Animals respond to physical, chemical, climatic and biological stimuli from their surroundings. This external environment, representing all non-genetic factors that influence responses, interacts with the animal's genotype to determine performance
Shelter management for cattle and buffaloes under different climatic conditionsJayashree Gogoi
Physical modification of the every environment is based on two concepts.
One is to protect the cows from the factors contributing to heat stress and other is by enhancing evaporative heat loss by the heat abatement system such as shades, fans, for misters and sprinklers are use to alleviate heat stress of high producing animals
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
Living place or house of cattle is simply known as cattle housing. As an absolute minimum, the housing must provide a comfortable, clean, well-drained and dry lying area together with shelter from adverse weather, space to allow the animal to move, lie down and rise freely as well as access to adequate food and water. Sufficient space per cow and well-arranged feeding managers and resting are contributing not only to greater milk yield of cows and make the work of the operator easier also minimizes feed expenses.
Housing systems of livestock
In India, a great diversity exists in the design of dairy animal shelters. Efficiently designed sheds can help
lessen the thermal stress thereby increasing feed intake, milk production and reproductive efficiency.
Under varied climatic, geographical and economical conditions prevailing in India, designing an ideal set of
building for dairy animals throughout the country is impossible. Hence, practically there are two systems
of housing for dairy animals viz.,
i) Loose housing and
ii) Conventional barns
To know about need of housing for poultry production
Different types of poultry houses
Location and layout of poultry houses
Floor space requirement
Different systems of rearing with relative advantage and disadvantages
Cage system
ECH
Shelter management for cattle and buffaloes under different climatic conditionsJayashree Gogoi
Physical modification of the every environment is based on two concepts.
One is to protect the cows from the factors contributing to heat stress and other is by enhancing evaporative heat loss by the heat abatement system such as shades, fans, for misters and sprinklers are use to alleviate heat stress of high producing animals
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
Living place or house of cattle is simply known as cattle housing. As an absolute minimum, the housing must provide a comfortable, clean, well-drained and dry lying area together with shelter from adverse weather, space to allow the animal to move, lie down and rise freely as well as access to adequate food and water. Sufficient space per cow and well-arranged feeding managers and resting are contributing not only to greater milk yield of cows and make the work of the operator easier also minimizes feed expenses.
Housing systems of livestock
In India, a great diversity exists in the design of dairy animal shelters. Efficiently designed sheds can help
lessen the thermal stress thereby increasing feed intake, milk production and reproductive efficiency.
Under varied climatic, geographical and economical conditions prevailing in India, designing an ideal set of
building for dairy animals throughout the country is impossible. Hence, practically there are two systems
of housing for dairy animals viz.,
i) Loose housing and
ii) Conventional barns
To know about need of housing for poultry production
Different types of poultry houses
Location and layout of poultry houses
Floor space requirement
Different systems of rearing with relative advantage and disadvantages
Cage system
ECH
Sheep and goats housing management It is a system in which sheep goats are continuously kept under housing in confinement with limited access in which they are stall-fed. It implies a system where goats are not left to fend for themselves with only minimum care.
scientific housing system of farm animal for better productivityDrSapunii Hanah
Animal need shelter for better productivity, however, many a time farmers forgot the basic structure or point that would provide comfortable zone to their animals. in this slide we discus in length about the basic point require for the animal.
Poultry housing management and shelter ManagementKabul University
This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments, called cages, either fitted with stands on the floor of the house or hanged from the roof. It has been proved very efficient for laying operations, right from day-old to till disposal.
