There are four microclimate elements that can directly affect livestock productivity, namely temperature,
humidity, radiation, and wind speed, while the other two elements, evaporation and rainfall, affect livestock
productivity indirectly. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of building structure and temperature of
the cage on the level of milk production of dairy cows. The research location in Enrekang Regency which included in the
highlands in South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples used is 35 samples from 50 existing cattle pens with
purposive sampling technique. Data collection through direct measurements, observations, questionnaires and
interviews. The results obtained there is no significant difference in temperature and humidity of the air in the cage and
outside the cage. Temperature shifts from the comfortable range in cattle are sure to experience both hot stress
(hyperthermia) and cold stress (hypothermia). Dairy cows need a place to live according to their needs. The cows
cannot place in the same cage building because it will affect their health. The cage made primarily as a building for the
management of dairy cows and its security against theft and predators.
Effect of Greenhouse Cooling Methods on the Growth and Yield of Tomato in a M...AI Publications
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant was grown in three different greenhouses during the first period (May-August), second period (March-July) and the third period (August-November). The cooling methods used in greenhouses covered with polyethylene film were Fog and natural ventilation (Fog+NV) system in the first greenhouse, a Fan and pad cooling (FP) system in the second greenhouse, and natural ventilation (NV) system in the third greenhouse. Temperature inside the greenhouse was not suitable for plant growth when outside temperature was around 40 °C. The PD system reduced the inside temperatures up to 15 °C depending on the outside temperature and kept the greenhouse inside temperature within the appropriate ranges for plant growth. Yield per plant, marketable fruit percentage and marketable fruit yield obtained in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd periods for Fog+NV treatment were 1734.83, 2568.11 and 2376.30 g plant-1, 67.20, 72.00 and 58.20% and 1165.81, 1849.04 and 1383.00 g plant-1, for FP treatment 2187.51, 3525.69 and 4028.21 g plant-1, 80.00, 81.60 and 85.20% and 1750.00, 2876.96 and 3432.03 g plant-1, for NV treatment 1281.77, 1961.13 and 1314.07 g plant-1, 60.00, 64.00 and 55.20% and 769.06, 1176.68 and 725.37 g plant-1, respectively. The results revealed that proper designed FP systems reduced the high temperatures inside the greenhouse and increased tomatoes yield compared to the other two treatments.
Protected Cultivation in Horticulture; Gardening Guidebook for Texas ~ Texas A & M~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Effect of Greenhouse Cooling Methods on the Growth and Yield of Tomato in a M...AI Publications
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant was grown in three different greenhouses during the first period (May-August), second period (March-July) and the third period (August-November). The cooling methods used in greenhouses covered with polyethylene film were Fog and natural ventilation (Fog+NV) system in the first greenhouse, a Fan and pad cooling (FP) system in the second greenhouse, and natural ventilation (NV) system in the third greenhouse. Temperature inside the greenhouse was not suitable for plant growth when outside temperature was around 40 °C. The PD system reduced the inside temperatures up to 15 °C depending on the outside temperature and kept the greenhouse inside temperature within the appropriate ranges for plant growth. Yield per plant, marketable fruit percentage and marketable fruit yield obtained in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd periods for Fog+NV treatment were 1734.83, 2568.11 and 2376.30 g plant-1, 67.20, 72.00 and 58.20% and 1165.81, 1849.04 and 1383.00 g plant-1, for FP treatment 2187.51, 3525.69 and 4028.21 g plant-1, 80.00, 81.60 and 85.20% and 1750.00, 2876.96 and 3432.03 g plant-1, for NV treatment 1281.77, 1961.13 and 1314.07 g plant-1, 60.00, 64.00 and 55.20% and 769.06, 1176.68 and 725.37 g plant-1, respectively. The results revealed that proper designed FP systems reduced the high temperatures inside the greenhouse and increased tomatoes yield compared to the other two treatments.
Protected Cultivation in Horticulture; Gardening Guidebook for Texas ~ Texas A & M~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
ABSTRACT- Celtis australis Linn. (Local names- Kharik, Khrik, family Ulmaceae) is an indigenous species of the Western Himalaya. It grows
well at 500-2500 m asl. Celtis is a truly multipurpose tree grown for fodder, fuel, timber and various other uses in or around agricultural fields in
rainfed agriculture and plays a vital role in socioeconomic structure of hill people. It can be raised in rainfed agricultural lands, degraded lands, wastelands
and could be managed in the form of energy plantation, silvipastoral and agri-horti systems. C. australis is a promising multipurpose tree
species.
Key words- Celtis australis, Indigenous, Multipurpose, North West Himalaya, Socioeconomic
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Mapping Shifting CultivationIJERA Editor
Shifting cultivation is an ancient and primitive method of cultivation, also referred to as ‘slash and burn’ or ‘rotational bush fallow agricultural system’. The practice mainly involves removal of the forests by primitive slash and burn technique followed by mixed cropping for short period before abandoning the site. Tribals all over India are known to follow the practice of shifting cultivation with some regional variations. The present study has been undertaken to estimate the spatial distribution of podu cultivation in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh by using remote sensing techniques. Results of the present study indicate that an estimated area of 10,491.857 acres of the forest area is under shifting cultivation in Srikakulam district. Shifting cultivation has caused a great deal of environmental degradation. Remote sensing techniques with repetitive coverage and synoptic view provide database for assessing environment degrading practices. Mapping of shifting areas is important not only from ecological point of view but also for management purposes.
