Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It involves describing disease occurrence, identifying risk factors and causes, and conducting analytical studies to test hypotheses. There are two main types of epidemiological studies - descriptive epidemiology which examines disease occurrence by time, place and person, and analytical epidemiology which tests hypotheses about risk factors. Observational studies include cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies, while experimental studies involve determining exposure in a controlled manner. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to improve disease prevention and control to enhance quality and duration of life.
This document provides a course syllabus for an Epidemiology course for second year Environmental Health students at Debre Markos University in Ethiopia. The syllabus outlines that the course is a core module worth 5 ECTS credits offered from July 14th to August 1st. The course objectives are to define epidemiology, understand epidemiological principles, describe disease causation, calculate disease measures, differentiate study designs, investigate outbreaks, and identify factors affecting study validity. The syllabus then provides details on topics to be covered including introduction to epidemiology, communicable disease epidemiology, and the natural history of disease.
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1Arjun Chapagain
The document provides an overview of preventive veterinary medicine and epidemiology. It defines preventive veterinary medicine as dealing with infectious diseases, their occurrence in animal populations, and methods of prevention and control. Epidemiology is introduced as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. The document then discusses key epidemiological concepts like agents, hosts, and the environment. It also outlines the objectives, scope, aims, methods, and applications of epidemiology, providing definitions for important epidemiological terminology.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
This document provides an introduction to basic epidemiology concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors influencing these patterns. The document outlines key epidemiology concepts like prevalence, incidence, risk factors, exposures and outcomes. It discusses the history of epidemiology and different epidemiological study designs. Important epidemiology measures are also introduced, including various ways to define and calculate disease occurrence and frequency in populations.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology including its history, definitions, objectives, and uses. It discusses how Hippocrates and John Snow helped establish epidemiology as a field through their studies of disease outbreaks. Key concepts in epidemiology are defined such as studying disease distribution, determinants, and applying knowledge to control health problems. The aims, objectives, and methods of epidemiology are described. The differences between clinical medicine and epidemiology are outlined. Finally, the various uses of epidemiology in healthcare management, understanding disease processes, public health practice, and clinical prevention are explained.
This document provides an overview of epidemiological methods and concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, determinants, and control in populations. Key concepts discussed include agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe disease distribution by time, place and person, while analytical epidemiology identifies risk factors. Observational and experimental study designs are classified. The document outlines the scope, aims, history and uses of epidemiology to understand and control health problems.
This document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. The aims of epidemiology are to describe disease distribution and frequency, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control diseases. Epidemiologists make comparisons between groups with and without disease exposure to identify determinants and test hypotheses. Basic measurements in epidemiology include mortality, morbidity, disability, and the distribution of disease and risk factors. Rates, ratios, and proportions are key tools used to measure and express disease frequency in populations.
This document provides a course syllabus for an Epidemiology course for second year Environmental Health students at Debre Markos University in Ethiopia. The syllabus outlines that the course is a core module worth 5 ECTS credits offered from July 14th to August 1st. The course objectives are to define epidemiology, understand epidemiological principles, describe disease causation, calculate disease measures, differentiate study designs, investigate outbreaks, and identify factors affecting study validity. The syllabus then provides details on topics to be covered including introduction to epidemiology, communicable disease epidemiology, and the natural history of disease.
Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1Arjun Chapagain
The document provides an overview of preventive veterinary medicine and epidemiology. It defines preventive veterinary medicine as dealing with infectious diseases, their occurrence in animal populations, and methods of prevention and control. Epidemiology is introduced as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. The document then discusses key epidemiological concepts like agents, hosts, and the environment. It also outlines the objectives, scope, aims, methods, and applications of epidemiology, providing definitions for important epidemiological terminology.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease frequency, distribution, and causative factors in order to provide data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control programs. The epidemiological approach involves asking questions about health events and outcomes in populations, and making comparisons between groups with different exposures to identify risk factors and draw inferences about disease causation.