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
The Impact of Structure and Cage Climate on Productivity of Dairy AJSERJournal
There are four microclimate elements that can directly affect livestock productivity, namely temperature,
humidity, radiation, and wind speed, while the other two elements, evaporation and rainfall, affect livestock
productivity indirectly. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of building structure and temperature of
the cage on the level of milk production of dairy cows. The research location in Enrekang Regency which included in the
highlands in South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples used is 35 samples from 50 existing cattle pens with
purposive sampling technique. Data collection through direct measurements, observations, questionnaires and
interviews. The results obtained there is no significant difference in temperature and humidity of the air in the cage and
outside the cage. Temperature shifts from the comfortable range in cattle are sure to experience both hot stress
(hyperthermia) and cold stress (hypothermia). Dairy cows need a place to live according to their needs. The cows
cannot place in the same cage building because it will affect their health. The cage made primarily as a building for the
management of dairy cows and its security against theft and predators.
Sheep and goats housing management It is a system in which sheep goats are continuously kept under housing in confinement with limited access in which they are stall-fed. It implies a system where goats are not left to fend for themselves with only minimum care.
scientific housing system of farm animal for better productivityDrSapunii Hanah
Animal need shelter for better productivity, however, many a time farmers forgot the basic structure or point that would provide comfortable zone to their animals. in this slide we discus in length about the basic point require for the animal.
Poultry housing management and shelter ManagementKabul University
This system involves rearing of poultry on raised wire netting floor in smaller compartments, called cages, either fitted with stands on the floor of the house or hanged from the roof. It has been proved very efficient for laying operations, right from day-old to till disposal.
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
The Impact of Structure and Cage Climate on Productivity of Dairy AJSERJournal
There are four microclimate elements that can directly affect livestock productivity, namely temperature,
humidity, radiation, and wind speed, while the other two elements, evaporation and rainfall, affect livestock
productivity indirectly. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of building structure and temperature of
the cage on the level of milk production of dairy cows. The research location in Enrekang Regency which included in the
highlands in South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples used is 35 samples from 50 existing cattle pens with
purposive sampling technique. Data collection through direct measurements, observations, questionnaires and
interviews. The results obtained there is no significant difference in temperature and humidity of the air in the cage and
outside the cage. Temperature shifts from the comfortable range in cattle are sure to experience both hot stress
(hyperthermia) and cold stress (hypothermia). Dairy cows need a place to live according to their needs. The cows
cannot place in the same cage building because it will affect their health. The cage made primarily as a building for the
management of dairy cows and its security against theft and predators.
Appropriate Farm Practices for Livestock and Poultry during Extended Dry SpellPerez Eric
Information included in this material were solicited from experienced and progressive livestock and poultry raisers, Magsasaka Siyentistas (MS), researchers, and technical experts from within and outside PCARRD. Additional information were taken from publications and online sources.
This publication aims to ease the trouble experienced by animal raisers during extended dry spell.
If you plan to start or have started raising chickens for egg production, you need to understand flock production capabilities. You need to know how to gauge the number of eggs your flock can produce and be aware of the variables that affect egg production. You should be able to identify which hens are laying and determine why your hens are not laying. By having a firm grasp of these factors, you will help ensure the success of your flock.
Winter season has incredible impact on poultry production by bringing down the surrounding temperature.
Respiratory disease in poultry can occur any time of year, but it’s especially problematic in winter months.
Various problems like poor FCR, decreased weight gain, reduction in egg production, reduction in water intake, reduction in fertility and hatchability etc occurs.
Therefore, the management of poultry during winter is an important concern for poultry farmer.
1.The poultry accounts for about 2% of the gross domestic product.
2.It has grown rapidly at the rate of 4 to 6% in layers and 8 to 10 % broliers.
3.During the past 2 decades the poultry industry has provided direct employment to about 9 lakhs and given rise to man allied industry.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
Environmental requirements for livestock housing
1. 1
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
By: Safiullah Jauhar
Year: 2021
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Ministry of Higher Education
Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences and
Technology University (ANASTU)
Environmental Requirements for
Livestock Housing
2. 2
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
• A complex set of interrelated animal husbandry factors will influence the
animal’s ability to utilize that capacity for growth, development and
production.
• Animal housing design is mainly concerned with:
• The physical environment,
• In particular climatic and mechanical factors.
