After a dry summer, precipitation levels increased in recent months but river flows remain lower than 2018. In October, surface water temperatures were slightly above average across Puget Sound. Optimal temperatures for species like anchovies and salmon persisted in some areas. Aerial photos from October 30th show sizable rafts of organic debris in many regions as well as some red-brown algal blooms, though many blooms had dissipated. Green water persisted in parts of South Sound.
Unusually warm water temperatures continue in central and south Puget Sound. River flows remain lower than normal, especially the Fraser and Skagit rivers. Thus, with estuarine circulation much weaker, Puget Sound waters stay put. Mats of organic debris persist in Central Sound near Port Madison. Red-brown and brown blooms are now very strong in southern inlets and jellyfish patches are exceptionally numerous and large. Explore media coverage of unusual Puget Sound conditions including jellyfish.
After a dry summer, precipitation levels increased in recent months but river flows remain lower than 2018. In October, surface water temperatures were slightly above average across Puget Sound. Optimal temperatures for species like anchovies and salmon persisted in some areas. Aerial photos from October 30th show sizable rafts of organic debris in many regions as well as some red-brown algal blooms, though many blooms had dissipated. Green water persisted in parts of South Sound.
Unusually warm water temperatures continue in central and south Puget Sound. River flows remain lower than normal, especially the Fraser and Skagit rivers. Thus, with estuarine circulation much weaker, Puget Sound waters stay put. Mats of organic debris persist in Central Sound near Port Madison. Red-brown and brown blooms are now very strong in southern inlets and jellyfish patches are exceptionally numerous and large. Explore media coverage of unusual Puget Sound conditions including jellyfish.
EOPS_June_27_2016,
Record-breaking warmer and fresher water in Puget Sound. May-June conditions are more unusual than last year. Recent rain brought river flows close to normal but water exchange in Puget Sound remains weak due to low Fraser River flow. Phytoplankton blooms and organic material are visible in some areas of Central and South Sound but not in others. Noctiluca, while absent in Central Basin, was reported in unusual places. Jelly fish occur only in some south sound bays. Follow our BEACH program kick off, discover the Stinkworm, and find good underwater visibility for diving.
Ecology Publication No. 16-03-074
EOPS_May_2_2016,
Spring air temperatures are higher - it has been sunny and dry. The snowpack is quickly disappearing as temperatures are up to 7 °F warmer at higher elevations. Snowmelt-fed rivers are running very high. How does this affect water quality in Puget Sound? A strong spring phytoplankton bloom extends across Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Water temperatures are still higher than normal and jellyfish are already numerous in southern inlets. The high biological activity is causing organic material to drift at the surface and wash onto beaches. Do you know how fast a Sand Star can move?
Ecology Publication No. 16-03-073
EOPS_July_24_2017,
July had warm air temperatures, sunshine, and an abundant snowpack. Previous months had higher river flows (bringing freshwater) and weak upwelling (low delivery of saltier water) which resulted in very low salinities in Puget Sound, especially in the South Sound. Water temperatures are expected and warmer in Central Sound. Above normal sunshine has made Puget Sound biologically very active! Intense and unusual blooms color Hood Canal (coccolithophores) and south sound inlets. Large mats of organic material containing macro-algae drift at the surface. Many schools of fish are visible though jellyfish were absent.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-071
EOPS_July_20_2016,
Through June, air temperatures and sunlight were higher than normal. Recent rain generally improved river flows. However, the Fraser river flow remains extremely low, reducing water exchange with the ocean. Water temperatures are still breaking records, yet dissolved oxygen levels are normal. Coastal bays are influenced by upwelling and exhibit lower oxygen and higher salinities. Puget Sound algae are thriving with blooms observed in many South Sound inlets. Macro-algae is seen piling up on beaches and drifting in Central Sound. Jellyfish smacks are numerous in Eld and Budd Inlets. Our fliers notice seals hanging out at the beach!