Plant height model for eucalyptus plantations for biodrainage useeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Environmental requirements for livestock housingKabul University
Animals respond to physical, chemical, climatic and biological stimuli from their surroundings. This external environment, representing all non-genetic factors that influence responses, interacts with the animal's genotype to determine performance
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
ABSTRACT- Celtis australis Linn. (Local names- Kharik, Khrik, family Ulmaceae) is an indigenous species of the Western Himalaya. It grows
well at 500-2500 m asl. Celtis is a truly multipurpose tree grown for fodder, fuel, timber and various other uses in or around agricultural fields in
rainfed agriculture and plays a vital role in socioeconomic structure of hill people. It can be raised in rainfed agricultural lands, degraded lands, wastelands
and could be managed in the form of energy plantation, silvipastoral and agri-horti systems. C. australis is a promising multipurpose tree
species.
Key words- Celtis australis, Indigenous, Multipurpose, North West Himalaya, Socioeconomic
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Mapping Shifting CultivationIJERA Editor
Shifting cultivation is an ancient and primitive method of cultivation, also referred to as ‘slash and burn’ or ‘rotational bush fallow agricultural system’. The practice mainly involves removal of the forests by primitive slash and burn technique followed by mixed cropping for short period before abandoning the site. Tribals all over India are known to follow the practice of shifting cultivation with some regional variations. The present study has been undertaken to estimate the spatial distribution of podu cultivation in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh by using remote sensing techniques. Results of the present study indicate that an estimated area of 10,491.857 acres of the forest area is under shifting cultivation in Srikakulam district. Shifting cultivation has caused a great deal of environmental degradation. Remote sensing techniques with repetitive coverage and synoptic view provide database for assessing environment degrading practices. Mapping of shifting areas is important not only from ecological point of view but also for management purposes.
Plant height model for eucalyptus plantations for biodrainage useeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Environmental requirements for livestock housingKabul University
Animals respond to physical, chemical, climatic and biological stimuli from their surroundings. This external environment, representing all non-genetic factors that influence responses, interacts with the animal's genotype to determine performance
Heat distribution under microwave heating treatmentjournalBEEI
This paper presents the process of microwave heating treatment to kill the rice weevil to improve the quality and quantity of rice for industrial storage purpose. Since many years ago, heat uniformity has been a major drawback of microwave heating application. The heat distribution in rice after undergoing four treatments with a microwave frequency of 2.4 GHz at the different power level of 540 and 900W with different time treatment of 50 and 80 seconds are shown in this paper. The samples are placed inside a square container, 8.5 cm x 8.5 cm x 2 cm. Each sample contains 15 adults of rice weevil of Sitophilus Oryzae placed randomly in the container and the mortality of the rice weevil for adult stages from each treatment are observed and interpreted in Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique.
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Se evalúa la factibilidad de páneles de celdek, luffa, paja y sacos de arpillera, como materiales alternativos de empaque para enfriamiento evaporativo en invernaderos.
Drying buildings are really needed by farmers during the harvest season, the drying buildings that Merauke farmers
often use are natural drying buildings whose heat source comes from the sun. The use of dryer buildings is considered more efficient
when drying, this is because the farmers in Merauke have quite a hard time when the harvest arrives, when the harvest arrives the
rainfall is still high. The purpose of this study was to determine the thermal conditions in a simple dryer building. This research type
is experimental research. Temperature measurements were carried out for 1 week from 1 October 2022 – 6 October 2022. The
results showed that inside the grain drying buildings the average temperature reached 34.2°C and the average humidity reached
73.9%. Meanwhile outside the building the average temperature reaches 31.8°C and the average humidity reaches 81%. During the
measurement period, the highest temperature inside the building reached 43.4°C, causing the grain which was dried in the sun to
dry quickly.
Maintenance of environmental conditions during rearing of silkworms.pptxKUNTAMALLASUJATHA
This slide share helps the sericulturist to maintain favourable environmental conditions for silkworm development and also to prevent disease attack as silkworms are delicate and sensitive to the environmental factors prevailing during silkworm rearing.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
There are some areas of the world in which the agricultural crops require assistance and cooling, especially
during hot days, in order
to prevent them from being subjected to unnecessary stress. In other areas, the color of fruit can be improved by cooling the trees
during the correct time period.
It is possible to extend the shelf life of some types of fruit by cooling them while they are still on the trees. And by using correct and
supervised cooling, we can increase the flower fruit set during periods of very hot weather. In other regions, we can aid and improve
the yield of fruit crops by cooling during the autumn and winter months, and then adding cold units to the same trees or cooling the
same crops at the end of the winter months in order to cause early blossoming.
In addition to employing cooling in open fields, an additional—perhaps primary—use of cooling is in various
types of greenhouses.
The principle of a greenhouse
is that the farmer can control its internal climate and thereby provide the plants with optimal growth
conditions. Therefore, a system that will have a cooling
effect on the internal temperature on hot days is almost indispensable for
every greenhouse.
Another use of a cooling system inside a greenhouse
is, perhaps surprisingly, in cold countries where the greenhouse is especially
built with few ventilation
openings to conserve internal heat. As a result of this design, on the few days that are very hot, there is
insufficient air flow to cool the interior. An efficient cooling system can solve the problem. Further, in these same cold countries, the
crops are usually
already inside the greenhouse by the first days of spring, but the heating system still needs to be operated
in order
to ensure the correct conditions. The windows must not be opened, and inside the building,
the relative humidity drops beneath the
desired levels. At this time, operating a suitable cooling system improves these crops.
