Environmental Treaties and Legislation.pptx

B. Tech. First Year Course
Course Title- Environmental Sciences
Course Code- CYFC0101
Scheme& Credit – L-3, T-0, P-0, C-3
-Dr. Sanjeeb Sutradhar
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Environmental Treaties and Legislation
General and brief introduction to:
 The water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974.
 The forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
 The air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981.
 The environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
 Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
 Industry specific environmental standards.
 Waste management rules.
References
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India: First country in the world made provision for conservation and protection
of environment.
U.N. Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm: 5th June, 1972
World environment day: 5th June
Indian Constitution:
Article 48-A: The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and
to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country
Article 51A(g): It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve
the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have
compassion for having creatures.

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The water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974:
Salient features are
1. It provides for maintenance and restoration of quality of all types of surface
and ground water.
2. It provides for the establishment of central and state boards for pollution
control.
3. It confers them with powers and functions to control pollution.
4. Acts has provisions for funds, budgets, accounts, and audit of the central
and state pollution control boards.
5. Act makes provisions for various penalties for the defaulters and procedure
for the same.

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Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
1. It advises the central govt. in matters related to prevention and control of
water pollution
2. Coordinates the activities of SPCB and provides them technical assistance
guidance.
3. Organizes training programs for prevention and control of pollution.
4. Organizes comprehensive programs on pollution related issues through
mass media.

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Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
5. Collects, complies, and publishes technical and statistical data related to
pollution.
6. Prepare manuals for treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effulents.
7. Lays down standards for water quality parameters.
8. Establishes and recognizes lab for analysis of water, sewage or trade effluent
sample.

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State Pollution Control Board (SPCB):
1. Board advises the state govt. w.r.t. the location of any industry that might
pollute a stream or a well.
2. It lays down standards for effluents and its empowered to take samples from
any stream, well or trade effluent or sewage passing through an industry.
3. State board is empowered to take legal samples of trade effluent in
accordance with the procedure laid down in the AC. The sample taken in
the presence of the occupier or his agent is divided into two parts, sealed,
signed by both parties and sent for analysis to some recognized lab. If the
samples do not conform to the prescribed water quality standards (crossing
maximum permissible limits), then consent is refused to the unit.

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The forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Salient features are-
1. State govt. has been empowered under this Act to use the forests only for
forestry purposes. If at all wants to use it in any other way, it has to take
prior approval of central govt. after which it can pass orders for declaring
some part of reserve forest for non-reserve forest purposes (mining) or for
clearing some naturally growing trees and replacing them by economically
important trees (reforestation).
2. It makes provision for conservation of all types of forests and for this
purpose there is an advisory committee which recommends funding for it to
the central govt.
3. Any illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immediately
stopped under this Act.

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The air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981:
Salient features are-
1. Act provides for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.
2. In the Act, air pollution has been defined as the presence of any solid, liquid,
or gaseous substance (including noise) in the atmosphere in such
concentration as may be or tend to harmful to human beings or any other
living creatures or plants or property or environment.
3. Noise pollution has been inserted as pollution in the Act in 1987.
4. Pollution Control Board (PCB) at the central or state level has been the
regulatory authority to implement the Air Act. Based upon analysis report
consent is granted or refused to the industry.

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The air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981:
6. Just like the Water Act, the Air Act has provisions for defining the
constitution, powers, and function of PCB, funds, accounts, audit, penalties,
and procedures.
7. Section 20 of the Act has provision for ensuring emission standards from
automobiles. Based upon it, the state govt. is empowered to issue instruction
to the authority incharge of registration of motor vehicles (Under Motor
Vehicles Act, 1939) that is bound to comply with such instructions.
8. As per section 19, in consultation with the SPCB, the state govt. may declare
an area within the state as “air pollution control area” and can prohibit the
use of any fuel other than approved fuel in the area causing air pollution. No
person shall, without prior consent of state board operate or establish any
industrial unit in the “air pollution control area”.

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The environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
1. SPCB has to advise the industries for treating the waste water and gases
with the best available technology to achieve the prescribed standards.
2. The industries have to be encouraged for recycling and reusing the wastes.
3. They have to encourage the industries for recovery of biogas, energy, and
reusable materials.

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The environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
4. While permitting the discharge of effluents (liquid waste or sewage) and
emissions into the environment, the state boards have to take into account the
assimilative capacity of the receiving water body.
5. Central and state boards have to emphasize on the implementation of clean
technologies by the industries in order to increase the fuel efficiency and reduce
the generation of environment pollutants.