Ecology Publication No. 16-03-075
The ocean and air remain warm with sunshine and dry weather across the region. As a result, Puget Sound is a lot warmer going into the new year. Hood Canal is responding with temperatures warmer than previous measurements, breaking its low temperature stint. First signs of growing phytoplankton are coloring the water green. Patches of jellyfish are overwintering in finger inlets of South Sound. Tidal fronts and suspended sediment are visible amidst the stunning San Juan Islands scenery. A sediment-rich water mass is trapped in Rosario Strait. Check out the South Sound Estuarium and the many reasons we love Puget Sound!
Warm air and water temperatures and offshore winds have persisted since fall. Numerous and sizable jelly fish patches are still present in southern inlets of Puget Sound. Coastal waters were colored in shades of gray to brown by sediment and humic substances. Phytoplankton blooms were restricted to the surf zone. We were treated to artful views of meandering sloughs and gullies on exposed mud flats during low tide in Willapa Bay, interspersed with the geometry of shellfish management. Brown pelicans: a story of recovery.
EOPS_June_5_2017,
Cooler and wetter conditions early in 2017 have set the stage for a favorable supply of freshwater. River flows are all above normal due to melting of the abundant snowpack from warmer May air temperatures. This is creating significantly fresher conditions in Puget Sound surface waters. Algae blooms are limited to some yellow-green blooms growing in bays near the Kitsap Peninsula and blooms near estuaries of the Skagit, Stillaguamish, and Puyallup Rivers. Red blooms are present in rivers feeding into Willapa Bay. Also see what is “blooming” in the sediments of Puget Sound.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-070
Sunshine and warm temperatures return after last week’s intense rain. The Puyallup and Nisqually Rivers are flowing high. Red-brown blooms and numerous patches of jellyfish remain strong in South Sound, Sinclair and Dyes Inlets, and Bellingham Bay, with brown-green blooms in Whidbey Basin. Macro-algae surface debris is very high in South and Central Sound. Hood Canal remains cooler but Puget Sound-wide temperatures are now warmer and less salty. Sea surface temperatures are above 15 °C, conditions favorable for some pathogens, and harmful algae blooms. Read about super colonies of by-the-wind sailors washing up on our shores.
After a wet January, precipitation levels in March were near or below normal in the Puget Sound region. Snowpack levels were around 109% of normal, meaning streamflows feeding Puget Sound were expected to be normal or above normal through September. Water temperatures in Puget Sound in February were slightly above the long-term average, within ranges for herring spawning but approaching the minimum survival threshold for anchovies of 8°C. Early spring blooms were observed in the finger inlets of South Puget Sound as sunlight and conditions improved.
EOPS_December_30_2015,
The year 2015 in pictures: Jellyfish patches persisted through the entire year in response to the exceptionally warm water caused by the Blob. Sediment loads are high as snow melts fast in the winter of 2015. Unexpected phytoplankton species occur in some bays in spring. Noctiluca, jellyfish and macro-algae appear in high numbers when rivers drop to record-low flows in early summer. Low river flows slow the renewal of in Puget Sound throughout summer and fall and jellyfish patches reach record highs.
Ecology Publication No. 15-03-080
EOPS_August_28_2017,
Warm air temperatures, abundant sunshine, and drier conditions persisted. River flows are lower in the north. Puget Sound waters are still fresher than in the past 17 years from the combination of abundant spring rain and weak upwelling bringing less salty water from the ocean. July upwelling was stronger, however. Warmer water temperatures are notable in parts of Central Sound, accompanied by large rafts of drifting macroalgae. Diverse blooms in colors of green, orange and red-brown are present in many inlets. Jellyfish abundance is lower this year. Find out how we assess if the benthos is changing.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-072
EOPS_August_24_2016,
In July, conditions were normalizing, yet river flows remained lower, continuing into August. July also saw lower oxygen appearing in southern Puget Sound. By August, jellyfish are occurring in high numbers in Eld and Budd Inlet. South Puget Sound has Noctiluca drifting at the surface in large orange lines in many places and red-brown blooms widespread in finger inlets, as well as in Sinclair Inlet. Central Sound surface-water temperatures are high, still in the 60s, and algae are abundant. See what we are measuring to understand ocean acidification in Puget Sound.
