Functional genomics has led to an improvement of our understanding of CVD and can be translated to clinical utility. Gene-based pre-symptomatic prediction of illness, finer diagnostic sub-classifications and improved risk assessment tools will permit earlier and more targeted intervention. Pharmacogenetics will guide our therapeutic decisions and monitor response to therapy. Personalised medicine requires the integration of clinical information, stable and dynamic genomics and molecular phenotyping.
It is now possible to systematically search the entire human genome for common variants that are associated with a particular phenotype. (HGP, HAP MAP)
Functional genomics has led to an improvement of our understanding of CVD and can be translated to clinical utility. Gene-based pre-symptomatic prediction of illness, finer diagnostic sub-classifications and improved risk assessment tools will permit earlier and more targeted intervention. Pharmacogenetics will guide our therapeutic decisions and monitor response to therapy. Personalised medicine requires the integration of clinical information, stable and dynamic genomics and molecular phenotyping.
It is now possible to systematically search the entire human genome for common variants that are associated with a particular phenotype. (HGP, HAP MAP)
Brief Communication Thombotic Trombocytopenic Purpura: Allergic Reaction to P...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Venous Thromboembolism in the Cancer Patientlarriva
Cancer patients are at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. There have been several guidelines published on the topic from the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Although they agree on some issues regarding prophylaxis and treatment there are several areas that vary. This presentation covers the varying recommendations and the areas of consensus (yellow boxes) among the guidelines while using a patient case to guide their interpretation.
The Coagulopathy of Trauma: A Review of MechanismsEmergency Live
Coagulopathy associated with traumatic injury is the result of multiple independent but interacting mechanisms. Early coagulopathy is driven by shock and requires thrombin generation from tissue injury as an initiator. Initiation of coagulation occurs with activation of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways.
Differentiation Therapy "A Breakthrough for Cancer"Lalitha Ambighai
Differentiation Therapy has built a unique bridge between cell proliferation and differentiation for malignant cells which gave hope for researches in finding cure for cancers.
These slides shows a summation of a pre-done video in explaining differentiation therapy and its clinical applications specifically on pediatric neuroblastoma and acute promyelocytic leukemia.
All information in slides were obtained from external sources as in the citation and reference list.
*Slides prepared by: Anna Mayr, Lalitha Ambighai, Cheah Toh Yang, Romel Mario Soyza, Gayathri Nanayakkara and Stephanie Veter*
P.S Comments and questions in regards to researched topic would be very much welcomed and appreciated. Thank you. Have a nice day. :)
Cardiac Troponin Elevation in Patients Without a Specific DiagnosisShadab Ahmad
Measurement of cardiac troponin (cTn) levels is a cornerstone in the assessment of patients with acute chest pain.
An elevation in the cTn level together with a significant change in the setting of coronary ischemia indicates myocardial infarction (MI).
However, even other cardiac and noncardiac conditions may result in acute cTn increases (e.g., arrhythmias, severe hyper- or hypotension, pulmonary embolism, neurologic events, or endurance efforts).
Acute but subtle increases in cTn levels may also be difficult to distinguish from chronic cTn elevation which is a common finding in the elderly, patients with renal failure, or patients with chronic cardiac conditions.
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
Brief Communication Thombotic Trombocytopenic Purpura: Allergic Reaction to P...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Venous Thromboembolism in the Cancer Patientlarriva
Cancer patients are at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. There have been several guidelines published on the topic from the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Although they agree on some issues regarding prophylaxis and treatment there are several areas that vary. This presentation covers the varying recommendations and the areas of consensus (yellow boxes) among the guidelines while using a patient case to guide their interpretation.
The Coagulopathy of Trauma: A Review of MechanismsEmergency Live
Coagulopathy associated with traumatic injury is the result of multiple independent but interacting mechanisms. Early coagulopathy is driven by shock and requires thrombin generation from tissue injury as an initiator. Initiation of coagulation occurs with activation of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways.
Differentiation Therapy "A Breakthrough for Cancer"Lalitha Ambighai
Differentiation Therapy has built a unique bridge between cell proliferation and differentiation for malignant cells which gave hope for researches in finding cure for cancers.
These slides shows a summation of a pre-done video in explaining differentiation therapy and its clinical applications specifically on pediatric neuroblastoma and acute promyelocytic leukemia.
All information in slides were obtained from external sources as in the citation and reference list.
*Slides prepared by: Anna Mayr, Lalitha Ambighai, Cheah Toh Yang, Romel Mario Soyza, Gayathri Nanayakkara and Stephanie Veter*
P.S Comments and questions in regards to researched topic would be very much welcomed and appreciated. Thank you. Have a nice day. :)
Cardiac Troponin Elevation in Patients Without a Specific DiagnosisShadab Ahmad
Measurement of cardiac troponin (cTn) levels is a cornerstone in the assessment of patients with acute chest pain.
An elevation in the cTn level together with a significant change in the setting of coronary ischemia indicates myocardial infarction (MI).