This document provides an introduction to basic epidemiology concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors influencing these patterns. The document outlines key epidemiology concepts like prevalence, incidence, risk factors, exposures and outcomes. It discusses the history of epidemiology and different epidemiological study designs. Important epidemiology measures are also introduced, including various ways to define and calculate disease occurrence and frequency in populations.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology including its history, definitions, objectives, and uses. It discusses how Hippocrates and John Snow helped establish epidemiology as a field through their studies of disease outbreaks. Key concepts in epidemiology are defined such as studying disease distribution, determinants, and applying knowledge to control health problems. The aims, objectives, and methods of epidemiology are described. The differences between clinical medicine and epidemiology are outlined. Finally, the various uses of epidemiology in healthcare management, understanding disease processes, public health practice, and clinical prevention are explained.
This document provides an overview of epidemiological methods and concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, determinants, and control in populations. Key concepts discussed include agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe disease distribution by time, place and person, while analytical epidemiology identifies risk factors. Observational and experimental study designs are classified. The document outlines the scope, aims, history and uses of epidemiology to understand and control health problems.
This document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. The aims of epidemiology are to describe disease distribution and frequency, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control diseases. Epidemiologists make comparisons between groups with and without disease exposure to identify determinants and test hypotheses. Basic measurements in epidemiology include mortality, morbidity, disability, and the distribution of disease and risk factors. Rates, ratios, and proportions are key tools used to measure and express disease frequency in populations.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
This document discusses epidemiological research and treatment studies. It defines epidemiology as the scientific study of disease patterns in human populations and the application of this study to disease control. The aims of epidemiology are described as describing disease occurrence and distribution, identifying disease causes, and providing data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and treatment services. Epidemiological studies include descriptive studies like case reports and surveys, and analytical studies like cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies to test hypotheses. Disease prevention and control involves preventing disease sources, early diagnosis, treatment, quarantine, interrupting transmission, and preventing susceptible hosts through immunization and health education.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It aims to describe the distribution and magnitude of health problems, identify factors involved in disease causation, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and control efforts. Epidemiology provides a framework and methodology for community health nurses to assess community health needs, evaluate nursing services, and investigate and address health problems in populations.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and health conditions in human populations. It involves systematic observation and measurement of disease frequency and factors related to diseases. The goal of epidemiological research is disease prevention and improved population health. Epidemiology examines the impact of public health interventions on population health status and disease factors. It can describe disease presence in populations and controlling factors.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It involves the systematic collection and analysis of data related to health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to identify risk factors for disease, prevent incidence, and improve population health. Epidemiology examines the impact of public health programs and can describe disease presence and controlling factors in a population.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of health and disease in populations. It examines the patterns and causes of disease distribution. Key terms include epidemic, which is a disease rate above normal; endemic, a usual disease rate; and pandemic, a global epidemic. Epidemiology is used to study disease history, assess community health needs, estimate individual disease risk, identify disease causes, and guide prevention efforts. Prevention includes primary prevention to stop disease onset, secondary prevention to halt early disease progression, and tertiary prevention to reduce disability from established disease.
This document provides an introduction and overview of epidemiology. It discusses:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations. It aims to prevent disease, reduce impact, and improve health.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health problems in terms of person, place, and time using narrative, tables, graphs or maps. Analytical epidemiology also seeks to identify factors that cause health problems.
3. Epidemiology has objectives like obtaining frequency and distribution data on disease to reveal causes, test hypotheses, and obtain information to plan prevention and priority health issues.
This document provides an introduction and overview of epidemiology. It discusses:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations. It aims to prevent disease, reduce impact, and improve health.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health problems in terms of person, place, and time using narrative, tables, graphs or maps. Analytical epidemiology also seeks to identify factors that cause health problems.
3. Epidemiology has objectives like obtaining frequency and distribution data on disease to reveal causes, test hypotheses, and obtain information to plan prevention and priority health issues.