Publication No. 16-03-076
EOPS_September_26_2016,
September is jellyfish season and they are everywhere in southern Puget Sound! Sunny, warm, and dry conditions promoted strong late-summer plankton blooms in colors of red, green, and brown, now widespread in many bays. In contrast, Central Sound looks clear with low algal activity. Southern Puget Sound has large floating mats of organic material and developed lower oxygen in August. Meet the Critter of the Month - The Sweet Potato Sea Cucumber.
Publication No. 16-03-077
EOPS_June_27_2016,
Record-breaking warmer and fresher water in Puget Sound. May-June conditions are more unusual than last year. Recent rain brought river flows close to normal but water exchange in Puget Sound remains weak due to low Fraser River flow. Phytoplankton blooms and organic material are visible in some areas of Central and South Sound but not in others. Noctiluca, while absent in Central Basin, was reported in unusual places. Jelly fish occur only in some south sound bays. Follow our BEACH program kick off, discover the Stinkworm, and find good underwater visibility for diving.
Ecology Publication No. 16-03-074
EOPS_May_2_2016,
Spring air temperatures are higher - it has been sunny and dry. The snowpack is quickly disappearing as temperatures are up to 7 °F warmer at higher elevations. Snowmelt-fed rivers are running very high. How does this affect water quality in Puget Sound? A strong spring phytoplankton bloom extends across Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Water temperatures are still higher than normal and jellyfish are already numerous in southern inlets. The high biological activity is causing organic material to drift at the surface and wash onto beaches. Do you know how fast a Sand Star can move?
Ecology Publication No. 16-03-073
EOPS_July_24_2017,
July had warm air temperatures, sunshine, and an abundant snowpack. Previous months had higher river flows (bringing freshwater) and weak upwelling (low delivery of saltier water) which resulted in very low salinities in Puget Sound, especially in the South Sound. Water temperatures are expected and warmer in Central Sound. Above normal sunshine has made Puget Sound biologically very active! Intense and unusual blooms color Hood Canal (coccolithophores) and south sound inlets. Large mats of organic material containing macro-algae drift at the surface. Many schools of fish are visible though jellyfish were absent.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-071
EOPS_July_20_2016,
Through June, air temperatures and sunlight were higher than normal. Recent rain generally improved river flows. However, the Fraser river flow remains extremely low, reducing water exchange with the ocean. Water temperatures are still breaking records, yet dissolved oxygen levels are normal. Coastal bays are influenced by upwelling and exhibit lower oxygen and higher salinities. Puget Sound algae are thriving with blooms observed in many South Sound inlets. Macro-algae is seen piling up on beaches and drifting in Central Sound. Jellyfish smacks are numerous in Eld and Budd Inlets. Our fliers notice seals hanging out at the beach!
Ecology Publication No. 16-03-075
The ocean and air remain warm with sunshine and dry weather across the region. As a result, Puget Sound is a lot warmer going into the new year. Hood Canal is responding with temperatures warmer than previous measurements, breaking its low temperature stint. First signs of growing phytoplankton are coloring the water green. Patches of jellyfish are overwintering in finger inlets of South Sound. Tidal fronts and suspended sediment are visible amidst the stunning San Juan Islands scenery. A sediment-rich water mass is trapped in Rosario Strait. Check out the South Sound Estuarium and the many reasons we love Puget Sound!
Warm air and water temperatures and offshore winds have persisted since fall. Numerous and sizable jelly fish patches are still present in southern inlets of Puget Sound. Coastal waters were colored in shades of gray to brown by sediment and humic substances. Phytoplankton blooms were restricted to the surf zone. We were treated to artful views of meandering sloughs and gullies on exposed mud flats during low tide in Willapa Bay, interspersed with the geometry of shellfish management. Brown pelicans: a story of recovery.
