Manns &Hemmelgarn 2010). Key morbidities of CKD, therefore, include pulmonary complications, diabetes, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. CKD, to a very high degree, leads to characteristics such as myocardial infarction, dementia, hypothyroidism, depression, and stroke. All comorbidities remain classified as concordant others that closely relate with CKD but ranked as discordant include; asthma, constipation, lymphoma dementia, etc.
Impacts of chronic kidney disease
Various medical reports by the health care agencies and organizations, including the World Health Organization show that CKD is a growing complication that has become a big concern of the public health care sector not just in the United States but around the globe. An estimation of over 26 million people is affected by CKD in the country. Annual reports have shown that this number is likely to increase if serious investments are in the health care sector. Hypertension and diabetes are proven, leading causes of kidney complications. To an individual, CKD can lead to other primary complications such as nephropathy, lupus, and continuity of kidney failure. The country invests billions of money annually, something that is becoming hard to sustain because of the annual increase in population and the number of those affected by CKD.
As of 2006, over $23 billion was spent on C ...
This document discusses diabetes and kidney disease. It notes that diabetes is a worldwide epidemic that is increasing prevalence, especially in India. Diabetes is now the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease globally. Up to 40% of patients with diabetes will develop some form of kidney damage. The natural history of diabetic nephropathy is described, from early microalbuminuria to later macroalbuminuria and declining kidney function. Treatment focuses on glycemic control, blood pressure control, and blocking the renin-angiotensin system to slow disease progression. However, reductions in progression have been modest with current therapies.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than three months. It affects over 26 million Americans and is a major public health issue. The leading causes are diabetes and hypertension. As CKD progresses, kidney function declines and complications increase like anemia and bone disease. Cardiovascular disease risk also rises substantially. Inflammation, lipid abnormalities, and genetic factors can all contribute to CKD progression if not properly managed.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).