This document discusses epidemiology and provides definitions and concepts. It can be summarized as:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations with the goal of prevention and health improvement.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health issues while analytical epidemiology seeks to identify causal factors.
3. Epidemiology has broad applications including surveillance, research, planning, and evaluation of health programs and services. It examines various disease and health determinants.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors influencing these patterns. Some key points:
- Epidemiology aims to determine disease origins, investigate control, and understand ecology and impacts on populations.
- Descriptive epidemiology characterizes disease distribution, who is affected, when and where. Analytic epidemiology examines why through comparing groups and potential risk factors.
- Studies include experimental, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs to analyze associations between exposures and outcomes.
- Methods include surveys, monitoring, surveillance and studying sentinel populations to track disease occurrence and changes over time.
HLT 362V Grand Canyon University Wk5 Epidemiology Discussion.pdfbkbk37
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. It involves collecting and analyzing data to describe disease patterns and determine causes of diseases. An example is given of an epidemiological investigation of a meningitis outbreak where data was collected through surveys. This led to interventions like immunizations and hygiene education to prevent further spread. Reporting of patient safety events and use of electronic systems allows aggregation and analysis of data to identify risks and improve safety. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has enabled remote triaging and care while reducing transmission risks by allowing patients to stay home.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and periodontal diseases. It is guided by several doctors and discusses key epidemiological concepts like prevalence, incidence, sensitivity and specificity. Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are defined. Gingivitis involves inflammation of the gingiva while periodontitis also includes loss of periodontal attachment. The aims, objectives and study designs of epidemiology are summarized.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with learning objectives and then discusses the history of epidemiology, key concepts, definitions, uses and types of epidemiological study designs. Specifically, it outlines seven landmarks in the history dating back to Hippocrates and John Snow. It defines disease, illness and sickness and provides a modern definition of epidemiology as the study of disease frequency, distribution, and determinants in populations to promote health and prevent disease.
Epidemiological methods are used to study the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. There are two main approaches: observational studies and experimental studies. Observational studies include descriptive and analytical methods. Descriptive methods involve measuring disease occurrence without interference to understand time, place, and person distributions. Analytical methods include case-control and cohort studies to test hypotheses about associations between suspected causes and diseases.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. It has three main components: disease frequency, disease distribution, and disease determinants. Epidemiologists ask questions and make comparisons between groups to identify risk factors, understand disease processes, assist in public health practice and clinical decision making. The natural history of a disease describes its progression over time from exposure and subclinical stages to clinical symptoms and outcomes with or without treatment.
HLT 362V Grand Canyon University Wk5 Epidemiology Discussion Responses.docxbkbk37
This document discusses epidemiology and provides examples of how epidemiological data is collected and used. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations. Epidemiologists collect data through surveys, investigations, and statistical sources to analyze disease causes and spread. Findings are then used to design public health interventions like education campaigns, immunization programs, and infrastructure improvements to prevent future outbreaks.
CHAPTER 1 ITRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS.pptxjohnsniky
Technique:
The needle is held with the needle holder and it should enter the tissues at right angles and be no less than 2-3mm from the incision.
The needle is then carried through the tissue where it follows the needle’s curvature.
Sutures of any type that are placed in the interdental papilae should enter and exit the tissue at a point located below the imaginary line that forms the base of the triangle of the interdental papilla.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its key concepts. It discusses:
1. The definition and applications of epidemiology in public health, including disease assessment, evaluation of interventions, prevention, and clinical prognosis.
2. Basic epidemiological information about diseases, including natural history, etiology, patterns of occurrence, and possibilities for prevention.
3. Study designs used in epidemiology such as descriptive studies, analytical studies including cohort and case-control studies, and experimental randomized controlled trials.