EOPS_June_5_2017,
Cooler and wetter conditions early in 2017 have set the stage for a favorable supply of freshwater. River flows are all above normal due to melting of the abundant snowpack from warmer May air temperatures. This is creating significantly fresher conditions in Puget Sound surface waters. Algae blooms are limited to some yellow-green blooms growing in bays near the Kitsap Peninsula and blooms near estuaries of the Skagit, Stillaguamish, and Puyallup Rivers. Red blooms are present in rivers feeding into Willapa Bay. Also see what is “blooming” in the sediments of Puget Sound.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-070
Sunshine and warm temperatures return after last week’s intense rain. The Puyallup and Nisqually Rivers are flowing high. Red-brown blooms and numerous patches of jellyfish remain strong in South Sound, Sinclair and Dyes Inlets, and Bellingham Bay, with brown-green blooms in Whidbey Basin. Macro-algae surface debris is very high in South and Central Sound. Hood Canal remains cooler but Puget Sound-wide temperatures are now warmer and less salty. Sea surface temperatures are above 15 °C, conditions favorable for some pathogens, and harmful algae blooms. Read about super colonies of by-the-wind sailors washing up on our shores.
After a wet January, precipitation levels in March were near or below normal in the Puget Sound region. Snowpack levels were around 109% of normal, meaning streamflows feeding Puget Sound were expected to be normal or above normal through September. Water temperatures in Puget Sound in February were slightly above the long-term average, within ranges for herring spawning but approaching the minimum survival threshold for anchovies of 8°C. Early spring blooms were observed in the finger inlets of South Puget Sound as sunlight and conditions improved.
EOPS_December_30_2015,
The year 2015 in pictures: Jellyfish patches persisted through the entire year in response to the exceptionally warm water caused by the Blob. Sediment loads are high as snow melts fast in the winter of 2015. Unexpected phytoplankton species occur in some bays in spring. Noctiluca, jellyfish and macro-algae appear in high numbers when rivers drop to record-low flows in early summer. Low river flows slow the renewal of in Puget Sound throughout summer and fall and jellyfish patches reach record highs.
Ecology Publication No. 15-03-080
EOPS_August_28_2017,
Warm air temperatures, abundant sunshine, and drier conditions persisted. River flows are lower in the north. Puget Sound waters are still fresher than in the past 17 years from the combination of abundant spring rain and weak upwelling bringing less salty water from the ocean. July upwelling was stronger, however. Warmer water temperatures are notable in parts of Central Sound, accompanied by large rafts of drifting macroalgae. Diverse blooms in colors of green, orange and red-brown are present in many inlets. Jellyfish abundance is lower this year. Find out how we assess if the benthos is changing.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-072
EOPS_August_24_2016,
In July, conditions were normalizing, yet river flows remained lower, continuing into August. July also saw lower oxygen appearing in southern Puget Sound. By August, jellyfish are occurring in high numbers in Eld and Budd Inlet. South Puget Sound has Noctiluca drifting at the surface in large orange lines in many places and red-brown blooms widespread in finger inlets, as well as in Sinclair Inlet. Central Sound surface-water temperatures are high, still in the 60s, and algae are abundant. See what we are measuring to understand ocean acidification in Puget Sound.
Publication No. 16-03-076
EOPS_September_26_2016,
September is jellyfish season and they are everywhere in southern Puget Sound! Sunny, warm, and dry conditions promoted strong late-summer plankton blooms in colors of red, green, and brown, now widespread in many bays. In contrast, Central Sound looks clear with low algal activity. Southern Puget Sound has large floating mats of organic material and developed lower oxygen in August. Meet the Critter of the Month - The Sweet Potato Sea Cucumber.
Publication No. 16-03-077
Extensive red-brown algal blooms were observed in South Sound and Quartermaster Harbor from aerial flights and satellite imagery. Large patches of macroalgae were also seen throughout Central Sound. Dissolved oxygen levels began declining at some monitoring stations, while surface temperatures ranged from 14-15°C in Central Sound to 10-11°C in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The latest algal bloom in Central Sound showed signs of fading as waters began to clear.
Jellyfish aggregations persisted in Budd Inlet according to aerial photographs. Algal blooms were visible in northern Quartermaster Harbor. Temperatures continued to cool throughout Puget Sound over the past two weeks, accompanied by increasing stratification and a brief phytoplankton bloom in Central Sound. Dissolved oxygen trends varied geographically, declining at some moorings while increasing at others.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
EOPS_2019_01_10.pdf
1. Eyes Over Puget Sound
Up-to-date observations of visible water quality conditions in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca
2018 Review
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
Publication No. 19-03-070
Sharing views of your own backyard
Dr. Christopher Krembs
7 years behind the
camera
3. EOPS observations provide food for thought
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
Could the future of climate change offer more opportunities than we tend to think?