What is possible to do to improve agricultural crops is also possible to do with livestock, including all types of poultry, cows, and pigs.
A suitable system can cool their micro-environment and improve production.
The different methods of cooling based on sprinkler-spraying products are as follows
Development of Computer Models for Simulating the Optimum Design Parameters o...IJAEMSJORNAL
Brooding refers to early periods of growth when chicks require supplementary heat to maintain their normal body temperature. Generally, chicks kept in environmental temperatures outside their comfort zone suffer low growth and high mortality rates. Solar energy has a regular daily and annual cycle, and is unavailable during periods of bad weather. Hence requires special storage and distribution of the energy different from the utilization of conventional energy sources. In this study computer models were developed for simulating internal brooder envelope brooding Temperatures and ammonia gas concentration in ppm. Further, analysis was carried out to determine the influence of trombe wall thickness on the variation of hourly internal brooder temperatures for various months of the year. The trombe wall thickness were set at 100,150, 200, 250 and 300mm and hourly temperatures simulated using Matlab computer program. The wall thickness of 100mm and 150 mm yielded maximum brooding space temperature of 36.50C and 35.30C respectively. The resultant brooder temperatures were above the optimal brooding temperature range of 340C for day one and 21 to 240C for the 28th day of brooding. However, the lowest brooder temperatures attained for 100mm and 150mm wall thickness were 29.50C and 30.80C respectively. The wall thickness of 300mm yielded temperature range of 25.70C to 280C.From this study it is deduced that the wall thickness of 100 and 150mm are suitable for development of a chicks’ brooder. Though, supplementary source of heat will be required to keep the birds comfortable for the first one week of brooding period. The brooder pH was set at 10 and the ammonia concentration simulated for 28 days at brooding floor temperatures of 14.80C, 18.70C, 22.60C and 27.40C.The results were that the ammonia concentration increased exponentially from day one to the 28th day of brooding for all the floor temperatures. The highest emission of ammonia was recorded at the temperature of 14.80C for the first fifteen days; but after the 15th day the temperature of 18.70C recorded the highest emission of ammonia. Conversely, the temperature of 27.40C yielded the lowest ammonia emission. Therefore, it is essential in the design of brooders to have provision for facilitating removal of birds’ droppings to minimize emission of the ammonia gas from the floor of the brooder.
Similar to The Impact of Structure and Cage Climate on Productivity of Dairy (20)
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s Conceptual View on the Historical Philosophy of Science ...AJSERJournal
This study emphasizes the Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s concept of paradigm as an intellectual framework.
Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model,
which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Think of a paradigm shift as a change
from one way of thinking to another, it’s a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis. Kuhn’s influence has
been immense not only in the philosophy and history of science but also in other disciplines. His contributions showed a
shift from historical, psychological and sociological approach to a philosophical one.
Actuality Test - A Technique for Expeditious Agglomeration Detection in a Lab...AJSERJournal
This research has concentrated on the application of actuality/reality test for speedy confirmation of
lumps/agglomerates formation thereby emphasizing the roles of alkali metals and silica in agglomeration during the
combustion of some selected biomass fuels (miscanthus, white wood, and willow) in a laboratory-scale fixed bed.
Biomass fuels are CO2 neutral and very rich in alkali metals especially potassium, K and sodium. Potassium played
predominant roles in the agglomeration formation of these selected biomass fuels. During the experiments, huge
agglomerates were formed at a lower melting temperature of 350 0
C when potassium hydroxide, KOH and silica sand
were heated together directly (reality test) in the combustion chamber (Gooch crucible). Harder and tougher
agglomerates were produced at 502 0
C. This attested to the fact that, agglomerates are produced from the formation
of a low melting temperature eutectic compound (alkali-silicate) in the form of K-silicate. The eutectic compound has a
lower melting temperature than the melting temperature of the parent materials - the alkali metals or the silica from
sand, which is the bed material. It therefore melts sharply in the bed and formed lumps in form of agglomerates. The
results of this research have indicated that, potassium K and silica SiO2 are very important in the formation of
agglomerates during the combustion of biomass fuels. Gooch ceramic crucible is a very good combustion chamber for
the combustion of biomass fuels experiments/tests in a laboratory – scale fixed bed. It accommodated more heat
distribution into the combustion chamber than the conventional ceramic crucible.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Effect of Enterprise Risk Management on Sustainable Financial Performance of ...AJSERJournal
The paper is aimed at determining the effect of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on Sustainable
financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the research is to determine the
effect of ERM on earning per share (EPS) and to ascertain the effect of ERM on Tobin Q. Descriptive research design
was adopted for the study considering the total population of all the twenty-one listed deposit money banks in Nigeria.
Data were gathered via secondary source from five (5) public annual reports of the listed deposit money banks for a
period of six years ranged from 2013-2018 and analysed using percentages and ratios. Multiple regressions was
employed in data analysis and testing the hypotheses; in determining if there is a significant effect of Enterprise Risk
Management on Earnings per Share and Tobin Q of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study revealed that
there is a positive and significant relationship between ERM (Firms Size, Leverage) and sustainable financial
performance (TQ & EPS) of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that
financial institutions in Nigeria should employ robust Enterprise Risk Management Practices as these are likely to
greatly influence their financial performance in one way or the other and that Central Bank of Nigeria and other
regulators should endeavour to strengthen the enforcement of risk control mechanism to boost a robust bank
performance.
