SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Principles of
Marketing
The Marketing Environments
The Marketing Environments
 External Forces have a profound influence on
a company’s marketing activities. That is why
a company needs to clearly understand its
marketing environments and take marketing
decisions accordingly.
The Marketing Environments
 The Market
 Demographic Forces
 Socio-cultural forces
 Politico-legal forces
 Economic Conditions
 Technology & Infrastructure
 Ecology
The Market
 Suppliers
 Manufacturers
 Intermediaries
 Competitors
 Customers
Demographic Forces
 Age groups
 Income groups
 Gender
 Ethnic Origin
 Geographic Dispersion
 Education
 Profession/Occupation
 Etc.
Socio-cultural Forces
 Values & Life Styles
 Social Stratification
 Fashions & Trends (e.g. Dress)
 Languages
 Cuisine
 Art & Architecture
 Literature
 Sports
 Festivals, Customs & Traditions
 Etc.
Politico-legal Forces
 The Executive
 The Legislature
 The Judiciary
Economic Conditions
 Stage of the Business Cycle
 Rate of Inflation
 Buying Power of the people
 Fiscal & Monetary Policies
 Etc.
Technology & Infrastructure
 Scientific & technological advancements
 Telecommunication
 Roads, bridges, and highways
 Electricity and other power generation
facilities
 Air ports, Sea ports, and Dry ports
 Dams
 Etc.
Ecology: The Natural Environment
 Weather conditions
 Forests
 Soil & minerals
 Oceans and rivers
 Mountains
 Wild life & marine life
 Etc.

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Windows vs linuxe
Windows vs linuxeWindows vs linuxe
Windows vs linuxe
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Top 10 Innovations of 2015
Top 10 Innovations of 2015Top 10 Innovations of 2015
Top 10 Innovations of 2015
Usman Bin Saad
 
Presentation of se
Presentation of sePresentation of se
Presentation of se
Usman Bin Saad
 
Environment
EnvironmentEnvironment
Environment
Usman Bin Saad
 
Project management
Project managementProject management
Project management
Usman Bin Saad
 
iOS I phone operating system
iOS I phone operating system iOS I phone operating system
iOS I phone operating system
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Stack and its usage in assembly language
Stack and its usage in assembly language Stack and its usage in assembly language
Stack and its usage in assembly language
Usman Bin Saad
 
Pom2
Pom2 Pom2
Calculas
CalculasCalculas
Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Cars Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Cars
Usman Bin Saad
 
Kotler pom13e instructor_03
Kotler pom13e instructor_03Kotler pom13e instructor_03
Kotler pom13e instructor_03
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Critical Systems
Critical SystemsCritical Systems
Critical Systems
Usman Bin Saad
 
General Monitors Gdi Presentation
General Monitors Gdi PresentationGeneral Monitors Gdi Presentation
General Monitors Gdi Presentation
Mustafa Ali
 
Pom 1
Pom 1Pom 1
Omni Guard 660 Flame Detector Presentation
Omni Guard 660 Flame Detector PresentationOmni Guard 660 Flame Detector Presentation
Omni Guard 660 Flame Detector Presentation
Mustafa Ali
 
Calculas
CalculasCalculas
Calculas
Usman Bin Saad
 
Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies
Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies
Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies
Usman Bin Saad
 
Introduction of sequence
Introduction of sequenceIntroduction of sequence
Introduction of sequence
KARAN PANCHAL
 
General Monitors Flame Detectors Scp
General Monitors Flame Detectors ScpGeneral Monitors Flame Detectors Scp
General Monitors Flame Detectors Scp
Mustafa Ali
 
Oxygen Analyzer
Oxygen AnalyzerOxygen Analyzer
Oxygen Analyzer
Mustafa Ali
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Windows vs linuxe
Windows vs linuxeWindows vs linuxe
Windows vs linuxe
 
Top 10 Innovations of 2015
Top 10 Innovations of 2015Top 10 Innovations of 2015
Top 10 Innovations of 2015
 
Presentation of se
Presentation of sePresentation of se
Presentation of se
 
Environment
EnvironmentEnvironment
Environment
 
Project management
Project managementProject management
Project management
 
iOS I phone operating system
iOS I phone operating system iOS I phone operating system
iOS I phone operating system
 
Stack and its usage in assembly language
Stack and its usage in assembly language Stack and its usage in assembly language
Stack and its usage in assembly language
 
Pom2
Pom2 Pom2
Pom2
 
Calculas
CalculasCalculas
Calculas
 
Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Cars Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Cars
 
Kotler pom13e instructor_03
Kotler pom13e instructor_03Kotler pom13e instructor_03
Kotler pom13e instructor_03
 
Critical Systems
Critical SystemsCritical Systems
Critical Systems
 
General Monitors Gdi Presentation
General Monitors Gdi PresentationGeneral Monitors Gdi Presentation
General Monitors Gdi Presentation
 
Pom 1
Pom 1Pom 1
Pom 1
 
Omni Guard 660 Flame Detector Presentation
Omni Guard 660 Flame Detector PresentationOmni Guard 660 Flame Detector Presentation
Omni Guard 660 Flame Detector Presentation
 
Calculas
CalculasCalculas
Calculas
 
Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies
Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies
Hybrid Cars , Autonomous Cars and future trends and Technologies
 
Introduction of sequence
Introduction of sequenceIntroduction of sequence
Introduction of sequence
 
General Monitors Flame Detectors Scp
General Monitors Flame Detectors ScpGeneral Monitors Flame Detectors Scp
General Monitors Flame Detectors Scp
 
Oxygen Analyzer
Oxygen AnalyzerOxygen Analyzer
Oxygen Analyzer
 

Similar to Environ.