In 2018, water temperatures were slightly warmer than normal, and aerial photos revealed an abundance of
spawning herring and baitfish. We saw abundant macroalgae across Puget Sound and a two-month-long Noctiluca
bloom in Central Sound. Countless blooms occurred in bays of South Sound, the Kitsap Peninsula, Sequim, and
Bellingham Bay. Despite many visible eutrophication indicators, bait fish appeared to be abundant.
4. What influences Puget Sound water quality?
higher No data
lower
expected
*Upwelling/downwelling Anomalies
PDO = Pacific Decadal Oscillation
ENSO = El Niño Southern Oscillation
Climate conditions for 2018 were marked by a cool and wet spring followed by a warm, dry,
and sunny summer with lower river flows. The onset of a dry summer spell started in May,
one month earlier than in 2017. In the fall, conditions were sunnier and drier than the
previous year, which also led to lower river flows through October 2018.
Conditions Jan 2017 to Dec 2018:
Air temperatures were generally
slightly above normal since April
2018, repeating the pattern of
2017.
Precipitation was lower in
summer of 2018 and similar to
2017. Fall rain in 2018 was low.
Sunshine, the opposite of cloud
cover, was higher in the fall of
2018, also leading to drier
conditions.
River flows were noticeably lower
in the summer of 2018 than in
2017.
Upwelling and ENSO have been
positive.
All data are from public sources: UW GRAYSKIES; river flows from USGS and Environment Canada; indices from NOAA & UW (PDO).
Data not
available due
to federal
government
shutdown
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
5. Near-normal temperatures for both states
(compared to 1981-2010)
WA: +0.8°F anomaly
OR: +0.9°F anomaly
Washington was not as dry as Oregon in 2018
Oregon was very dry in 2018
Average weather conditions for the year 2018
Differences in precipitation between WA and OR
WA: +1.90” anomaly
OR: 16th driest Water Year (since 1895)
Courtesy of Karin Bumbaco and Nick Bond
Office of the Washington State Climatologist
Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean
University of Washington
November, 2018
Washington State compared to Oregon State in 2018
Paired temperature and precipitation data for
Washington and Oregon
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
6. Climateinfluences:HowwellisPugetSoundexchangingits water?
The Fraser River is the major driver of
estuarine circulation and water
exchange between the Salish Sea and
the ocean. Climate forecasts predict
earlier snowmelt and earlier delivery
of water to the Salish Sea. This affects
how well water renews and exchanges
with ocean water. Do we see four
years of climate impact since 2015?
NPGO
(x10)
PDO/Upwelling
Index
Large scale boundary conditions
are currently relatively neutral.
Past years’ warm water is gone (PDO) and
upwelling is more likely (Upwelling Index
anomaly). Unfortunately, reporting of the
NPGO, which reflects the surface
productivity along the coast, has been
temporarily discontinued.
Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index (PDO, temperature, explanation). Upwelling Index (anomalies) (Upwelling, low
oxygen, explanation). North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Index (NPGO, productivity, explanation).
Three-year running average of PDO, Upwelling, and NPGO Indices
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Historically, the peaks of coastal upwelling and the freshet are in sync. Climate shifts the relative timing of both processes.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
Upwelling
Index
(2-week-avg)
Fraser
River
discharge
(m
3
s
-1
)
higher, lower than normal and, expected flows
coastal upwelling
7. South Sound (black line = baseline 1999 – 2018) generally offers prolonged periods near the herring growth optimum.
In winter, Hood Canal generally offers the warmest overwintering temperatures (8 – 9 °C water kills anchovies). This
year, surface water temperatures (0 – 30 m) were consistently above normal (red dots). Phytoplankton supporting the
food chain were consistently higher (green) than normal (dashed line) in adjacent basins of Puget Sound and north.
