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historia do brasil pauloprado

1. The document discusses the melancholy that was instilled in the Brazilian people by the European discoverers who revealed the land to the world and populated it. 2. It describes how the discovery era was driven by two great impulses - the ambition for gold and freer sensuality inspired by the Renaissance. The expanding of human ambitions for power, knowledge, and pleasure led people to seek new lands. 3. The encounter between Europeans and the exuberant, colorful nature of Brazil was a climax in their adventure, delighting them with the paradisiacal landscape.

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73 IDPtOLD EUDVLOHLUD WHYH FRPR VXVWHQWiFXOR XPD WULSHoD LPXWiYHO SDL VRWXUQR PXOKHU VXEPLVVD ILOKRV DWHUUDGRV 1HVVH DPELHQWH VH GHVHQYROYLD D WULVWH]D GR PDPDOXFR GR PD]RPER GR UHLQRO DEDIDGR QD DWPRVIHUD SHVDGD GD FRO{QLD 2 SRUWXJXrV WUDQVSODQWDGR Vy SHQVDYD QD SiWULD G DOpP PDU R %UDVLO HUD XP GHJUHGR RX XP SXUJDWyULR )UHL 9LFHQWH GR 6DOYDGRU QRV SULPHLURV DQRV VHLVFHQWLVWDV TXHL[DYD VH GH TXH RV SRYRDGRUHV ´QmR Vy RV TXH GH Oi YLHUDP PDV DLQGD RV TXH Fi QDVFHUDP XVDP GD WHUUD QmR FRPR VHQKRUHV PDV FRPR XVXIUXWiULRV Vy SDUD D GHVIUXWDUHP H D GHL[DUHP GHVWUXtGDµ &RP HVVD PHQWDOLGDGH R SRYRDPHQWR VH ID]LD GH iGYHQDV GH SDVVDJHP TXH VH FRQVLGHUDYDP YtWLPDV GD VRUWH RX GR H[tOLR LUULWDGRV RX HVWXSHGLILFDGRV YLYHQGR XPD YLGD YD]LD H PRQyWRQD 2 PHVWLoR Mi DFRVWXPDGR j FRQWLQJrQFLD GR VHUWmR GR SHULJR GR FOLPD OLPLWDYD R HVIRUoR j JDQkQFLD GH HQULTXHFLPHQWR IiFLO RX j SROLJDPLD GHVHQIUHDGD VHP QHQKXPD RXWUD VLPSDWLD KXPDQD PDLV HOHYDGD 1DGD WmR VHFR H iULGR FRPR XP GRFXPHQWR GHVVDV pSRFDV (P QHQKXP VH HQFRQWUD R LQIRUPH RX R GHVDEDIR TXH DEUH XPD FODUHLUD SDUD D YLVmR GR HQWH GH FDUQH H RVVR TXH QDVFLD OXWDYD H PRUULD QR VROR LQGLIHUHQWH 'RLV JUDQGHV IHQ{PHQRV DSHQDV HP VpFXORV SDUHFHP LQGLFDU R DOYRUHFHU GH DOJXP VHQWLPHQWR QDFLRQDO D OXWD FRQWUD R LQYDVRU KRODQGrV H D H[SDQVmR JHRJUiILFD GR PRYLPHQWR GH JDGR H GDV EDQGHLUDV 1R SULPHLUR FRQVLGHUDo}HV PDWHULDLV VREUHSXMDYDP RV YLVOXPEUHV GH UHYROWD QDWLYLVWD GHVGH D LQWHUYHQomR GRV MXGHXV H FULVWmRV QRYRV QD RULJHP GD OXWD DWp RV SODQRV HQFREHUWRV GH -RmR )HUQDQGHV 9LHLUD 1R IHQ{PHQR GR EDQGHLULVPR WXGR QRV GHPRQVWUD TXH D SUHRFXSDomR ~QLFD GR VHUWDQLVWD HUD D DTXLVLomR GH ULTXH]D R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR
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106 VHJUHJDomR GR HOHPHQWR DIULFDQR FRPR VH GHX QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GRPLQDGRV SHORV SUHFRQFHLWRV GDV DQWLSDWLDV UDFLDLV $TXL D OX[~ULD H R GHVOHL[R VRFLDO DSUR[LPDUDP H UHXQLUDP DV UDoDV 1DGD H QLQJXpP UHSHOLX R QRYR DIOX[R GH VDQJXH 6DOYR XPD RX RXWUD REMHomR DULVWRFUiWLFD TXH Mi QmR H[LVWH R DPiOJDPD VH IH] OLYUHPHQWH SHORV DFDVRV VH[XDLV GRV DMXQWDPHQWRV VHP QHQKXPD UHSXJQkQFLD ItVLFD RX PRUDO 5HSHWLX VH R TXH Mi DFRQWHFHUD FRP R tQGLR FUX]DGR FRP R HXURSHX DGYHQWtFLR QD SROLJLQLD GRV SULPLWLYRV SRYRDPHQWRV 3HOR FRQWUiULR WRUQRX VH OHQGiULD D VHGXomR GD QHJUD H GD PXODWD SDUD R FRORQR SRUWXJXrV 2 QRVVR SUREOHPD p SRLV GLIHUHQWH GR QRUWH DPHULFDQR TXH p FRPSOH[R SHOR FRQIOLWR UDFLDO TXH DTXL QmR H[LVWH H SHODV GLILFXOGDGHV HFRQ{PLFDV H SROtWLFDV VHP VROXomR QRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV D QmR VHU SHOR H[WHUPtQLR GH XP GRV DGYHUViULRV (QWUH QyV D PHVFOD VH IH] DRV SRXFRV GLOXLQGR VH VXDYHPHQWH SHOD PHVWLoDJHP VHP UHEXoR 2 QHJUR QmR p XP LQLPLJR YLYHX H YLYH HP FRPSOHWD LQWLPLGDGH FRP RV EUDQFRV H FRP RV PHVWLoRV TXH Mi SDUHFHP EUDQFRV 1DVFHPRV MXQWRV H MXQWRV LUHPRV DWp R ILP GH QRVVRV GHVWLQRV +D SRUpP R SUREOHPD GD ELRORJLD R GD HWQRORJLD H PHVPR R GD HXJHQLD $ TXHVWmR GD GHVLJXDOGDGH GDV UDoDV TXH IRL R FDYDOR GH EDWDOKD GH *RELQHDX H DLQGD p KRMH D WHVH IDYRULWD GH 0DGLVRQ *UDQW SURFODPDQGR D VXSHULRULGDGH QyUGLFD p TXHVWmR TXH D FLrQFLD YDL UHVROYHQGR QR VHQWLGR QHJDWLYR 7RGDV DV UDoDV SDUHFHP HVVHQFLDOPHQWH LJXDLV HP FDSDFLGDGH PHQWDO H DGDSWDomR j FLYLOL]DomR 1RV FHQWURV SULPLWLYRV GD YLGD DIULFDQD R QHJUR p XP SRYR VDGLR GH LQLFLDWLYD SHVVRDO GH JUDQGH SRGHU LPDJLQDWLYR RUJDQL]DGRU ODERULRVR $
107 VXD LQIHULRULGDGH VRFLDO QDV DJORPHUDo}HV KXPDQDV FLYLOL]DGDV p PRWLYDGD VHP G~YLGD SHOR PHQRU GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FXOWXUDO H SHOD IDOWD GH RSRUWXQLGDGH SDUD D UHYHODomR GH DWULEXWRV VXSHULRUHV 'LIHUHQoDV TXDQWLWDWLYDV H QmR TXDOLWDWLYDV GLVVH XP VRFLyORJR DPHULFDQR R DPELHQWH RV FDUDFWHUHV DQFHVWUDLV GHWHUPLQDQGR PDLV R SURFHGLPHQWR GR LQGLYtGXR GR TXH D ILOLDomR UDFLDO $IDVWDGD D TXHVWmR GH GHVLJXDOGDGH UHVWD QD WUDQVIRUPDomR ELROyJLFD GRV HOHPHQWRV pWQLFRV R SUREOHPD GD PHVWLoDJHP 2V DPHULFDQRV GR 1RUWH FRVWXPDP GL]HU TXH 'HXV IH] R