4. Key epidemiological measures including incidence, prevalence, and measures of disease frequency, exposure effect, and screening test accuracy.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
This document discusses epidemiological research and treatment studies. It defines epidemiology as the scientific study of disease patterns in human populations and the application of this study to disease control. The aims of epidemiology are described as describing disease occurrence and distribution, identifying disease causes, and providing data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and treatment services. Epidemiological studies include descriptive studies like case reports and surveys, and analytical studies like cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies to test hypotheses. Disease prevention and control involves preventing disease sources, early diagnosis, treatment, quarantine, interrupting transmission, and preventing susceptible hosts through immunization and health education.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It aims to describe the distribution and magnitude of health problems, identify factors involved in disease causation, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and control efforts. Epidemiology provides a framework and methodology for community health nurses to assess community health needs, evaluate nursing services, and investigate and address health problems in populations.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and health conditions in human populations. It involves systematic observation and measurement of disease frequency and factors related to diseases. The goal of epidemiological research is disease prevention and improved population health. Epidemiology examines the impact of public health interventions on population health status and disease factors. It can describe disease presence in populations and controlling factors.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It involves the systematic collection and analysis of data related to health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to identify risk factors for disease, prevent incidence, and improve population health. Epidemiology examines the impact of public health programs and can describe disease presence and controlling factors in a population.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of health and disease in populations. It examines the patterns and causes of disease distribution. Key terms include epidemic, which is a disease rate above normal; endemic, a usual disease rate; and pandemic, a global epidemic. Epidemiology is used to study disease history, assess community health needs, estimate individual disease risk, identify disease causes, and guide prevention efforts. Prevention includes primary prevention to stop disease onset, secondary prevention to halt early disease progression, and tertiary prevention to reduce disability from established disease.
This document provides an introduction and overview of epidemiology. It discusses:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations. It aims to prevent disease, reduce impact, and improve health.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health problems in terms of person, place, and time using narrative, tables, graphs or maps. Analytical epidemiology also seeks to identify factors that cause health problems.
3. Epidemiology has objectives like obtaining frequency and distribution data on disease to reveal causes, test hypotheses, and obtain information to plan prevention and priority health issues.
This document provides an introduction and overview of epidemiology. It discusses:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations. It aims to prevent disease, reduce impact, and improve health.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health problems in terms of person, place, and time using narrative, tables, graphs or maps. Analytical epidemiology also seeks to identify factors that cause health problems.
3. Epidemiology has objectives like obtaining frequency and distribution data on disease to reveal causes, test hypotheses, and obtain information to plan prevention and priority health issues.
This document discusses epidemiology and provides definitions and concepts. It can be summarized as:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations with the goal of prevention and health improvement.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health issues while analytical epidemiology seeks to identify causal factors.
3. Epidemiology has broad applications including surveillance, research, planning, and evaluation of health programs and services. It examines various disease and health determinants.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors influencing these patterns. Some key points:
- Epidemiology aims to determine disease origins, investigate control, and understand ecology and impacts on populations.
- Descriptive epidemiology characterizes disease distribution, who is affected, when and where. Analytic epidemiology examines why through comparing groups and potential risk factors.
- Studies include experimental, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs to analyze associations between exposures and outcomes.
- Methods include surveys, monitoring, surveillance and studying sentinel populations to track disease occurrence and changes over time.
HLT 362V Grand Canyon University Wk5 Epidemiology Discussion.pdfbkbk37
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. It involves collecting and analyzing data to describe disease patterns and determine causes of diseases. An example is given of an epidemiological investigation of a meningitis outbreak where data was collected through surveys. This led to interventions like immunizations and hygiene education to prevent further spread. Reporting of patient safety events and use of electronic systems allows aggregation and analysis of data to identify risks and improve safety. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has enabled remote triaging and care while reducing transmission risks by allowing patients to stay home.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and periodontal diseases. It is guided by several doctors and discusses key epidemiological concepts like prevalence, incidence, sensitivity and specificity. Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are defined. Gingivitis involves inflammation of the gingiva while periodontitis also includes loss of periodontal attachment. The aims, objectives and study designs of epidemiology are summarized.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with learning objectives and then discusses the history of epidemiology, key concepts, definitions, uses and types of epidemiological study designs. Specifically, it outlines seven landmarks in the history dating back to Hippocrates and John Snow. It defines disease, illness and sickness and provides a modern definition of epidemiology as the study of disease frequency, distribution, and determinants in populations to promote health and prevent disease.