• All other factors should also be considered in order to create a good
layout .
7. 7
• Heat Regulation:
• All domestic livestock are homeotherms,
• They maintain a relatively constant internal body temperature, usually
within a 1–2 °C range.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
8. 8
• The body temperature of most domestic animals is considerably higher
than the environmental temperature to which they are exposed.
• hypothalamus gland: acts as a body thermostat by stimulating
mechanisms to counteract either high or low ambient temperatures.
• Varying the temperature also results in changed behavior.
• Most animals reduce their level of activity in a hot environment.
• The body can tolerate short periods of heat stress if the temperature
exceeds the body temperature for an extended period, it may prove
fatal.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
9. 9
• When feed is converted by the animal’s metabolism for the production
of milk, eggs, meat, offspring, etc., heat is produced as a by-product.
• High-yielding animals are consequently more likely to suffer from
heat stress.
• Feeding fiber-rich, low-digestible feedstuffs, such as hay, will result in
high heat-production because of increased muscular activity in the
alimentary tract.
• An increased share of concentrates in the feed may therefore reduce
heat stress in an animal under hot climatic conditions.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
10. 10
• Animal moisture and heat production:
• Heat is produced centrally in the deep body.
• The surplus is conducted to the skin surface where it is transferred to the
atmosphere
• As sensible heat by means of convection, conduction and radiation, and
as latent heat through the evaporation of moisture from the lungs and
skin.
• The heat and moisture produced by the animals kept in a structure must
be removed by ventilation.
• In the tropics, sufficient air flow is usually provided by the use of open-
sided structures.
• If an enclosed building is used, a range of ventilation flow rates must be
provided for in the building design.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
11. 11
• Climatic Factors:
• Temperature
• The dominant environmental factor affecting the physiological
functions of domestic animals is temperature.
• For most farm animals, a mean daily temperature in the range 10–20
°C is referred to as the ‘comfort zone’.
• At the upper and lower critical temperatures, physical regulation will not
be sufficient to maintain a constant body temperature.
• A very young animal, lacking fully developed temperature-regulating
mechanisms, is much more sensitive to its thermal environment and
requires higher temperatures.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
12. 12
• Climatic Factors:
• Humidity
• Poultry do not have sweat glands, so all evaporative heat loss must
originate from the respiratory tract.
• In a hot, dry climate evaporation is rapid but.
• In a hot humid climate, the ability of the air to absorb additional
moisture is limited and inadequate cooling may result in heat stress.
• Low humidity in the air will cause irritation of the mucous
membranes, while excessively high humidity may promote the growth
of fungus infections.
• Keep the relative humidity in the range of 40 percent to 80 percent.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
13. 13
• Climatic Factors:
• Radiation
• Heat load on a grazing animal can be increased by direct solar radiation
and radiation reflected from clouds or the ground.
• Heat gain by radiation can be effectively reduced by the provision of a
shaded area.
• Air movements
• Air movements assist heat loss by evaporation, as long as the air
temperature is lower than the skin temperature.
• Air movements are required to remove harmful gases and to supply the
animal with fresh air for breathing.
• A wind velocity of 0.2 m/s is generally regarded as a minimum
requirement, it can be increased to 1.0 m/s when the temperature is
nearing the upper critical level.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
14. 14
• Climatic Factors:
• Precipitation
• Heavy rain may penetrate the fur of an animal and decrease its
insulation value.
• In such circumstances, a strong wind can lead to excessive cooling.
• However, a naturally greasy hair coat resist water penetration and with
the shelter for the animals the problem may be avoided altogether.
Animal Environmental Requirements
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
15. 15
• By critical level temperature (18 °C to 24 °C, depending on the species)
there is usually a drop in production or a reduced rate of gain.
• When the temperature falls outside the comfort zone, other climatic
factors assume greater significance.