Impact and Performance of Linen Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Slender ColumnsAJSERJournal
This study was consisted of two phases, revealed the behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
specimens of small-diameter slender column to achieve high quality concrete properties without using concrete
vibrator. The first phase investigated the effect of linen fiber on the rheological properties of SCC using two mixes types:
type I mix: without lime powder, and type II mix: with 20% lime as a replacement of cement content. The linen fiber was
contented of 0, 2, and 4 Kg/m³. In the second phase, the type II mix was used to cast three columns; one with plain SCC
and the other two with 2 and 4 Kg/m³ fiber contents. These columns were cured and cut in a certain manner to obtain 7
cylinders 150 × 300 mm and 8 slices 20 mm thickness. The cylinders were used to measure the distribution of unit
weight, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) along the column height. The rheological properties
of SCC were reduced with the additives of fibers to the mix constituents, but the properties of Fiber reinforced SelfCompacted Concrete (FSCC) were tested at 4 Kg/m³ fiber content. The distribution of unit weight, compressive strength,
and UPV provided good compaction of concrete. Also, the distribution of coarse aggregate at bottom, middle and top
sections of columns were uniformly distributed.
Using Information Gap Activities in Promoting Speaking Skills for Elementary ...AJSERJournal
In recent years, communicative approach is considered one of the primary methods to develop students’
speaking competence. When applying communicative approach in the classroom, information gap activities are
employed to promote students’ oral skill. These activities have brought many benefits for students in the classroom and
become good stimulations for students to boost their speaking skills. The study took place at Dong Nai Technology
University with the objectives to investigate the students’ perspectives of teachers using the information gap activities
to help students improve their speaking competence. The data were collected via survey questionnaires and semistructured interviews in sequence. Sixty students took part in the survey questionnaire to answer 14 questions on their
perception on speaking skills and information gap activities. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 6
volunteer students to explain more deeply about their answers in the survey questionnaires to evaluate the validity of
the findings from the survey and give the answers to see whether these activities can affect students’ speaking skills in
the developed way. The findings from the study shows that information gaps activities are effectively utilized for the
development of students’ speaking skills
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem.
The Effects of Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT) on Grammar Teac...AJSERJournal
Grammar Translation Method or GTM, which greatly supports students for grammar-based written tests,
is the priority way of grammar teaching in Vietnam. That’s why many students are gradually lacking communication
abilities. In the light of Communicative Language Teaching approach or CLT, grammar is now taught in more
interesting ways. Lately, many studies have found that teaching and learning grammar in communicative contexts
helps students gain better level of language proficiency especially more fluent and accurate speaking skill. Therefore,
this paper aims to evaluate the impact of CLT in grammar instruction for first year English majored students at Dong
Nai Technology University. In addition, how students respond to the lessons instructed by CLT method is also fully
described in the paper. The results show that CLT approach brings many benefits for EFL students. Moreover, students
gain strong motivation and positive attitude through the lessons with CLT
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3 sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993
Authentication of Lumps Formation in a Laboratory Scale - Fixed bed Combustio...AJSERJournal
This study has focused on the impact of additive / authentication of agglomeration behaviour in some
selected biomass fuels - white wood, willow, and miscanthus during their combustion processes in a laboratory-scale
fixed bed by which Gooch crucible was used as the combustion chamber. Biomass fuels contains huge quantity of alkali
metals particularly potassium, K and sodium, Na with potassium playing the predominant roles in the agglomeration
formation of these selected problematic biomass fuels. Agglomerates were formed in the combustion chamber at 750
0C and 802 0C under the atmospheric pressure. This was credited to the formation of eutectic compounds in the form of
alkali-silicates (K-silicates or Na-silicates). The eutectic compound has a lower melting temperature than the melting
temperature of either the alkali metals from the biomass fuels or the silica from the bed materials (sand). It therefore
melts quickly in the bed and formed chunks in form of agglomerates. Scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDX) on the samples confirmed agglomerates formation during the combustion
processes of these selected biomass fuels. EDX results indicated that, the interior of the agglomerates was
overshadowed with Si from the sand while the exterior or the peripheries were dominated with alkali metals, K, and Na
from the biomass fuels ash.
Other trace elements present in the agglomerates are P, Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, and Mg. With the addition of 10%additive
(kaolin) Al2 Si2 O5 (OH)4 to the bed materials and the combustion processes repeated under the same operating
conditions, no agglomerate was formed at either 750 0C or 802 0C. The results have shown that, addition of 10% kaolin
(additive) to the biomass particles grossly reduced formation of agglomerates in the bed. Gooch ceramic crucible is a
very reliable tool for the agglomeration experiments in the laboratories during biomass fuel combustion for heat
generation or combine heat and power generation (CHPG). This is also applicable to other combustion beds particularly
fluidized bed combustion (FBC).
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Comparative Study of Impact of Aluminium and Titanium Oxides Nanoparticles on...AJSERJournal
Drilling fluid has a lot of importance and application in the oil drilling process which includes the removing
of cuttings and prevention of fluid transfer to and from the rock strata. With the addition of nanoparticles it is possible
to facilitate in-situ control of the drilling fluid rheology, increasing the hydraulic efficiency of drilling campaigns and
reducing costs in a variety of reservoir environments. This study was aimed at investigating how water based drilling
fluid (WBDF) rheological property can be improved using Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide nanoparticles. To achieve
this aim, ten laboratory samples of drilling fluids each in different proportion of additives and nanoparticles were
prepared and analyzed. The WBDF samples were prepared using the standard laboratory barrel (350 ml) method.