Epidemiological methods are used to study the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. There are two main approaches: observational studies and experimental studies. Observational studies include descriptive and analytical methods. Descriptive methods involve measuring disease occurrence without interference to understand time, place, and person distributions. Analytical methods include case-control and cohort studies to test hypotheses about associations between suspected causes and diseases.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. It has three main components: disease frequency, disease distribution, and disease determinants. Epidemiologists ask questions and make comparisons between groups to identify risk factors, understand disease processes, assist in public health practice and clinical decision making. The natural history of a disease describes its progression over time from exposure and subclinical stages to clinical symptoms and outcomes with or without treatment.
HLT 362V Grand Canyon University Wk5 Epidemiology Discussion Responses.docxbkbk37
This document discusses epidemiology and provides examples of how epidemiological data is collected and used. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations. Epidemiologists collect data through surveys, investigations, and statistical sources to analyze disease causes and spread. Findings are then used to design public health interventions like education campaigns, immunization programs, and infrastructure improvements to prevent future outbreaks.
CHAPTER 1 ITRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS.pptxjohnsniky
Technique:
The needle is held with the needle holder and it should enter the tissues at right angles and be no less than 2-3mm from the incision.
The needle is then carried through the tissue where it follows the needle’s curvature.
Sutures of any type that are placed in the interdental papilae should enter and exit the tissue at a point located below the imaginary line that forms the base of the triangle of the interdental papilla.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its key concepts. It discusses:
1. The definition and applications of epidemiology in public health, including disease assessment, evaluation of interventions, prevention, and clinical prognosis.
2. Basic epidemiological information about diseases, including natural history, etiology, patterns of occurrence, and possibilities for prevention.
3. Study designs used in epidemiology such as descriptive studies, analytical studies including cohort and case-control studies, and experimental randomized controlled trials.
4. Key epidemiological measures including incidence, prevalence, and measures of disease frequency, exposure effect, and screening test accuracy.
Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases are described. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted through the bites of infected arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks, while zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to humans. Common vector-borne diseases discussed include dengue, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Zoonotic diseases can be spread through direct or indirect contact with infected animals. Climate and environmental factors influence the spread of these diseases. Control and prevention relies on reducing vector populations and limiting human exposure.
The document discusses the principles and procedures for managing close contacts of infectious disease cases, defining close contacts as those with unprotected exposure starting 2 days before symptom onset. It describes centralized medical observation as the preferred approach for managing close contacts, involving daily health monitoring and isolation until 14 days after the last exposure. The role of AMOs in conducting contact tracing and managing at-risk individuals to control disease spread is also covered.
This document discusses genito-urinary infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including their control and prevention. It provides an overview of common STDs like syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, herpes, HIV, and HPV. Control and prevention methods are discussed, along with the roles of health clinics, district health offices, and national health authorities in Malaysia. Epidemiological approaches like surveillance activities are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including common types like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV. It notes that over 1 million people acquire an STI daily, with many experiencing no symptoms. STIs can have serious health consequences if left untreated, such as infertility, increased HIV risk, and mother-to-child transmission. The document defines and describes various STIs, their symptoms, testing and treatment options. Prevention methods like abstinence, mutual monogamy, and condom use are recommended to reduce STI spread.
This document discusses hazard identification and management. It defines hazards, risks, and controls. It explains the types of hazards including biological, physical, ergonomic, chemical, and psychological hazards. It describes the process of hazard identification including speaking to employees, observing tasks, and reviewing accident records. It outlines the hierarchy of controls from elimination to personal protective equipment. Finally, it provides an assignment for students to identify hazards in different locations and recommend control measures using the hierarchy of controls.