• Humidity becomes increasingly important, as do solar radiation and
wind velocity.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
16. 16
• Dairy cattle show a reduced feed intake under heat stress, resulting in
lower milk production and reduced growth.
• Reproduction is also adversely affected.
• There are, important differences between breeds.
• European cattle (Bos taurus) produce well at temperatures ranging from 4
°C to 24 °C, even at high humidity.
• Much lower temperatures (-10 °C) have little effect.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
17. 17
• A drop in milk production results when temperatures exceed 25 °C.
• The drop may be as much as 50 percent at temperatures of 32 °C or higher
• .
• In contrast, zebu cattle (Bos indicus), which are native to warm
climates, have a comfort zone of 15–27 °C.
• Milk production begins to drop only when temperatures rise above 35 °C.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
18. 18
• Sheep can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but should be
protected from wind and rain.
• A long period of high ambient temperatures inhibits reproduction.
• Heat stress also reduces the lambing percentage, decreases the
incidence of twinning, and decreases the birth weight of lambs.
• When temperatures are below 7°C at breeding time, ewes show
improved reproductive efficiency.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
19. 19
• Goats are affected by temperature, humidity and rain.
• In hot, goats need shelter from intense heat during the day.
• In humid areas, they need protection from prolonged heavy rain.
• Excessive wetting from rain can cause pneumonia and an increase in
parasitic infestation.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
20. 20
• Poultry environmental requirements vary with age.
• Chicks should be started at 35 ºC. As from one week, the temperature
is reduced gradually to 24 °C by the fifth week.
• Broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient temperatures below 18 °C
are heavier than similar stock reared within the 18–35 °C range.
• Laying birds produce the greatest number of eggs and the largest-
sized eggs at 13–24 °C.
• The best feed conversion efficiency is achieved between 21 °C and 24
°C.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
21. 21
• Microbiological Environment
• Disease remains a major profit-limiting factor in animal production in
many tropical countries.
• Sanitary control measures should be incorporated into any building
design, so that a good hygienic standard can be easily maintained.
• An animal that is well fed and watered, as well as being in good
condition, will have high resistance to disease.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
22. 22
• Microbiological Environment
• Good management can do much to remove or reduce the effects of
adverse environmental factors, such as climatic stress, which would
otherwise weaken the body’s natural defenses.
• Newborn stock should always receive colostrum (first milk), which
contains antibodies.
• Pens, in particular those for calving, should be constructed of easily
cleaned and disinfected materials and be free from corners and
recesses where manure and dirt can accumulate.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
23. 23
• Microbiological Environment
• The whole building should be cleaned and disinfected periodically.
• The emptied pen should be thoroughly cleaned before other animals
are transferred to it.
• This ‘all-in, all-out’ policy is particularly beneficial for disease control,
where the animals are bought from outside the farm.
• Diseases are transmitted in many ways,
• Including direct contact between animals,
• Airborne micro-organisms,
• Biting insects and ticks,
• Manure, soil,
• Contaminated feed and water,
• Birds and rodents, and stockperson’s boots.
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
24. 24
• Other Environmental Factors
• acoustic factors have only a marginal effect on the animal’s
development and production.
• varies with latitude and season and has a direct influence on anim Day
length or photoperiod al performance, especially on the breeding
season for sheep and poultry egg production.
• Dust can carry micro-organisms, which may cause an outbreak of
disease.
• Toxic and noxious gases are produced by manure that accumulates in
buildings or storage facilities, especially
Climatic Factors and Livestock Performance
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
25. 25
References
Safiullah Jauhar. M.Sc., Afghanistan National Agriculture Sciences & Technology University (ANASTU)
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i.e. pecking in hens; rooting with a forward and upward thrust in pigs; and wrapping their tongue around the feed (grass) and jerking the head forward in cattle.
i.e. pecking in hens; rooting with a forward and upward thrust in pigs; and wrapping their tongue around the feed (grass) and jerking the head forward in cattle.