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Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000:

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Industry specific environmental standards: Abc

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Solid Waste: Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage
to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances.
Types of Solid Waste
Broadly there are 3 types of waste
 Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste
 Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
 Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste
Increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to
 Overpopulation,
 Affluence (material comfort)
 Technological advancement

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Causes of Solid Waste
The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial,
municipal, and agricultural wastes.
The composition of a city waste is as follows:
 Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
 Garbage 22 %
 Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
 Metals 8 %
 Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

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Waste management: Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)

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Refuse (Rebuy): Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones
that are in the house.
Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones
you already have.
Reuse: Don’t use disposable, single use materials. Instead make the habits for
reusable materials, eg. Avoid use of Disposable crockery, cutlery etc.
Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again.

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Recycle: Segregation of waste i.e. Dry waste , wet waste, electronic waste for
convenient recycling.
Reduce: Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. Carry your own
shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into
it.

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Control Measures:
The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effects
on the environment.
The steps involved are:
1. Collection of solid wastes
2. Disposal of solid wastes
3. Utilization of wastes

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Collection of solid wastes:
 Collection of waste includes collecting the waste, transporting it to a
centralized location, and then moving it to the site of disposal.
 The collected waste is then separated into Hazardous and Non-hazardous
materials

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Disposal of Solid Wastes:
 Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is processed to recover the
usable resources and to improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal
system.
 The main processing technologies are compaction, Incineration, Manual
separation.

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Methods of Disposal:
 Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a
common practice in most countries.
 Landfills were often established in
Abandoned or unused quarries
Mining voids
Borrow pits

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Vermicomposting: Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process
using various species of worms, like earthworms, to create a mixture of
decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
Vermicast is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by
earthworms.

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Advantages:
1. Manure added to soil increases water retention and ion-exchange capacity of
soil.
2. Can be used to treat several industrial solid wastes.
3. Manure can be sold thereby reducing cost of disposing wastes
Disadvantages:
1. Non-consumables have to be disposed separately.
2. The technology has not caught-up with the farmers and hence does not have
an assured market.

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Incineration:
 Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected
to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products.
 This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the
original volume.
 Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are
sometimes described as "thermal treatment".

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Advantages:
1. Residue is only 20-25% of the original and can be used as clinker after
treatment
2. Requires very little space
3. Cost of transportation is not high if the incinerator is located within city
limits
4. Safest from hygienic point of view
Disadvantages:
1. Its capital and operating cost is high.
2. Operation needs skilled personnel.
3. Formation of smoke, dust and ashes needs further disposal and that may
cause air pollution.

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Utilization of wastes:
 Utilization of wastes as an alternative source of energy.
 Waste residues can be used as an alternate source for the production of
different products like biogas, biofuel, mushroom, and tempeh as the raw
material in various researches and industries.

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Solid Waste Management by Biotechnology:
 According to biologist, fungi and bacteria are capable of decomposing
organic waste and it may be possible to recover sources by this process. e.g.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
 New biodegradable plastics are important steps toward solving our solid
waste problems in respect of plastics wastes.
 Photodegradable plastics have been developed that break down on exposure
to sunlight.

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Waste Water Treatment:
Domestic waste water treatment-
 Conventional sewage treatment plants are based on biological decomposition
of non-toxic organic wastes using bacteria under aerobic condition (plenty of
O2).
𝑶𝒓𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒄 𝒘𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝑪, 𝑯, 𝑶, 𝑭, 𝑺 + 𝑶𝟐 → 𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑵𝑯𝟒
+
+ 𝑵𝑶𝟑
−
For oxidation of 1 mg of Carbon, 2.67 dissolved oxygen required.
Solubility of O2 in water = 9 ppm (1 ppm = mg/L)

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Industrial waste water treatment-
1. Filtration by activated charcoal/synthetic resins
2. Membrane technique (Electrodialysis and Reverse Osmosis)
Filtration by activated charcoal
Top Layer: Activated Charcoal,
Middle Layer: Fine Aggregate,
Bottom Layer: Coarse Aggregate.

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Sludge Treatment:
Composition of sewage sludge: Waste water/sewage sludge consists of human
wastes, domestic and industrial wates.
1. Organic component
2. Inorganic component
3. Pathogenic micro-organisms

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Components Concentration (ppm) dry weight
Organics
PCB 1-10.5
DDT 0.-1.0
DDD 0-0.5
Dieldrin 0-2.0
Aldrin 0-16
Inorganics
Cd 0-100
Pb Up to 400
Hg Up to 700
Zn 300-2000
Pathogenic micro-
organisms
Human viruses, Fecal
coliform (raw sludge)
1 x 107 viable cells / 100 mL

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