Ringkasan dokumen ini memberikan informasi tentang pencegahan sekunder dan rehabilitasi penyakit STD. Definisi pencegahan sekunder termasuk diagnosis, rawatan, rujukan, dan notifikasi kes, serta mengesan kontak. Tujuan rehabilitasi adalah untuk memulihkan gaya hidup yang sihat. Kaedah penjagaan meliputi rawatan khusus, modifikasi gaya hidup, dan peranan tenaga kesehatan primer dalam kontrol dan pencegahan penyakit.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a self-study course on principles of epidemiology in public health practice developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The course contains 6 lessons that cover topics such as descriptive and analytic epidemiology, summarizing data, measures of risk, displaying public health data, public health surveillance, and investigating an outbreak. Each lesson includes reading assignments, exercises, and a self-assessment quiz. Upon completing all lessons and passing the final exam with a score of at least 70%, participants can receive continuing education credits. The course is designed to teach federal, state, and local public health professionals basic epidemiology principles and procedures useful for disease surveillance and investigation.
This document discusses patterns of disease occurrence, including endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases. It defines each term and provides examples. Endemic diseases have a constant presence in a population within an area. Epidemics occur when a disease exceeds normal levels in a community or region. Pandemics are global epidemics that spread over multiple countries. The document outlines the World Health Organization's phases of a pandemic and describes pandemics such as the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak. It recommends references for further reading on epidemiology concepts.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Intro epidemiology.pdf
1. MHBE 2013
BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ;
Introduction to
Epidemiology
(2 Hour)
Institut Latihan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (ILKKM)
Prog : Diploma in Medical And Health Science (DPMH)
Year 1 Sem I
2. Learning outcome (LO) ;
i. Explain what is an
epidemiology.
ii. Describe the purpose
of epidemiology in
public health.
3. The word epidemiology comes from
the Greek words
• epi, meaning on or upon
• demos, meaning people
• logos, meaning the study of.
In other words, the word
epidemiology has its roots in the
study of what befalls a
population.
Definition ;
4. Epidemiology is the study of how disease is distributed in
populations and the factors that influence or determine this
distribution.
(Gordis L.,2008)
Definition ;
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events in specified
populations, and the application of this study to the control of
health problems.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, Atlanta USA)
5. History in
epidemiology;
400 B.C
Hippocrates attempted
to explain disease
occurrence from a
rational rather than a
supernatural viewpoint
1662
1800
1854
1990-2000
John Graunt, a London
haberdasher and
councilman who published
a landmark analysis of
mortality data in 1662. This
publication was the first to
quantify patterns of birth,
death, and disease
occurrence.
William Farr built upon
Graunt’s work by
systematically collecting
and analyzing Britain’s
mortality statistics. Farr,
considered the father of
modern vital statistics and
surveillance, basic
practices used today in
vital statistics and disease
classification.
In the mid-1800s, an
anesthesiologist named
John Snow was
conducting a series of
investigations in London
that warrant his being
considered the “father of
field epidemiology.” Snow
conducted studies of
cholera outbreaks both to
discover the cause of
disease and to prevent its
recurrence.
NHMS 1 ; 1986
7. Rank Disease
Males
Disease
Females
DALYs % DALYs %
1. IHD 164,846 10.0 IHD 113,887 9.2
2. Road Traffic Accidents 133,789 8.2 Cerebrovascular Disease 86,372 7.0
3. CVD 94,059 5.7 Uni-p Major Depression 67,211 5.4
4. Septicaemia 70,232 4.3 Septicaemia 57,483 4.6
5. ALRI 49,649 3.0 Diabetes Mellitus 56,390 4.6
6. Diabetes Mellitus 47,060 2.9 Hearing Loss 38,994 3.1
7. COAD 45,459 2.8 ALRI 37,890 3.1
8. Hearing Loss 44,566 2.7 Asthma 32,815 2.6
9. Unip Major Depression 42,259 2.6 Road Traffic Accidents 28,946 2.3
10. Cirrhosis 37,902 2.3 Osteoarthristis 26,925 2.2
Total (111 diseases) 1,646,896 Total (111 Diseases) 1,240,997
Sejarah Statistik Kesihatan dan Kempen Kesihatandi
Malaysia
8. 1991 – Cintailah jantung anda.
