The document summarizes the Environment Protection Act of 1986 in India. It was introduced after the Bhopal gas tragedy to provide comprehensive protection of the environment. The Act has 26 sections across 4 chapters and gives powers to the central government to prevent environmental pollution, set standards for emissions, and appoint officers to enforce the Act. It also discusses some companies' initiatives to promote environmental protection such as JK Tyre's eco-friendly tires and Nokia's efforts to reduce energy and waste impacts across their product lifecycle.
Water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974SURYAKANTVERMA2
AnActtoprovideforthepreventionandcontrolofwaterpollutionandthemaintainingorrestoringofwholesomenessofwater,for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution,forconferringonandassigningtosuchBoardspowersandfunctionsrelatingtheretoandformattersconnectedtherewith.
In the wake of Bhopal tragedy, the Government of India enacted the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) under article 253 of the constitution. The purpose of the Act is to act as an “umbrella” legislation designed to provide a frame work for Central government co-ordination of the activities of various central and state authorities established under previous laws, such as Water Act & Air Act. The potential scope of the Act is broad, with “environment” defined to include water, air and land and the inter-relationships which exist among water, air and land, and human beings and other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property. Environment protection rules were also enacted as a corollary to this Act.
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Water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974SURYAKANTVERMA2
AnActtoprovideforthepreventionandcontrolofwaterpollutionandthemaintainingorrestoringofwholesomenessofwater,for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution,forconferringonandassigningtosuchBoardspowersandfunctionsrelatingtheretoandformattersconnectedtherewith.
In the wake of Bhopal tragedy, the Government of India enacted the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) under article 253 of the constitution. The purpose of the Act is to act as an “umbrella” legislation designed to provide a frame work for Central government co-ordination of the activities of various central and state authorities established under previous laws, such as Water Act & Air Act. The potential scope of the Act is broad, with “environment” defined to include water, air and land and the inter-relationships which exist among water, air and land, and human beings and other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property. Environment protection rules were also enacted as a corollary to this Act.
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Environmental conventions and protocols.
. Introduction to the Terms.
• Contrast between the Terms.
• Principal Global initiatives and Participations.
• Significance.
• Results.
• Core locations.
• Implementing Organisations.
• Major Conventions and;
• Major Protocols.
Climate change
Green house gasses and their concentration status in atmosphere
Global warming
Different activities and policies for climate change
Koyoto protocol
Monitoring of green house gasses and monitoring satellites by different countries in atmosphere
Carbon trading
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
4. INTRODUCTION
◈ A comprehensive act called The Environment Protection Act
was passed in 1986 with the sole motive of protecting the
environment around us.
◈ This Act provides protection and improvement for
environment and for matters connected with there.
◈ The Environment Protection Act, 1986, came into force from
19th November, 1986, published in Gazette of India on 12th
November, 1986.
4
5. INTRODUCTION
◈ Environmental protection act is an act of the parliament of
India ,it has 26 sections and 4 chapters
◈ Chapter one: include information such as short title , extend ,
date of commencement and definitions
◈ Chapter two: describes general powers of central
government
◈ Chapter three: contains the power to take action to protect
the environment
◈ Chapter four: allows the government to appoint officers to
achieve these objectives
5
6. ◈ The Environment (Protection) Act 1986
was introduced after the Bhopal gas tragedy
during Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister
of our country.
6
7. NEED OF THE HOUR
Global Climate change or Global Warming is
a reality.
Check on industrial pollution
Use of recycled products
Use of environment friendly gases.
Adopt eco friendly way of production
Ban polythene
7
9. Objective
◈ Providing protection and improvement for the
environment.
◈ Preventing environmental pollution in all its forms
◈ To tackle specific environmental problems that
are peculiar to different parts of the country.
◈ To co-ordinate the activities of the various
regulatory agencies already in existence.
9
10. ◈ To appoint environment officers to check
environmental pollution.
◈ To improve the quality of life by protection of
environment.
◈ Establishing environmental laboratories.
◈ To protect the forests and wildlife in the
country
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11. Features of the ACT
◈ Short title and commencement of the Act.