(Chlorophyll a is used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass).
Temperature and food can affect fish growth
Herring growth optimum temp.
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
phytoplankton
above normal 2018
below normal 2018
normal 1999-2017
anchovy
Minimal survival temperature
herring
Herring growth optimum temperature
water temperature
above normal
below normal
normal
South Sound Central Sound North Sound
Whidbey Basin Hood Canal Strait of Juan de Fuca
Anchovy survival temp.
Chlorophyll
a
conc.
(µg/l)
Chlorophyll
a
conc.
(µg/l)
Temperature
(°C)
Temperature
(°C)
8. Instantaneous
herring larval
growth rates
(Gi/d)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Color legend
Fish need optimal water temperatures (red) and food to grow.
Assuming that phytoplankton biomass is a reflection of the amount of
zooplankton that fish eat, South Sound and Hood Canal in 2018 stand out
for having had prolonged good growth conditions for juvenile fish in
terms of both food and water temperatures. Whidbey Basin provided
high but inconsistent phytoplankton biomass in summer, and water
temperatures took longer to reach optimal growth conditions.
Paulsen et al. Helgol Mar Res (2016) 70:17DOI 10.1186/s10152-016-0470-y
=Month Optimal growth
Temperature and food can affect herring growth
region of
optimal herring
growth
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
South
Sound
Central Sound North Sound
Whidbey
Basin
Hood Canal Strait of Juan de Fuca
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Instantanious
growth
Gi
Temperature (°C)
Herring larvae
9. Jan. – Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Sep.
Nov.
Oil sheens on the water remained a recurring sight in Salmon Bay.
Milky water caused by spawning herring occurred more abundantly than usual.
Some red-brown blooms appeared very early this year in Sinclair Inlet. We documented brown blooms that we
have not seen before near Padilla Bay.
Strong blooms developed with lots of organic material drifting at the surface. Unusually numerous schools of
baitfish were seen from the air at many shallow terminal bays.
A strong Noctiluca bloom extended across southern portions of Central Puget Sound and a large coccolithophore
bloom in Hood Canal. Large rafts of macroalgae developed on beaches and started to drift across Puget Sound.
Macroalgae were extremely abundant on the water especially in South and Central Sound. An intense red bloom
engulfed Bellingham Bay and adjacent regions. Many smaller bays showed red or yellow-green blooms.
Number of red blooms had intensified in bays of the Kitsap Peninsula, Marrowstone Island, and Sequim Bay. Jelly
fish patches became distinctly visible from the air in terminal inlets of smaller bays.
Large schools of baitfish and jellyfish were still present in South Sound, as were red-brown algal blooms.
In 2018, water temperatures were still slightly above normal, and aerial photos revealed an
abundance of spawning herring and baitfish. We saw abundant macroalgae across Puget Sound
and a two-month long Noctiluca bloom in Central Sound. Countless blooms occurred in bays of
South Sound, the Kitsap Peninsula, Sequim and Bellingham Bay. We reported incidents of failing
effluent diffusers (Port Townsend) and oil sheens in waterways of Seattle (Salmon Bay).
2018 Year in Review: Aerial photography
The year 2018 stood out as a biologically highly productive year.
Christopher Krembs
Start here
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
10. Strait of
Juan de Fuca
San Juan Islands
Padilla Bay
Main Basin
Hood Canal
South Sound
Whidbey Basin
1
4
2
3
8
9
13
14
11
7
6
Aerial photography
& navigation guide
30
17
16
15
19
18
20
21
22
24
23
25
26
27
28
29
The map is a navigation guide to
quickly find areal pictures in a region.
The numbers depict locations in
chronological order of when they were
taken in 2018.