Different proportions of Xanthan gum, Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide were used. Brookfield rotational viscometer
was used to determine the rheological properties of the samples. Also, the structural analysis of the interaction
between the nanoparticles and the xanthan gum were determined using Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR)
spectroscopy. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that aluminum and titanium oxide nanoparticle improved
the rheological properties of the water based drilling fluid. In conclusion, the introduction of Aluminum oxide and
Titanium oxide nanoparticles improved the rheological performance of water based drilling fluids with xanthan gum
additive.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review ArticleAJSERJournal
Objective: Patients will Iron Deficiency Anemia has been found to have Dysphagia associated with Oral, Pharyngeal and
at esophageal level however, limited data and studies are available to discover the relation of this nutrient with
swallowing difficulty. Therefore the following review of the available studies has been conducted to proof the direct
relation of Iron deficiency in the cause of dysphagia and the same supplements can help to improve swallowing
difficulty.
Purpose: The study made here under, hypothesizes to identify the following aspects:
1. Does Iron deficiency Anemia affects all levels of Dysphagia?
2. Can Iron supplements be used to improve swallowing difficulty with adult patients?
3. Is it the Iron deficiency that causes impairment in the pharyngeal and esophageal track or, does is it the dysphagia
that causes Anemia?
Method: A systematic review analysis was conducted through the published studies from Skyhub or Pub Med to form a
critical investigation and view point. The included readings taken into account were from 2001 to present date.
Conclusion: The association of Iron with Dysphagia was found to be positive, how the exact nature of interdependence
remained ambiguous
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Hamdard Laboratories (India), is a Unani pharmaceutical company in India (following the independence of India from Britain, "Hamdard" Unani branches were established in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) and Pakistan). It was established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in Delhi, and became
a waqf (non-profitable trust) in 1948. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, a charitable educational trust.
Hamdard' is a compound word derived from Persian, which combines the words 'hum' (used in the sense of 'companion') and 'dard' (meaning 'pain'). 'Hamdard' thus means 'a companion in pain' and 'sympathizer in suffering'.
The goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him.
They had always maintained that working in old, traditional ways would not be entirely fruitful. A broader outlook was essential for a continued and meaningful existence. their effective team at Hamdard helped the system gain its pride of place and thus they made an entry into an expansive world of discovery and research.
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, a Unani practitioner. The name Hamdard means "companion in suffering" in Urdu language.(itself borrowed from Persian) Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in Pilibhit City UP, India in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhsh. He is said to have learnt the complete Quran Sharif by heart. He also studied the origin of Urdu and Persian languages. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the unani system of medicine.
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan, who had a keen interest in herbs and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in Delhi in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation.
After Abdul Majeed's death, his son Hakeem Abdul Hameed took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen.
Even with humble beginnings, the goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him. Unfortunately, he passed away quite early but his wife, Rabia Begum, with the support of her son, Hakeem Abdul Hameed, not only kept the institution in existence but also expanded it. As he grew up, Hakeem Abdul Hameed took on all responsibilities. After helping with his younger brother's upbringing and education, he included him in running the institution. Both brothers Hakeem Abdul Hameed and Hakim Mohammed
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Vietnam Mushroom Market Growth, Demand and Challenges of the Key Industry Pla...IMARC Group
The Vietnam mushroom market size is projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 6.52% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/vietnam-mushroom-market
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
The Impact of Structure and Cage Climate on Productivity of Dairy
1. American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research iarjournals.com
1 Received- 10-11-2019, Accepted- 29-11-2019
American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research
E-ISSN -2348 – 703X, Volume 2, Issue 6, Nov-Dec - 2019
The Impact of Structure and Cage Climate on Productivity of Dairy
Natsir Abduh1
, Tamrin Mallawangeng2
, M. Tang3
1,2,3
Department of Civil Engineering, Bosowa University, Makassar, South Sulawesi.
ABSTRACT: There are four microclimate elements that can directly affect livestock productivity, namely temperature,
humidity, radiation, and wind speed, while the other two elements, evaporation and rainfall, affect livestock
productivity indirectly. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of building structure and temperature of
the cage on the level of milk production of dairy cows. The research location in Enrekang Regency which included in the
highlands in South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples used is 35 samples from 50 existing cattle pens with
purposive sampling technique. Data collection through direct measurements, observations, questionnaires and
interviews. The results obtained there is no significant difference in temperature and humidity of the air in the cage and
outside the cage. Temperature shifts from the comfortable range in cattle are sure to experience both hot stress
(hyperthermia) and cold stress (hypothermia). Dairy cows need a place to live according to their needs. The cows
cannot place in the same cage building because it will affect their health. The cage made primarily as a building for the
management of dairy cows and its security against theft and predators.
Keywords: Animal Husbandry, Construction, Climate, Facilities, Humidity, Temperature.
I. INTRODUCTION
Current technological developments have an essential role for farmers. In developed countries, the adoption of
modern breeding patterns shows significant results[1]. It is different from the way of traditional dairy cattle which in
the end cannot compete in the global market. The management of the cage is one of the factors that influence the
level of milk production[2]. Cage construction that is not following technical standards and natural conditions such as
air temperatures makes livestock productivity less than the maximum[3]. Another factor is the use of labor that is
inefficient and has an impact on the surrounding environment. The standard model for cow sheds is related to the
shape and type of roof, ventilation, wall and floor arrangements. A suitable enclosure is one that can open and closed.
During the day the wall can be opened so that it exposed to sunlight and good air circulation. At night the walls are
closed so that the air temperature is not too cold. Stables in low-lying areas should be higher than the ground around
the stables[4].