EUDQFR TXH 'HXV IH] R QHJUR PDV TXH R GLDER IH] R PXODWR e R SRQWR PDLV VHQVtYHO GR FDVR EUDVLOHLUR 2 TXH VH FKDPD D DULDQL]DomR GR KDELWDQWH GR %UDVLO p XP IDWR GH REVHUYDomR GLiULD -i FRP GH VDQJXH QHJUR D DSDUrQFLD DIULFDQD VH DSDJD SRU FRPSOHWR p R IHQ{PHQR GR ´SDVVLQJµ GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV ( DVVLP QD FUX]D FRQWtQXD GH QRVVD YLGD GHVGH D pSRFD FRORQLDO R QHJUR GHVDSDUHFH DRV SRXFRV GLVVROYHQGR VH DWp D IDOVD DSDUrQFLD GH DULDQR SXUR (WQRORJLFDPHQWH IDODQGR TXH LQIOXrQFLD SRGH WHU QR IXWXUR HVVD PLVWXUD GH UDoDV" &RP R LQGtJHQD D KLVWyULD FRQILUPRX D OHL ELROyJLFD GD KHWHURVLV HP TXH R YLJRU KtEULGR p VREUHWXGR QRWiYHO QDV SULPHLUDV JHUDo}HV 2 PDPDOXFR IRL D GHPRQVWUDomR GHVVD YHUGDGH 1HOOH VH FRPSOHWDUDP DGPLUDYHOPHQWH ³ SDUD D FULDomR GH XP WLSR QRYR ³ DV SURIXQGDV GLIHUHQoDV H[LVWHQWHV QRV GRLV HOHPHQWRV IXVLRQDGRV $ KLVWyULD GH 6mR 3DXOR HP TXH D DPDOJDPDomR VH IH] LQWHQVDPHQWH IDYRUHFLGD SHOR VHJUHJDPHQWR p SURYD FRQFOXGHQWH GDV YDQWDJHQV GD PHVFOD GR EUDQFR FRP R tQGLR +RMH HQWUHWDQWR GHSRLV
108 GH VH GHVHQURODUHP JHUDo}HV H JHUDo}HV GHVVH FUX]DPHQWR R FDERFOR PLVHUiYHO ³ SiOLGR HStJRQR ³ p R GHVFHQGHQWH GD HVSOrQGLGD IRUWDOH]D GR EDQGHLUDQWH PDPDOXFR $ PHVWLoDJHP GR EUDQFR H GR DIULFDQR DLQGD QmR HVWi GHILQLWLYDPHQWH HVWXGDGD e XPD LQFyJQLWD 1D ÉIULFD GR 6XO (XJHQ )LVFKHU FKHJRX D FRQFOXV}HV LQWHUHVVDQWHV D KLEULGDomR HQWUH ERHUV H KRWHQWRWHV FULRX XPD UDoD PLVWD DQWHV XPD PLVWXUD GH UDoDV FRP RV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GRV VHXV FRPSRQHQWHV GHVHQYROYHQGR VH QDV PDLV YDULDGDV FDPELDQWHV 7HP QR HQWDQWR XP GHIHLWR SHUVLVWHQWH IDOWD GH HQHUJLD OHYDGD DR H[WUHPR GH XPD SURIXQGD LQGROrQFLD 1R %UDVLO QmR WHPRV DLQGD SHUVSHFWLYD VXILFLHQWH SDUD XP MXt]R LPSDUFLDO $ DULDQL]DomR DSDUHQWH HOLPLQRX DV GLIHUHQoDV VRPiWLFDV H SVtTXLFDV Mi QmR VH VDEH PDLV TXHP p EUDQFR H TXHP p SUHWR 1D $XVWUiOLD 0DUN 7ZDLQ HQFRQWURX VLWXDomR LGrQWLFD HP TXH HUD IDOWD GH WDWR SHUJXQWDU QD VRFLHGDGH QRWtFLDV GR DY{ 2 PHVWLoR EUDVLOHLUR WHP IRUQHFLGR LQGXELWDYHOPHQWH j FRPXQLGDGH H[HPSODUHV QRWiYHLV GH LQWHOLJrQFLD GH FXOWXUD GH YDORU PRUDO 3RU RXWUR ODGR DV SRSXODo}HV RIHUHFHP WDO IUDTXH]D ItVLFD RUJDQLVPRV WmR LQGHIHVRV FRQWUD D GRHQoD H RV YtFLRV TXH p XPD LQWHUURJDomR QDWXUDO LQGDJDU VH HVVH HVWDGR GH FRLVDV QmR SURYpP GR LQWHQVR FUX]DPHQWR GDV UDoDV H VXE UDoDV 1D VXD FRPSOH[LGDGH R SUREOHPD HVWDGRVXQLGHQVH QmR WHP VROXomR GL]HP RV FLHQWLVWDV DPHULFDQRV D QmR VHU TXH VH UHFRUUD j HVWHULOL]DomR GR QHJUR 1R %UDVLO VH Ki PDO HOH HVWi IHLWR LUUHPHGLDYHOPHQWH HVSHUHPRV QD OHQWLGmR GR SURFHVVR FyVPLFR D GHFLIUDomR GR HQLJPD FRP D VHUHQLGDGH GRV H[SHULPHQWDGRUHV GH ODERUDWyULR %DVWDUmR RX JHUDo}HV SDUD HVWDU FRQFOXtGD D H[SHULrQFLD