However, even other cardiac and noncardiac conditions may result in acute cTn increases (e.g., arrhythmias, severe hyper- or hypotension, pulmonary embolism, neurologic events, or endurance efforts).
Acute but subtle increases in cTn levels may also be difficult to distinguish from chronic cTn elevation which is a common finding in the elderly, patients with renal failure, or patients with chronic cardiac conditions.
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
A myeloprolifrative stem cell disorder resulting in
Proliferation of all haematopoietic lineages but
manifestation Predominantly in the granulocytic series.
The disease occurs chiefly between 30 and 80 years, with
A peak incidence at the 55 years.
*accounts for 20% of all leukaemis.
*found in all races.
*the aetiology is unknown.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cardiology and angiology. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for cardiologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of cardiology and cardiovascular diseases.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of cardiology and circulatory system.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cardiology and angiology
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
4. CML and TKIs
Treatment and prognosis of CML has been radically changed with the
introduction of TKIs, the first example of highly effective target therapy in
hemato-oncology.
TKIs have significantly increased life-expectancy in CML patients, and
patients treated with imatinib, with longest follow-up, have a survival
close, if not equal, to that of general population.
Keskin D, et al. Eur Oncol Haematol. 2015;11(1):30–31.
5. CML and Quality of life
Since the life expectancy of CML patients has increased in the era
of the TKIs, physicians caring for CML patients started to face
another important issue – quality of life (QoL).
In order to improve QoL, monitoring for and managing adverse
events (AEs) promptly help in maintaining patients’ adherence to
TKI treatment and optimize patient outcomes
Kirkizlar O et al. Expert Review of Quality of Life in Cancer Care, 20171:5, 353-359
6. Most reports of TKIs in CML focus on efficacy, particularly on molecular
response and outcome. In contrast, infrequent publications about adverse
events (AEs).
Although, The attention to AEs has grown over recent years, our
understanding remains poor. We have no knowledge of why some (and not
all) patients develop particular AEs.
Giannoudis A, et al. Blood 2013; 121: 628–637
CML and TKIs adverse events
7. Cytopenias &TKIs
Cytopenias is a frequent AEs and likely to alter treatment course and
intensity for all TKIs.
While categorized as toxicity, cytopenias have been generally viewed as
a mixture of ‘response effect’ and undesired effect.
9. Incidence of cytopenias in TKIs
Data about Hematological toxicity of TKIs from different studies have been
reported , (in different disease phases (chronic phase CP or advanced disease), in
different lines of therapy and at doses) .
These data have been pooled together in order to offer a comprehensive
overview of hematologic toxicities.
Delphine R, Ann Hematol (2015) 94(Suppl 2):S149–S158
13. Neutropenia is most frequent, followed by thrombocytopenia and
anemia.
Cytopenias occur in patients in whom TKI treatment is changed (resistance
or intolerance) tend to be more severe than in the first line setting.
Cytopenias is tightly correlated with disease phase, being more common
and more severe in advanced disease.
Cortes JE, et al. Blood , 2011, 118:4567–4576
14. Cytopenia & TKIs,
pathogenesis
After TKI-induced reduction of leukemic hematopoiesis, normal stem and
progenitor cells need time to recover from pre-existing suppression by the
malignant clone and to re-populate the bone marrow
Sneed TB, et al. Cancer 2004; 100: 116–121.
15. Thus, what makes cytopenias is an expression of efficacy rather than a true
toxicity :
1. Cytopenias is predominant at the initiation of treatment and decreases substantially
with longer exposures to any TKI.
2. It is rare once a remission has been achieved
3. Cytopenias as AE of TKIs are (mostly) dose dependent, reversible on treatment
cessation or dose reduction, and affect all three lineages to a variable degree.
Sneed TB, et al. Cancer 2004; 100: 116–121.
16. Off –target effect of TKIs
In addition, it is conceivable that ‘off-
target’ effects, such as the inhibition of
KIT, may inhibit the expansion of normal
hematopoiesis in the presence of drug.
Cytopenia & TKIs,
pathogenesis
M.J. Mauro et al. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology 22 (2009) 409–429
17. Kinetics of cytopenias
Hematological toxicity is almost always limited to the first weeks or
months of treatment but late cytopenias have also been observed
In CP CML patients, the peak incidence of cytopenias is within the first 4–
6 weeks after starting TKI treatment: the decline of platelets generally
occurs 1–2 weeks later than the decline in neutrophil count and
decreases substantially with longer exposures to any TKIs.
Baccarani M, et al. Blood 2013; 122: 872–884.
18. Consequences of cytopenias.
Hematologic toxicity may cause infection and bleeding, which can be fatal.
The reported incidence of febrile neutropenia in CP CML with different TKIs is
uncommon < 1%, whereas, deaths due to infection after dasatinib or imatinib
were 1.9% and 0.4%,
Although in the phase II trial reported neutropenic fever or severe sepsis in 6–
17% of BP CML patients.
Palandri F, et al. Haematologica, 2008 93:1792–1796
19. In the IRIS study, the incidence of bleeding at any grade was 20% in imatinib arm and the
incidence of severe bleeding was almost nil.