The construction of dairy cows should be designed to be effective, energy-efficient and use of tools and comfortable
for workers. The structuring along with the equipment will make it easier for officers to provide food, drink, waste
disposal, and handle animal health. Building construction planning must be appropriately designed, built with
construction materials that are strong, safe, non-humid, easy to clean, and equipped with sewage collection facilities
and a proper drainage system[5].The design of the cage building construction which built in the highlands is
endeavored to be more closed to protect livestock from extreme cold weather and temperatures. Construction design
in low-lying areas, the shape of the cage can make with a more open model. Dairy cages must meet livestock health
and comfort requirements that are adjusted to health regulations to increase milk production[6].
Dairy farms in Indonesia generally still use conventional cage forms. In conventional cages, dairy cows are
placed in one or two rows and usually limited by insulation. The reason for the limited land, this model cage more
widely used. Recommend that use conventional forms, no need to use insulation. Enclosure with a bulkhead will make
it difficult for officers to milk[7].
Most of the dairy cows in Indonesia are Fries Holland (FH) cows imported from European countries that have
moderate climates with a low thermo neutral temperature range (13-25degrees Celsius). Based on the original
climatic conditions, dairy cows are susceptible to changes in high temperatures. If cows placed in locations that have
high temperatures, the cows will experience continuous heat stress which results in a decrease in cow productivity.
Heat stress received by cows can reduced by wind at a certain speed. Other efforts that need to be made to reduce
the heat stress of cows are the modification of the livestock environment through the provision of shade, the selection
of roofing material and the height setting
Livestock will provide an initial response in the form of behavioral changes, increased activity of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems. If the initial response has not reached homeostatic conditions, there will be a follow-up
2. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
2 www.iarjournals.com
response in the form of changes in the hormonal, enzymatic and metabolic systems. If this homeostatic situation has
not yet achieved, the livestock will experience various symptoms of the disease accompanied by low production and
reproductive efficiency [8].
Mount [9], found that there are some noticeable behavioral changes in mammals that experience heat stress
is: reducing ration consumption, increasing water consumption, decreasing bodily activity, accelerating respiratory
frequency. This condition causes the energy needs for basic living to increase and the use of energy for growth to be
lower.
Climate is one of the environmental factors that directly affects livestock and also indirectly influences through its
influence on other environmental factors, besides being different from other environmental factors such as food and
health, the climate cannot be regulated or fully controlled by humans, to obtain livestock productivity that is efficient,
humans must adapt to the local climate [8]. The climate suitable for breeding areas is in semi-arid climates. Areas with
this climate characterized by extreme seasonal conditions, with relatively low rainfall and long dry seasons.
Temperature fluctuations at the start and season are considerable, the humidity throughout the year is mostly very
low, and there is a high intensity of solar radiation due to the dry atmosphere and clear skies [10].
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Location
The research carried out in Cendana Sub-district, Enrekang Regency located at coordinates between 03 14’
36” to 03 50’ 00” Selatan South Latitude and 119 40’ 53” to 120 06’ 33” East Longitude. Enrekang Regency, in
general, has varied topographic areas in the form of hills, mountains, valleys and rivers with a height of 47 meter -
3,293 meters above sea level so that it included in the highland category. In general, the topography of the region is
dominated by hills/mountains, which is around 84.96% of the total area of Enrekang Regency while the flat area is
only 15.04% [11].
1.2. Sample and Data Collection
The number of dairy farmers in Cendana Sub-district is 50 people so that there are 35 samples taken,
consisting of 33 dairy farmers and two extension agents responsible for the area in this district. Data collection using
information-gathering tools, namely observations, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The selection of
livestock samples was carried out by purposive sampling in this case based on established criteria [12], namely parity
dairy cows two to four, each parity consisting of two to four lactation months which has a complete record, with
variables observed through appearance livestock reproduction during observation.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 The Selection of Cage Roofing Materials
All materials will reflect, carry on and absorb shortwave and longwave radiation in different proportions
depending on the type of material. This difference caused by differences in the absolute temperature of materials,
physical and chemical properties of materials and the conductivity of heat energy (heat) and the wavelength of solar
radiation. Therefore, the selected roofing material for cow drums are materials that can reflect and absorb radiation
to reduce the delivery of heat into the cage.The building of dairy cattle pens in Enrekang Regency, especially in the
Cendana sub-district, is still conventional, even made according to the condition of the surrounding location. Cement
sand flooring, using walls and roof height do not meet health requirements. This condition thought to be the cause of
the low or 9-liter average dairy milk production per day/head when compared with 10-15 national cow's milk
production per head.
Solar radiation absorbed by the material will converted into heat, then delivered to the cooler parts or re-
emitted as longwave radiation. The ability to conduct heat (conductivity) of each material from the lowest to the
highest successively is asbestos, concrete, steel, zinc, aluminum [13]. Thin materials like most metals have a significant
conduction coefficient so that the temperatures above and below are almost the same. Hahn [14], states that dry
grass or straw roofing material is most effective at blocking direct radiated radiation, while solid materials such as
asbestos, zinc-coated iron or aluminum are less effective unless they are painted white. Other ingredients that are
effective in blocking solar radiation are reeds and coconut leaves. Both materials have low conductivity values.