1992 – AIDS Pembunuh.
1993 – Makanan Bersih Keluarga sihat
1994 – Anak sihat tonggak masa depan
negara.
1995 – Maju tanpa kanser.
1996 – Cegah Diabetis
1997 – Makan untuk kesihatan.
1998 – Senaman asas kesihatan
1999 – Cegah Kecederaan
2000 – Kesihatan Mental.
2001- Promosi keluarga sihat.
2002 –Promosi persekitaran sihat
2003-04 – Sihat sepanjang hayat
(setting sekolah)
2005-07 – Sihat sepanjang hayat
( setting tempat kerja)
Sejarah Statistik Kesihatan dan Kempen Kesihatan
di Malaysia
9. Sejarah Statistik Kesihatan dan Kempen Kesihatan
di Malaysia
1. Hypertension ; NHMS I 14.4% , NHMS II 32.9% , NHMS III 32.3%.
2. Diabetis ; NHMS I 6.3% , NHMS II 8.3% , NHMS III 14.6%.
3. Lima masalah penyakit utama di malaysia sejak 10 tahun adalah dari Non
Communicable Disease. Penyakit Mental juga semakin meningkat di
malaysia.
4. Smoker ; NHMS II 24.8% , NHMS III 22.8%. Ex smoker 18.8% to 28.9%.
5. Alkohol : NHMS II 29.2% , NHMS III 42.8%.
6. Pap smear : NHMS II 26% , NHMS III 43.7%.
10. The science concerned with the study of the
factors determining and influencing the
frequency and distribution of disease, injury,
and other health-related events and their
causes in a defined human population for the
purpose of establishing programs to prevent and
control their development and spread.
Principles in epid ;
11. DISTRIBUTION ;
frequency ,
patern
DETERMINAT ; Causes
and other factors that
influence /
what.why,who,how,where?
6 principles in epidemiology ;
STUDY ; Biostatistics
and informatics, with
biologic, economic,
social, and behavioral
sciences.
HEALTH-RELATED
STATES OR
EVENTS ; NCD and
communicable
disease
SPECIFIED
POPULATIONS
APPLICATION ; diagnosis and
prescribe appropriate treatment for a
patient, the clinician combines
medical (scientific) knowledge with
experience, clinical judgment, and
understanding of the patient .
12. Epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic,
data-driven) of the distribution (frequency,
pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of
health-related states and events (not just
diseases) in specified populations (patient is
community, individuals viewed collectively), and the
application of (since epidemiology is a discipline
within public health) this study to the control of health
problems.
Current & best definition in
epidemiology ;
13. Second stage ; Analytic epidemiology the second stage in
an epidemiologic study, in which hypotheses generated in
the descriptive phase are tested.
Scope in epid ;
First stage epid ; Descriptive epidemiology the first stage
in an epidemiologic study, in which a disease that has
occurred is examined. Data necessary in this phase
include time and place of occurrence and the
characteristics of the persons affected.
14. Concept of RISK ;
A person expose to potential harmful agent .
Fundamental Concept In The Principle Of
Epidemiology. ;
Concept of CAUSE ;
Is an external agent (microbe,chemical subtance, physical trauma ) which result in
disease to the susceptible individuals.
Concept of DETERMINANT ;
Is an attribute or circumstance thats affects the liability of an individual to be exposed or, when expose
to develop disease. (eg : hereditary predisposition,environmental condition).