Imm nature & scope
Imm   nature & scopeImm   nature & scope
Imm nature & scope
Priyanka Nair
 
Module 2 mkt_env.
Module 2 mkt_env.Module 2 mkt_env.
Module 2 mkt_env.
saurabhpratap1011
 
Chap2 Environment
Chap2 Environment Chap2 Environment
Chap2 Environment
mraravind0075
 
LT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 Slides
LT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 SlidesLT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 Slides
LT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 Slides
Thomas Lunt
 
Ec Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 Presentation
Ec Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 PresentationEc Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 Presentation
Ec Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 Presentation
FNian
 
PostGrad February 7 Session
PostGrad February 7 SessionPostGrad February 7 Session
PostGrad February 7 Session
Bob Hogg
 
PESTN Analysis
PESTN AnalysisPESTN Analysis
PESTN Analysis
zashgal
 
Mktg.environment
Mktg.environmentMktg.environment
Mktg.environment
mayankvns
 
Business
BusinessBusiness
Business
Siddharth Singh
 
Pestle draft03
Pestle draft03Pestle draft03
Pestle draft03
Archit Srivastava
 
Mba09 mm 2
Mba09 mm 2Mba09 mm 2
External environmental factos.ppt
External environmental factos.pptExternal environmental factos.ppt
External environmental factos.ppt
santhosh77
 
What are some influential macroenvironment developments?
What are some influential macroenvironment developments?What are some influential macroenvironment developments?
What are some influential macroenvironment developments?
Sameer Mathur
 
Stratmgmt3
Stratmgmt3Stratmgmt3
Stratmgmt3
khaledadawy
 
The External Assessment
The External AssessmentThe External Assessment
The External Assessment
Noel Buensuceso
 
L3 mkt env 11-10-2010
L3  mkt env 11-10-2010L3  mkt env 11-10-2010
L3 mkt env 11-10-2010
Kinshook Chaturvedi
 
2. Intl. Mkt. Environment
2. Intl. Mkt. Environment2. Intl. Mkt. Environment
2. Intl. Mkt. Environment
rameshpandey
 
Pest 2
Pest 2Pest 2
Pest 2
Rbk Asr
 
External environment
External environmentExternal environment
External environment
annaimba
 
Marketing Environment
Marketing EnvironmentMarketing Environment
Marketing Environment
rajat patel
 

Similar to Environ. (20)

Imm nature & scope
Imm   nature & scopeImm   nature & scope
Imm nature & scope
 
Module 2 mkt_env.
Module 2 mkt_env.Module 2 mkt_env.
Module 2 mkt_env.
 
Chap2 Environment
Chap2 Environment Chap2 Environment
Chap2 Environment
 
LT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 Slides
LT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 SlidesLT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 Slides
LT7058 Events Marketing Lecture Week 2 Slides
 
Ec Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 Presentation
Ec Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 PresentationEc Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 Presentation
Ec Bbl3 Palmade Jan 08 Presentation
 
PostGrad February 7 Session
PostGrad February 7 SessionPostGrad February 7 Session
PostGrad February 7 Session
 
PESTN Analysis
PESTN AnalysisPESTN Analysis
PESTN Analysis
 
Mktg.environment
Mktg.environmentMktg.environment
Mktg.environment
 
Business
BusinessBusiness
Business
 
Pestle draft03
Pestle draft03Pestle draft03
Pestle draft03
 
Mba09 mm 2
Mba09 mm 2Mba09 mm 2
Mba09 mm 2
 
External environmental factos.ppt
External environmental factos.pptExternal environmental factos.ppt
External environmental factos.ppt
 
What are some influential macroenvironment developments?
What are some influential macroenvironment developments?What are some influential macroenvironment developments?
What are some influential macroenvironment developments?
 