Rumbia (Sago leaves) has a conductivity value of 0.0001 cal./sec degrees Celsius. The low conductivity value of the
cage roofing material shows the low ability of the material to deliver the heat radiation it absorbs, so it is excellent to
reduce the amount of radiation reaching the livestock. Gatenby & Martawijaya [15], stated, the temperature in the
cage whose roof was made of asbestos, zinc, and thatch respectively 26.5; 27.0 and 26.4 degrees Celsius. The
3. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
3 www.iarjournals.com
physiological response of dairy cows is perfect for thatch roof cage material compared to tile and zinc.
Cow shelter is affected by air temperature, humidity, radiation, and wind speed. The higher the temperature of
the environment, the cow will shelter longer to maintain body heat so as not to rise due to heat stress from the
ambient temperature. The higher the air humidity and solar radiation around the cow, the cow will shelter longer with
a lower intensity. The higher the wind speed, the cow will reduce the intensity of the shelter for a long time because
the wind can reduce the body's heat.
3.2 Determination of the Height of the Cage
In addition to choosing a low conductivity roofing material, another effort undertaken to modify the
microenvironment inside the cage is to increase the size of the cage. One way is to raise the roof of the cage so that
the volume of air and the flow of air that enters the cage becomes more significant and the air changes faster so that
the temperature in the drum decreases [16].
In sunny areas with full sun, the height of the roof of the cage should be between 3.6-4.2 meters; while the
area is slightly cloudy the height of the cage roof is between 2.1-2.7 meters. The height of the cage is quite effective in
limiting the diffusion of solar radiation received by animals in the cage [14]. The height of the enclosure roof for wet
tropical areas ranges from 2-3 meters and for dry hot climates between 4-5 meters [17], and between 3-4 meters for
semiarid areas [18]. The height of the cowshed roof for hot areas with moderate rainfall to high rainfall is 175 cm
measured from the lowest roof side to the cage floor [19].
Types of cages that can use in tropical countries are open and closed cages. Each type has advantages and
disadvantages. The advantages of open cages include: under construction and operational costs, and are not
dependent on electricity. Lack of protection against disease, environmental influences, and predators is not good.
The potential productivity of livestock influenced by genetic factors, the environment, and interactions
between genetics and the environment [20]. Genetic factors that influence is livestock nation, while environmental
factors include: feed, climate, altitude, body weight, disease, pregnancy and birth spacing, lactation month and parity
[21]. One effort to increase the productivity of dairy cattle can be made by developing a maintenance business. This
alternative is based because the development of dairy farming businesses has so far been centralized in the medium
to high altitude environment, thus limiting the increase in livestock productivity because most regional conditions also
consist of lowland environments.
3.3 Temperature and Humidity
The results of measurements of the average temperature and humidity of the environment from the location
of cattle drums in Enrekang Regency obtained as follows:
Figure 1. Temperature and Average Humidity of Cow Cages in Enrekang Regency.
Air temperature and humidity are two weather or climate factors that influence the production of dairy cows,
because they can cause changes in heat balance in the body of livestock, water balance, energy balance and balance
of livestock behavior [8], [22]. Measured air temperature in the cage comes from shortwave radiation and longwave
radiation from direct solar radiation, reflections, and mixed radiation from the atmosphere.
Solar radiation on the cage roof material will be changed by the top layer of the roof into a long wave (heat),
4. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
4 www.iarjournals.com
delivered to the inner layer by conduction and emitted into the cage room. This longwave radiation is the most
dominant part affecting the measured temperature in the cage room. The amount of relative humidity measured in
the drum depends on the source of water in the cage, the wind speed that blows in the cage and the temperature of
the air as a controlling factor for evaporation.
Air temperature and humidity at low altitude locations above the comfort conditions needed for live
performance and livestock production, this can cause stress or heat stress on the body of the livestock [23].McDowell
[24], states that for life and production, livestock requires optimum environmental temperatures. The thermo neutral
zone of comfortable temperatures for European cattle ranges from 17–21 C [22]; 13–18 C [17]; 4–25 C [25]; 5–25 C
[26].Changes in temperature in the cage can affect changes in heart rate and respiratory frequency of cows. The heart
rate of a healthy cow in a comfortable area (body temperature 38.6 C) is 60-70 times/minute with a breathing
frequency of 10-30 times/minute [27].
The change in temperature seen from the respiratory response and heart rate is a mechanism from the body
of a cow to reduce or release heat received from outside the animal's body. Increased heart rate is a response from
the body of livestock to spread the heat received into the fresher organs [28].Different results obtained by Meyer
[29], [30], the humidity of the air around the caged cattle (76.5%) was not significantly different from the humidity of
the air where the cattle were grazed (75.6%). This difference in data is due to measurements made on the same farm
area, with the same altitude.
Environmental temperature is very influential on the survival of livestock. An increase in the temperature of
the microenvironment (around the cage) by 5 C cancause a marked change in the animal's diet even if it cannot can
cause stress. It will result in further aspects of production in livestock, both ruminant and non-ruminant livestock [31].
Inappropriate temperature and humidity will significantly affect the level of productivity of dairy cows because the
process of evaporation from the body of dairy cows will hampered so that the cattle experience heat stress. Heat
stress experienced by livestock can cause a decrease in energy intake available for increased productive function, as
well as loss of sodium and potassium [32]. This physiological response can see from body temperature, rectal
temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and breathing frequency which is lower in cattle that are given thatch roof
compared to those that given zinc or roof tiles [33].