◈ Sections of Environment Protection Act.
26 sections and 4 chapters
◈ Extend of the Act.
Extended to whole of India
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12. SUGGESTIONS
◈ Reducing the use of Electric power,
◈ Solar Power System For Your Home,
◈ Recycling,
◈ Raise Awareness,
◈ Reduce waste,
◈ Choose Energy Efficient Appliances.
12
13. Alternative energy sources
◈ Conserve our rapidly diminishing fossil fuel reserves by
using Alternative energy sources.
◈ Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative
to fossil fuel.
◈ These alternatives are intended to address concerns about
fossil fuels, such as its high carbon dioxide emissions, an
important factor in global warming.
◈ Marine energy, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal and solar
power are all alternative sources of energy.
13
14. Biological control of pests
◈ Using natural predators to eat pests instead of pesticides.
◈ Biological control is method of controlling insects , mites ,
weed and plant disease using other organisms
◈ There are three basic strategies for biological pest control:
1.Classical
2.Innovative
3.Inoculative
◈
14
15. ◈ Establishment or recognition of environmental
laboratories and institutes to carry out the
functions entrusted to such environmental
laboratories and institutes under this Act.
15
16. POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Planning and execution of a nation-wide
programme for the prevention, control and
abatement of environmental pollution
Preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to
the prevention ,control and abatement of
environmental pollution
16
17. ◈ Laying down standards for emission or
discharge of environmental pollutants from
various sources whatsoever.
◈ Laying down procedures and safeguards
for the prevention of accidents which may
cause environmental pollution and
remedial measures for such accidents.
17
18. ◈ Appointment of officers and their powers and
function
Under sub-section (3) of section 3 the central
government may appoint officer
Power to give directions
Explanation –for the avoidance of doubts , it is
herby declared that the power to issue
direction under this section
18
20. ◈ JK Tyre the leading tyre manufacturer and
pioneers of Radial Tyre Technology in India, has
been closely associated with the environment
friendly initiatives in the country.
◈ JK tyre has been awarded the Golden Peacock
Environment Management Award.
◈ It has launched India’s first eco-friendly tyre in
2005.
20
21. ◈ These tyres are made up of silica which improves
fuel efficiency and is less damaging to the
environment.
◈ The green tyre was developed at JK Tyre’s R&D
facilities at Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and
Tyre Research Institute (HASETRI).
◈ It was the first tyre manufacturer to receive ISO
140001 certification for environmental
management.
21
23. ◈ Nokia takes an active, open and ethically
sound approach to environmental protection.
◈ The objective of Nokia's environmental policy
is sustainable development in accordance with
the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
Business Charter.
23
24. The goal of the Nokia Environmental Management
System is to improve the environmental performance,
focusing on:
◈ energy consumption
◈ water consumption
◈ air emissions
◈ ozone-depleting substances
◈ waste management
◈ packaging
24
25. PRODUCTS WITH SUSTAINABILITY: LIFE
CYCLE THINKING
◈ The environmental work is based
on considering the environment
during the entire life cycle of all
the products, which begins with
the extraction of raw materials for
production, and continues with
recycling, treatment of waste, and
recovery of used materials.
25
26. ◈ The Nokia C6-01, E7 and N8 use bio plastics for
up to 49 per cent of their structural plastic parts.
These biomaterials are made from vegetable oils
rather than crude oil, and so have a much lower
environmental impact.
26
28. ◈ Aircel, a strong supporter of Corporate
Responsibility, started an earnest awareness
campaign, “Save our Tigers” with NDTV to
highlight the urgency of the situation facing
our national animal and urge the public to
embrace the cause on 15th july 2012.
28
29. ◈ Campaign ambassador Amitabh Bachchan along
with Dr. Prannoy Roy, Chairman, NDTV and
Vikram Chandra highlighted the key issues of
tiger conservation across the country from the
central hub at Ranthambore, Tiger Reserve.
◈ The 12 hour television campaign received an
overwhelming response and raised Rs. 5.81 crore
for Tiger Conservation in India.
29