In second line therapy, the incidence of clinically relevant dasatinib-related bleeding was
25% and severe in 3%.
In second- and third-line treatment, deaths due to bleeding after dasatinib and nilotinib
were reported in 0.9% and 0.8% of patients, respectively,
O'Brien SG, et al. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 994–1004. Saglio G, et al. N Engl J
Med 2010; 362: 2251–2259. Larson RA, et al. Leukemia 2012; 26: 2197–2203.
20. Consequences of cytopenias.
Persistent cytopenias might lead to dose modifications, treatment delays, and
therapeutic substitutions with next generation TKIs.
In reported trials, Severe and recurrent cytopenias is an adverse prognostic factor
for achieving a major cytogenetic response,
In particular, the combination of severe cytopenias and inadequate response to
treatment in CP has been associated with a high risk of transformation to
accelerated or blastic phase.
Marin D, et al. Leukemia 2003; 17: 1448–1453.
22. Monitoring of cytopenias:
In CP CML, during the first 4–6 weeks, blood counts should be monitored weekly.
Later with stable count, the frequency can be reduced to every 2 weeks or monthly
until month 3. After month 3, monitoring every 3 months is advised.
More frequent monitoring is advised for patients with advanced disease.
23. General principles to the management of Cytopenias
First of all, Early recognition is crucial for optimal management,
without compromising treatment continuity.
Patient education on potential AEs and their time course is vital.
Grade 1 or 2 cytopenias does not require modification of therapy;
SteegmannJL m et al Leukemia (2016) 1648 – 1671
24. General principles for the management of cytopenias
In patients with high Sokal-risk CP, advanced disease or a failure to
respond to prior therapy, the leading consideration is to deliver dose
intensity, avoiding treatment interruptions and dose reductions to the
possible extent, with aggressive blood product and growth factor
support.
On the other side, a more conservative approach is indicated in
patients with good-risk disease.
SteegmannJL m et al. Leukemia (2016) 1648 – 1671
25. General principles for the management of cytopenias
For grade 3-4 anemia, iron profile, folate and vit B12,
correct nutritional deficiency and transfusion support for
symptomatic Patients.
26. For all TKIs in CP CML patients, in the case of grade 3 or 4 cytopenias, the drug
must be stopped at the first episode.
In the case of recurrence and depending on the duration of the first episode of
cytopenia, the drug must be restarted at a lower dose
Once a stable response has been achieved, re-escalation to the target dose
should be considered.
With recurrent grade 3–4 cytopenias, especially in first-line CP , switching to an
alternative TKI
In chronic phase CML
27. Follows the general concept of keeping a higher dose intensity TKI than for
CP.
BMA to DD persistence of leukemia from hypocellularity and to rule out BM
related causes
It is unclear whether continuing TKI treatment, despite myelosuppression,
improves the response rate or simply results in greater morbidity (infectious
and/or bleeding complications).
Advanced phase CML poses highly variable hematological and clinical
situations, and therefore the TKI dose management should be optimized
based on the individual characteristics of each case.
In Advanced Phase CML
28.
29.
30. Febrile neutropenia
If CP CML PT receiving TKI as first line with of grade 3 neutropenia, withhold
therapy, treat infection appropriately, and resume at a lower dose when the
grade resolves to ˂3.
The same strategy is recommended for grade 4, except that G-CSF should be
considered together with a switch to another TKI when the grade resolves to
˂3.
If the patient is in second line or in advanced phase, and switching options to
another TKI are limited, then a stepwise lowering of the dose is warranted.
SteegmannJL m et al Leukemia (2016) 1648 – 1671
31. Role of growth factors
G-CSF and erythropoietic stimulating agents ESAs can be used
transiently to facilitate neutrophil or hemoglobin recovery. The
concomitant use of G-CSF or erythropoietic agents with TKIs is
effective and does not associated with TKI failure or lower
response.
Jorgensen HG, t al. Cancer 2005; 103: 210–211.
32. Cross-intolerance:
Cross intolerance for cytopenias between TKIs has been observed,
Recurrence of grade 3–4 cytopenias after switching to second line
TKI seem to be more common with dasatinib (86%) than with
nilotinib (55%), but discontinuation due to recurrence of
hematological toxicity is similar (16% vs 23%).
Khoury HJ, et al. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2008; 26(15_suppl): 7015
33. Home message
Cytopenias are a common AEs of TKIs in CML
Serious Infection and bleeding are infrequent but unaccepted,
Long-lasting and recurrent cytopenias resulting in prolonged or repeated
TKI interruptions and dose reductions may compromise TKI efficacy
34. Home message
Optimal management of patients on TKIs requires intimate
knowledge not only of response criteria but also of potential
toxicities, their basis, best approaches to avoid them, strategies to
manage them and how they may affect response to therapy.
Editor's Notes
Most of the study protocols have used the National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria (NCI-CTC) for classifying the severity of AEs,
It must be taken into account that dasatinib and to a lesser extent imatinib and ponatinib induce platelet dysfunction.