Stratmgmt3
Stratmgmt3Stratmgmt3
Stratmgmt3
 
The External Assessment
The External AssessmentThe External Assessment
The External Assessment
 
L3 mkt env 11-10-2010
L3  mkt env 11-10-2010L3  mkt env 11-10-2010
L3 mkt env 11-10-2010
 
2. Intl. Mkt. Environment
2. Intl. Mkt. Environment2. Intl. Mkt. Environment
2. Intl. Mkt. Environment
 
Pest 2
Pest 2Pest 2
Pest 2
 
External environment
External environmentExternal environment
External environment
 
Marketing Environment
Marketing EnvironmentMarketing Environment
Marketing Environment
 

More from Hùssâîn Mîrzã

Lec2
Lec2Lec2
Kotler pom13e instructor_01
Kotler pom13e instructor_01Kotler pom13e instructor_01
Kotler pom13e instructor_01
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
The life of Muhammad saw
The life of Muhammad sawThe life of Muhammad saw
The life of Muhammad saw
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Role of youth for development of pakistan
Role of youth for development of pakistanRole of youth for development of pakistan
Role of youth for development of pakistan
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Rasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humor
Rasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humorRasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humor
Rasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humor
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Islamic law
Islamic lawIslamic law
Islamic law
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Introduction to islamic law
Introduction to islamic lawIntroduction to islamic law
Introduction to islamic law
Hùssâîn Mîrzã
 
Firewall
FirewallFirewall

More from Hùssâîn Mîrzã (8)

Lec2
Lec2Lec2
Lec2
 
Kotler pom13e instructor_01
Kotler pom13e instructor_01Kotler pom13e instructor_01
Kotler pom13e instructor_01
 
The life of Muhammad saw
The life of Muhammad sawThe life of Muhammad saw
The life of Muhammad saw
 
Role of youth for development of pakistan
Role of youth for development of pakistanRole of youth for development of pakistan
Role of youth for development of pakistan
 
Rasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humor
Rasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humorRasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humor
Rasulullah’s (p.b.u.h) sense of humor
 
Islamic law
Islamic lawIslamic law
Islamic law
 
Introduction to islamic law
Introduction to islamic lawIntroduction to islamic law
Introduction to islamic law
 
Firewall
FirewallFirewall
Firewall
 

Recently uploaded

Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto RicoAuthentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Corey Perlman, Social Media Speaker and Consultant
 
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Kirill Klimov
 
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a storyBusiness storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Alexandra Fulford
 
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
my Pandit
 
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .pptChapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
ssuser567e2d
 
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 20243 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
SEOSMMEARTH
 
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
hartfordclub1
 
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in SingaporeCreative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
techboxsqauremedia
 
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Lviv Startup Club
 
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accounts
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsbuy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accounts
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accounts
Susan Laney
 
Building Your Employer Brand with Social Media
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaBuilding Your Employer Brand with Social Media
Building Your Employer Brand with Social Media
LuanWise
 
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Top Forex Brokers Review
 
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
Adam Smith
 
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
Lital Barkan
 
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdfikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
agatadrynko
 
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraTata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
Avirahi City Dholera
 
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
my Pandit
 
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
aragme
 
BeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdf
BeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdfBeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdf
BeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdf
DerekIwanaka1
 
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your TasteZodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
my Pandit
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto RicoAuthentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
 
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
Organizational Change Leadership Agile Tour Geneve 2024
 
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a storyBusiness storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
 
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
 
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .pptChapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
 
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 20243 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
 
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
 
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in SingaporeCreative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
 
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
 
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accounts
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsbuy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accounts
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accounts
 
Building Your Employer Brand with Social Media
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaBuilding Your Employer Brand with Social Media
Building Your Employer Brand with Social Media
 
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Best Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
 
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
The Influence of Marketing Strategy and Market Competition on Business Perfor...
 
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
 
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdfikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
ikea_woodgreen_petscharity_cat-alogue_digital.pdf
 
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraTata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
 
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
 
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
 
BeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdf
BeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdfBeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdf
BeMetals Investor Presentation_June 1, 2024.pdf
 
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your TasteZodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Taste
 

Environ.

  • 2. The Marketing Environments  External Forces have a profound influence on a company’s marketing activities. That is why a company needs to clearly understand its marketing environments and take marketing decisions accordingly.
  • 3. The Marketing Environments  The Market  Demographic Forces  Socio-cultural forces  Politico-legal forces  Economic Conditions  Technology & Infrastructure  Ecology
  • 4. The Market  Suppliers  Manufacturers  Intermediaries  Competitors  Customers
  • 5. Demographic Forces  Age groups  Income groups  Gender  Ethnic Origin  Geographic Dispersion  Education  Profession/Occupation  Etc.
  • 6. Socio-cultural Forces  Values & Life Styles  Social Stratification  Fashions & Trends (e.g. Dress)  Languages  Cuisine  Art & Architecture  Literature  Sports  Festivals, Customs & Traditions  Etc.
  • 7. Politico-legal Forces  The Executive  The Legislature  The Judiciary
  • 8. Economic Conditions  Stage of the Business Cycle  Rate of Inflation  Buying Power of the people  Fiscal & Monetary Policies  Etc.
  • 9. Technology & Infrastructure  Scientific & technological advancements  Telecommunication  Roads, bridges, and highways  Electricity and other power generation facilities  Air ports, Sea ports, and Dry ports  Dams  Etc.
  • 10. Ecology: The Natural Environment  Weather conditions  Forests  Soil & minerals  Oceans and rivers  Mountains  Wild life & marine life  Etc.