Environmental factors can be modified to get the comfort of livestock itself. Modification of the
microenvironment can be done by providing shade in the form of the roof of the cage with the right height, giving
shelter around the livestock building, providing cold drinking water, providing wind speed by installing a fan, ignition
through a sprinkler in the cage, giving an insulator on the roof of the cage. Modification of the microenvironment
above requires a low cost so that it requires alternative environmental modification by using cage materials (roofs,
walls, poles) and cheaper technology.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research fully funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service, the Directorate General of
Strengthening and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education with the Regional Superior
Product Development Program in collaboration with Bosowa University in Makassar.
V. REFERENCES
1. D. Tilman, K. G. Cassman, P. A. Matson, R. Naylor, and S. Polasky, “Agricultural sustainability and intensive production
practices,” Nature, vol. 418, no. 6898, p. 671, 2002.
2. T. Reardon and J. A. Berdegué, “The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: challenges and opportunities for
development,” Dev. policy Rev., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 371–388, 2002.
3. D. F. Andrus and L. D. McGilliard, “Selection of dairy cattle for overall excellence,” J. Dairy Sci., vol. 58, no. 12, pp.
1876–1879, 1975.
4. T. Grandin, “The design and construction of facilities for handling cattle,” Livest. Prod. Sci., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 103–119,
1997.
5. C. Seré, H. Steinfeld, and J. Groenewold, World livestock production systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, 1996.
6. J. T. Sørensen, S. Edwards, J. Noordhuizen, and S. Gunnarsson, “Animal production systems in the industrialised world,”
Rev Sci Tech, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 493–503, 2006.
7. J. Moran, Rearing young stock on tropical dairy farms in Asia. CSIRO Pub., 2012.
5. American Journal Of Sciences And Engineering Research iarjournals.com
5 www.iarjournals.com
8. M. L. Esmay, “Homeothermy of animals,” Princ. Anim. Environ. ML Esmay, ed. AVI Publ. Company, Inc., Westport,
Connect., pp. 33–52, 1978.
9. L. E. Mount, Adaptation to thermal environment. Man and his productive animals. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.,
1979.
10. R. A. Bucklin, L. W. Turner, D. K. Beede, D. R. Bray, and R. W. Hemken, “Methods to relieve heat stress for dairy cows in
hot, humid climates,” Appl. Eng. Agric., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 241–247, 1991.
11. BPS-Statistics of Enrekang Regency, Enrekang Regency in Figures. Enrekang Regency: BPS-Statistics of Enrekang, 2018.
12. J. W. Creswell, Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks,
California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2014.
13. D. R. Charles, “Practical ventilation and temperature control for poultry,” Environ. Asp. Hous. Anim. Prod., 1981.
14. G. L. Hahn, “Management and housing of farm animals in hot environments,” 1985.
15. R. M. Gatenby, M. Martawidjaja, and G. Spinhoven, Comparison of the Thermal Budgets of Five Different Roofs of
Animal Houses. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan, 1986.
16. G. A. Carpenter, “Ventilation of buildings for intensively houses livestock,” Heat loss from Anim. man, pp. 389–403,
2013.
17. R. E. McDowell, “Improvement of livestock production in warm climates.,” Improv. Livest. Prod. warm Clim., 1972.
18. F. Wiersma, D. V Armstrong, W. T. Welchert, and O. G. Lough, “Housing systems for dairy production under warm
weather conditions,” World Anim. Rev., 1984.
19. N. S. R. Sastry, C. K. Thomas, and R. A. Singh, Farm animal management and poultry production., no. Ed. 2. Vikas
Publishing House PVT Ltd., 1982.
20. K. Karnaen and J. Arifin, “Correlation of Breeding Values Among Test Day Record at First, Second, and Third Lactations
on Milk Production of Dairy Cattle,” Anim. Prod., vol. 11, no. 2, 2009.
21. A. Epaphras, E. D. Karimuribo, and S. N. Msellem, “Effect of season and parity on lactation of crossbred Ayrshire cows
reared under coastal tropical climate in Tanzania,” Livest. Res. Rural Dev., vol. 16, no. 6, p. 2004, 2004.
22. E. S. E. Hafez, “Adaptation of domestic animals.,” Adapt. Domest. Anim., 1968.
23. C. T. Kadzere, M. R. Murphy, N. Silanikove, and E. Maltz, “Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review,” Livest. Prod.
Sci., vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 59–91, 2002.
24. R. E. McDowell et al., “Reproductive efficiency of purebred and crossbred dairy cattle,” J. Dairy Sci., vol. 57, no. 2, pp.
220–234, 1974.
25. M. K. Yousef, Stress physiology in livestock: Basic principles., 1st ed. CRC press, 1985.
26. G. M. Jones and C. C. Stallings, “Reducing heat stress for dairy cattle,” 1999.
27. M. E. Ensminger, “Dairy cattle science.,” Dairy cattle Sci., no. Ed. 1, 1971.
28. B. E. Anderson, “Temperature regulation and environmental physiology,” Dukes’ Physiol. Domest. Anim., pp. 886–895,
1993.
29. U. Meyer and J. Feldon, “Epidemiology-driven neurodevelopmental animal models of schizophrenia,” Prog. Neurobiol.,
vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 285–326, 2010.
30. U. Meyer, M. Everinghoff, D. Gädeken, and G. Flachowsky, “Investigations on the water intake of lactating dairy cows,”
Livest. Prod. Sci., vol. 90, no. 2–3, pp. 117–121, 2004.
31. A. Berman, “Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows,” J. Anim. Sci., vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1377–1384,
2005.
32. J. W. West, “Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle,” J. Dairy Sci., vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 2131–2144, 2003.
33. J. K. Inglis, Introduction to laboratory animal science and technology. Elsevier, 2013.