Epilepsy is a brain disorder caused by abnormal electrical discharges in brain cells that cause seizures. Seizures involve sudden attacks that can include loss of consciousness and convulsions. Epilepsy can be primary/idiopathic with no known cause or secondary due to factors like brain tumors, injuries, infections, genetic syndromes, or metabolic imbalances. Treatment involves medications, surgery, or other options like dietary changes or nerve stimulation depending on the type and cause of seizures.

2.  EPILEPSY IS A DISORDER OF BRAIN IN WHICH
A FIT OCCURS BECAUSE OF ABNORMAL
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE BETWEEN CERTAIN
BRAIN CELLS .
 A SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS WHICH
IS OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY REPEATED JERKY
MOVEMENTS CALLED CONVULSIONS .
 THESE ATTACKS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED
FITS OR SEIZURES .
 EPILEPSY IS DUE TO DISTURBANCE IN THE
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN

3.  IS CAUSED BY TRANSIENT , EXCESSIVE AND
ABNORMAL DISCHARGE OF NERVE CELLS .
 THE ABNORMAL DISCHARGE MAY INVOLVE A
SMALL PART OF BRAIN ONLY ( PARTIAL OR
FOCAL SEIZURE) OR MUCH MORE EXTENSIVE
AREA IN BOTH HEMISPHERES (GENERALIZED
SEIZURES ) .
 IT CAN START IN ANY AGE
 IN MAJORITY OF THE CASES , IT STARTS IN
CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE .

5. 1 . PRIMARY (IDIOPATHIC) EPILEPSY
 UNKNOWN GENETIC OR BIOCHEMICAL
PREDISPOSITION
2 . SECONDARY EPILEPSY :-
A. INTRACRANIAL
• TUMOR
• CEREBRO VASCULAR DISEASE
• ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
• TRAUMA (BIRTH INJURY ,DEPRESSED
FRACTURE , PENETRATING WOUND)

6.  INFECTION ( MENINGITIS , ENCEPHALITIS)
 CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY DISEASE (
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS)
B. EXTRA CRANIAL
 METABOLIC
 ELECTROLYTE
 BIOCHEMICAL
 INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
 ANOXIA
 HYPOGLYCEMIA
 DRUGS
 DRUG WITHDRAWL
 ALCOHOL WITHDRAWL

7.  GENERALIZED SEIZURE
INVOLVE THE WHOLE BRAIN AND LOSS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
ABSENCE : CHARACTERIZED BY BRIEF
LOSS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
TONIC – CLONIC : CHARACTERIZED BY
RHYTHMIC
JERKING OF MUSCLES
 PARTIAL SEIZURE
INVOLVES ONLY PART OF THE BRAIN ; ,MAY
OR MAY NOT INCLUDE LOSS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS

8.  PERIODS OF BLACKOUT OR CONFUSED
MEMORY
 OCCASIONAL “FAINTING SPELLS”
 EPISODES OF BLANK STARING CHILDREN
 SUDDEN FALLS FOR NO APPARENT REASON
 EPISODES OF BLINKING OR CHEWING AT
INAPPROPRIATE TIMES
 A CONVULSION, WITH OR WITHOUT FEVER
 CLUSTERS OF SWIFT JERKING MOVEMENTS
IN BABIES

9.  CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
1. PATIENT HISTORY
2. TESTS ( BLOOD , EEG , CT , MRI OR PET
SCAN)
3. NEUROGENIC EXAM
 ID OF SEIZURES TYPE
 CLINICAL EVALUATION

10.  MEDICATION
 SURGERY
 NON PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
1. KETOGENIC DIET
2. VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION ( VNS )
3. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION

11.  SEIZURE TYPE
 SIDE EFFECTS
 PATIENT AGE
 LIFESTYLE
 CHILDBEARING POTENTIAL
 OTHER MEDICATIONS