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
5 12
10
11. Repeated oil sheen on water near Seattle Fire Station, Dock 3.
Location: Salmon Bay, Seattle (Central Sound), 2:25 PM
oil sheen
oil sheen
1 Navigate
Aerial photography 2-13-2018
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
12. White cloudy water stretching from Point Partridge past Perego’s Lagoon. Spawning herring?
Location: Admiralty Reach (North Sound), 1:52 PM
2 Aerial photography 3-16-2018
Perego’s
Lagoon
Perego’s
Lagoon
Looking north Looking south
spawn
spawn
spawn
spawn
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
13. A. B.
A. Bright brown water leaving Joe Leary Slough. B. Is this a brown bloom following the tidal channel?
Location: Padilla Bay (North Sound), 12:54 PM
3 Aerial photography 4-19-2018
Joe Leary Slough
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
14. Bright red-brown-purple bloom with an occasional jellyfish patch.
Location: Sinclair Inlet (Central Sound), 1:49 PM
4 Aerial photography 4-19-2018
jellyfish
boat
Bloom
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
15. A. Noctiluca bloom surfacing near Priest Point Park, low altitude. B. At higher altitude.
Location: Budd Inlet (South Sound), 12:12 PM
Priest Point
A.
B.
5 Aerial photography 5-22-2018
Priest Point
Bloom
Debris
Bloom
Debris
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
16. Many patches of schooling fish.
Location: A. Near Allen Point. B. Near Purdy Sand Spit (South Sound), 12:00 PM
Purdy Sand Spit
Allen Point
A. B.
6 Aerial photography 5-22-2018
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
17. A. Large ribbons of organic material, likely Noctiluca. B. Algal bloom extending north.
Location: Saratoga Passage (Whidbey Basin), 1:44 PM
A. B.
7 Aerial photography 5-22-2018
East Point
Camano Island
Bloom
Debris
Front
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
18. A & B. Strong algal bloom and tidal fronts in Main Basin contrasted against Colvos Passage blue water.
Location: Blake Island (Central Basin), 2:40 PM
A. B.
8 Aerial photography 5-22-2018
Blake Island
Blake Island
Bloom
Front
Bloom
ferry
ferry
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
19. Noctiluca bloom surfacing and accumulating along tidal fronts.
Location: North of Commencement Bay (Central Sound), 10:16 AM
9 Aerial photography 6-5-2018
Dash Point
Debris
Front
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
20. Duckabush River delta at very low tide exposing macroalgae. Turquoise coccolithophore bloom
Location: Duckabush River (Hood Canal), 12:18 PM
Bloom
macroalgae
Aerial photography 6-28-2018
10 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
21. Large ribbons of Noctiluca and macroalgae accumulating at the surface.
Location: Poverty Bay (Central Sound), 1:34 PM
11 Aerial photography 6-28-2018
Poverty Bay
Debris
Debris
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
22. A. Mudflats during ebb tide and (B.) low tide. C. Temperatures vary considerably across the estuary.
Location: Nisqually River Delta (South Sound), 3:28 PM
Nisqually R.
16.5 °C
18.1 °C
A. B. C.
Aerial photography 7-16-2018
12:58 PM 3:28 PM
McAllister C.
McAllister C.
12 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
23. A. Large mats of macroalgae accumulating at front, red-brown bloom, and schools of fish. B. From altitude.
Location: Budd Inlet (South Sound), 12:36 PM
fish
A. B.
Aerial photography 7-16-2018
Gull Harbor
Big Tykle
Cove
fish
fish
fish
boat
macroalgae
macroalgae
Bloom
13 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
24. Large mats of macroalgae accumulating off beaches in southwestern portions of Carr Inlet.
Location: Carr Inlet (South Sound), 1:03 PM
Aerial photography 7-16-2018
macroalgae
boat
Bloom
14 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
25. Red-brown bloom extending in long ribbons from Samish Bay into Padilla Bay.
Location: Samish Island (North Sound), 2:01 PM
15 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
17.0 °C
16.1 °C
Samish Island
ship
Bloom
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
26. Large and very patchy red-brown bloom.
Location: Samish Island (North Sound), 2:03 PM
16 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
ship
Samish R.
