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This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Epidemiology, Triad of epidemiology, Brief epidemiology, Terminology used in Epidemiology, Epidemiology, traid, modes of disease transmission, disease control and prevention, Basic epidemiology, John Snow and Cholera with Epidemiology
This presentation provides a knowledge about Toxicology, its types , definition, regulatory guidelines for conducting toxicological studies, OECD guidelines for GLP. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacological & Toxicological Screening Methods - II, 2nd Semester, M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Introduction
• For occurrence of disease in men there are
three things are required –
Agent
Host
Environment
• These three factors are referred to as
Epidemiological triad. Disease cannot occur in
the absence of any one of these three factors
3. Epidemiological triad
Agent
Host Environment
1. Biological
2. Nutritional
3. Physical
4. Chemical
5. Mechanical
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Genetic
4. Profession
5. Customs
6. Habits
7. Behaviors
1. Physical
2. Biological
3. Social
5. 1. Agent
• Agent is the first link in the chain of disease
transmission.
• In the development of disease agent is the foremost
factor, it can be living or non living .
• These disease agent have been classified into 5
broad groups
1. Biological agent
2. Nutritional agent
3. Chemical agent
4. Mechanical agent
5. Physical agent
6. Social agent
6. 1. Biological agent
• These are the living agents which are found in
man, animals, insects, soil and air etc.
• These biological agent are poisonous and
spread infections and generate disease.
• Biological agents are –
VIRUS
BACTERIA
PROTOZOVA
FUNGUS
7. 2. Nutrient agents
• The nutrients are essential for
keeping an individual healthy.
An excess or deficiency of
intake of these nutrients can
result in nutritional deficiency
disorders.
• Proteins, fats, carbohydrate,
vitamins, minerals and water
are the nutrients agents.
• Disorders due to nutrients-
• PEM
• Anemia
• Goiter
• Obesity and
• Vitamins deficiencies.
8.
9. 3.Chemical agent
• The chemical agents which affect the human health are
two type
1. Endogenous chemical agent.
2. Exogenous chemical agent.
1. Endogenous chemical agent -The chemical agent
which are produced and present in human body called
Endogenous chemical agents. These chemical can excess
or less and result in illness.
Eg –
• Serum Bilirubin( excess of Bilubirin result in jaundice)
• Urea (Ureamia)
• Ketones (Ketosis)
• Uric acid(Gout)
• Calcium carbonate(Kidney stones)
10. 2. Exogenous chemical agent.- The chemical agents
which are present in outside in the human body is
called as Exogenous chemical agent.
Eg-
Gases
Metals
Dust
Smoke
Fumes
Insecticides
Allergens etc.
• These agent may be acquired
by inhalation, ingestion, or inoculation.
11. 4.Mechanical agent
• Exposure to chronic friction and other
Mechanical forces may result in crushing
tearing, dislocation, injuries, fractures and
even death.
12. 5. Physical agents
• Exposure to excessive heat, cold, humidity,
pressure, radiation, electricity, sound etc, may
cause the various disease.
13. 6. Social agent
• Social agent like Poverty, Illiteracy, Prostitution
Population explosion, Unhealthy life style, Smoking,
Drinking, Drugs and other addictions, Social isolation,
are also responsible for many disease.
15. 2. Host factors
• Host factor is the human body where the disease
agent stay, grow and multiply to produce illness.
• In epidemiology terminology the human host is
referred to as soil and the disease agent as seed.
• The host factors may classified as –
1. Demographic characteristics
2. Biological characteristics
3. Social and economic characteristics
4. Life style factors
16. The Host Factors May Classified as –
4.Life style factors
3.Social and Economic
characteristics
2.Biological
characteristics
1.Demographic
characteristics
Age, sex etc
Genetic factor, biochemical
level of blood(cholesterol),blood
groups and enzymes.
Socio economic status,
Education, Occupation, Stress,
Marital status, Housing etc.
Personality traits, Living habits,
Nutrition, Physical exercise, Use
of alcohol, Drugs and Smoking,
Behavioral patterns etc
17. 1. Demographic factors
• This include individuals age sex, etc. some
disease are common in childhood(Eg-Measles,
PEM,) and some disease are more prevalent in
old age(enlargment of prostate gland, cataract,
and osteoporosis)
• Similarly there are certain disease which affect
women more and other are found in men only.
18. 2. Biological factors
• Some disease are common in some specific
individual only.
• Eg – Disease depending on the structure of
genes or genetic disease, congenital disease,
mental disorder, blood disease, diabetes and
hypertension.
19. 3. Socioeconomic factors
• Onset of the disease is also affected by the
individuals economic and social status,
education, habits, marital condition and
profession etc.
20. 4. Life style
• Customs and rituals, moral values, habits,
nutrition, physical labour, consumption of
alcohol, drug addiction, smoking behavior and
personality etc.
• Eg – people those who are addicted to drugs or
alcohol are more likely to fall ill.
22. Environmental factors
• Study of disease is a study of man and his
environment. It has been proved that polluted
environment is responsible for many diseases.
• Environment factors are classified into three
groups
1. Physical environment
2. Biological environment
3. Physiological environment
23. 1. Physical environment
• Air, House, Season, Water, Land, Temperature, Light,
Noise, Radiation, Disposal of body waste, (faeces and
urine),Disposal of refuse etc, are the physical factors
which affects the environment.
25. 3. Physiological environment
• Customs faith, education, standards of living
culture, tension, and breaking up with family
etc, are related to onset of disease either
directly or indirectly.