Concept of CONFOUNDING ;
Confounding variable factors which it significantly associated with both the occurrence of disease in a
population and with one of its causes or determinants but is not itself a cause.(eg : smoking, there for carcinoma
of bronchus tend to correlate)
15. 6 Core Epidemiologic Functions ;
1. HEALTH SURVELIENCES
2. LINKAGES
4. POLICY DEVELOPMENT
6. EVALUATION
5. ANALYTIC STUDIES
3. FIELD INVESTIGATION
16. 2 type of epidemiological studies ;
1. Descriptive Epidemiology;
• Descriptive epidemiology
covers time, place, and person.
• The 5W's of descriptive
epidemiology:
i. What = health issue of concern
ii. Who = person
iii. Where = place
iv. When = time
v. Why/how = causes, risk factors,
modes of transmission
2. Analytic Epidemiology;
The characteristic expect associated
with the disease;
i. Demographic factor such as age,
race, or sex;
ii. Constitutional factor such as
blood group or immune status;
iii. Behaviour or act such as
smoking or having eaten salsa;
iv. Circumstance such as living near
a toxic waste site.
1. OBSERVERTIONAL studies
2. EXPERIMENTAL studies
19. EXPERIMENTAL studies ;
The investigator determines through a controlled process the
exposure for each individual (clinical trial) or community
(community trial), and then tracks the individuals or
communities over time to detect the effects of the
exposure.
For example, in a clinical trial of a new vaccine, the investigator may
randomly assign some of the participants to receive the new
vaccine, while others receive a placebo shot.
20. OBSERVATIONAL studies;
1. Cohort study ;
• Some time we call prospective study or follow up study
or retrospective study.
• In a cohort study the epidemiologist records whether each
study participant is exposed or not, and then tracks the
participants to see if they develop the disease of interest.
• Note that this differs from an experimental study because,
in a cohort study, the investigator observes rather than
determines the participants’ exposure status.
21. Observational studies ;
2. Case controle study ;
Investigators start by enrolling a group of
people with disease (Case), As a comparison
group, the investigator then enrols a group of
people without disease (Controls).
22. Observational studies ;
3. Cross Sectional Study ;
• A sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their
exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously.
• The cross-sectional study tends to assess the presence
(prevalence) of the health outcome at that point of time without
regard to duration.
• For example, in a cross-sectional study of diabetes, some of the
enrolees with diabetes may have lived with their diabetes for
many years, while others may have been recently diagnosed.
23. 1. To study the cause/clinical
pictures (or etiology) of disease(s),
or conditions, disorders, disabilities,
etc.
– determine the primary agent
responsible or ascertain
causative factors
– determine the characteristics of
the agent or causative factors
– define the mode of transmission
– determine contributing factors
– identify and determine
geographic patterns
Uses of epidemiology ;
2. To determine, describe, and
report on the natural course of
disease, disability, injury, and
death.
3. To aid in the planning and
development of health services
and programs
4. To provide administrative and
planning data
5. Assessing the community’s
health.
6. Making individual decisions.
7. Completing the clinical picture
24. Ultimate Goal in epid ;
The FINALLY ultimate goal in
epidemiology is to improve the
control of a disease through both
prevention and treatment that will
prevent deaths from the disease
and will enhance the quality of life.
25. Student reading/ priority references :
Book / Journal / Article
No References
1. Gordis Leon (2013) Epidemiology, 5th edition,Elsevier
Suander,USA.
2. William C. Cockerham (2016) Medical sociology 13th edition,
Routledge,USA
3. Schneider.M.J(2014),Introduction to public health (4th Edition),Jones
& Bartlett Learning,USA
Internet/ e book/ online
No References
1. http://www.moh.gov.my/
2. https://www.who.int/
3. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=AXZz6JIV9ikC&p
rintsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section
9.html
27. Recommendation for student Independent Learning (IL) ;
Activities Source
1. Search and download https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/index.ht
ml
2. Reading related topic As above
3. Make short note related
topic
As above
4. Discus and answer
Exercise 1.1, 1.3
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1
/section11.html
5. Terminology and
Definitions
Page slide 32 – 33 either one
2
7