Bloom
DOH Expert Jerry Borchert:
Bloom consisting of Gonyaulax
digitale and Scrippsiella trochoidea
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
27. Red-brown bloom of two colors entering Bellingham Bay via Hale Passage.
Location: Lummi Island (North Sound), 2:14 PM
17 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
15.5 °C
16.2 °C
Portage Island
Lummi Island
boat
Bloom
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
28. Red-brown and yellow-green blooms in Barlow Bay.
Location: Mackaye Harbor, Lopez Island (North Sound), 2:28 PM
18 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
Lopez Island
Bloom
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
29. Large mats of macroalgae accumulating along tidal fronts.
Location: Port Madison (Central Sound), 2:56 PM
19 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
Bainbridge Island
Suquamish
boat
Bloom
macroalgae
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
30. Large mats of macroalgae accumulating along edges of Puyallup River plume.
Location: Commencement Bay (Central Sound), 3:12 PM
20 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
Vashon Island
boat
boat
macroalgae
Plume
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
31. Red-brown bloom in southern portions of Nisqually Reach.
Location: Nisqually Reach (South Sound), 3:29 PM
Bloom
21 Aerial photography 7-16-2018
Anderson Island
boat
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
32. A. Likely jellyfish, but not confirmed. B. Large red-brown bloom near Port Orchard.
Location: Sinclair Inlet (Central Sound), 12:48 PM
jellyfish
Gorst
Bloom
A. B.
Port Orchard
boat
Aerial photography 9-17-2018
boat
22 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
33. Red-brown bloom and organic surface debris in various places in Dyes Inlet.
Location: Dyes Inlet (Central Sound), 12:50 PM
Aerial photography 9-17-2018
Oyster Bay
Bloom
Silverdale
Bloom
Tracyton
Rocky Point
Front
Bloom
Debris
23 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
34. B.
A. Red-brown bloom with white milky patch, likely jellyfish. B. Bloom extending north into Kilisut Harbor.
Location: A. Scow Bay. B. Marrowstone Island (North Sound), 1:15 PM
A.
Indian Island
Bloom
Bloom
Aerial photography 9-17-2018
Marrowstone Island
jellyfish
24 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
35. Aerial photography 9-17-2018
Water with surfacing turbidity, likely from an underwater diffuser.
Location: Port Townsend Bay (North Sound), 1:25 PM
outfall
barge
Glen Cove
Indian Island
Port Townsend State Park
25 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
36. Vivid red-brown bloom covering large portions of Sequim Bay north to Pitship Point.
Location: Sequim Bay (Strait of Juan de Fuca), 1:26 PM
Aerial photography 9-17-2018
Pitship
Point
Bloom
boat
26 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
37. Red-brown bloom and river plume revealing interesting flow pattern in surface water.
Location: Quartermaster Harbor (Central Sound), 2:48 PM
27 Aerial photography 9-17-2018
Bloom
Hand
Portage
Plume
Bloom
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
38. Internal waves traveling through a red-brown bloom reveal that the bloom is at the water surface.
Location: Budd Inlet (South Sound), 3:08 PM
28 Aerial photography 9-17-2018
cloud reflections
boat
Bloom
boat
internal waves
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
39. Numerous schools of fish.
Location: Totten Inlet (South Sound), 12:41 PM
Aerial photography 11-6-2018
Windy Point
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
fish
29 Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
40. Long ribbons of jellyfish stretched along the direction of tidal flow.
Location: Budd Inlet (South Sound), 1:00 PM
30 Aerial photography 11-6-2018
jellyfish
jellyfish
jellyfish
jellyfish
Navigate
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info
41. Find past editions of EOPS on the next pages
We have published 79 editions!
Recommended Citation (example, September 2018):
Washington State Department of Ecology. 2018. Eyes Over Puget Sound: Surface Conditions
Report, September 17, 2018. Ecology Publication No. 18-03-075.
https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1803075.pdf.
Find all previous Eyes Over Puget Sound editions at the end of this document.
Contact:
Dr. Christopher Krembs
Christopher.Krembs@ecy.wa.gov
Marine Monitoring Unit
Environmental Assessment Program
Washington State
Department of Ecology
Subscribe to the Eyes Over
Puget Sound email listserv.
Many thanks to our business partners:
Shannon Point Marine Lab (WWU), Swantown
Marina, and Kenmore Air.
Food for thought Climate and streams Fish and food Aerial photos Info