109 2 QHJUR SRUpP DOpP GH HOHPHQWR pWQLFR UHSUHVHQWRX QD IRUPDomR QDFLRQDO RXWUR IDWRU GH LPHQVD LQIOXrQFLD IRL HVFUDYR 8P GRV KRUURUHV GD HVFUDYLGmR p TXH R FDWLYR DOpP GH QmR WHU D SURSULHGDGH GR VHX FRUSR SHUGH WDPEpP D SURSULHGDGH GH VXD DOPD (VVD IUDTXH]D WUDQVIRUPRX VH HP IXQomR FDWDOtWLFD QR RUJDQLVPR VRFLDO UHGX]LX j SUySULD PLVpULD PRUDO H VHQWLPHQWDO GR QHJUR D LOXVyULD VXSHULRULGDGH GR VHQKRU GH HVFUDYRV 9LPRV QRV GLIHUHQWHV VpFXORV D TXH SRQWR GH LQILOWUDomR FKHJRX QD VRFLHGDGH FRORQLDO R SUHGRPtQLR GR DIULFDQR H GR PXODWR 1RV WHPSRV GH KRMH QRV HVTXHFHPRV GH TXH Ki SRXFDV GpFDGDV GH DQR DLQGD YLYLDP QR SDtV FHUFD GH PLOK}HV GH HVFUDYRV QXPD SRSXODomR WRWDO GH TXDWRU]H PLOK}HV ³ GH TXH XPD ERD SDUWH HUD GH PHVWLoRV 1D SURPLVFXLGDGH GR FRQYLYLR YHULILFDYD VH TXH D HVFUDYLGmR IRL VHPSUH D LPRUDOLGDGH D SUHJXLoD R GHVSUH]R GD GLJQLGDGH KXPDQD D LQFXOWXUD R YtFLR SURWHJLGR SHOD OHL R GHVOHL[R QRV FRVWXPHV R GHVSHUGtFLR D LPSUHYLGrQFLD D VXEVHUYLrQFLD DR FKLFRWH R EHLMD PmR DR SRGHURVR ³ WRGDV DV IDOKDV TXH FRQVWLWXtUDP R TXH XP SXEOLFLVWD FKDPRX D ILORVRILD GD VHQ]DOD HP PDLRU RX PHQRU HVFDOD ODWHQWH QDV SURIXQGH]DV LQFRQIHVViYHLV GR FDUiFWHU QDFLRQDO )RL HVVD D YLVmR JHQLDO TXH 0DUWLXV WHYH GD QRVVD KLVWyULD TXDQGR DFRQVHOKDYD R HVWXGR GDV WUrV UDoDV SDUD D VXD FRPSOHWD FRPSUHHQVmR +RMH p TXDVH XP OXJDU FRPXP IDODU VH QR PHOWLQJ SRW HP TXH VH IXQGHP DV WUrV JUDQGHV FRQWULEXLo}HV pWQLFDV GR QRVVR SDVVDGR UHSUHVHQWDQGR WUrV FRQWLQHQWHV jV TXDLV VH MXQWDUDP PDLV WDUGH DV LPLJUDo}HV HXURSpLDV GH YiULR VDQJXH H TXH GHYHUmR WHU SURIXQGD LQIOXrQFLD QR %UDVLOHLUR IXWXUR $ IXVmR IRL LQLFLDGD GHVGH D GHVFREHUWD H GLDULDPHQWH FRQWLQXD D HYROXomR HP TXH VH SUHSDUD D FRQVROLGDomR
110 GD UDoD H GD VXD HVWUXWXUD VRFLDO 1D RUGHP SVLFROyJLFD R SUREOHPD p LJXDOPHQWH FRPSOH[R 6XJHULPRV QHVWDV SiJLQDV R YLQFR VHFXODU TXH GHL[DUDP QD SVFKp QDFLRQDO RV GHVPDQGRV GD OX[~ULD H GD FRELoD H HP VHJXLGD QD VRFLHGDGH Mi FRQVWLWXtGD RV GHVYDULRV GR PDO URPkQWLFR (VVHV LQIOX[RV GHVHQYROYHUDP VH QR GHVHQIUHDPHQWR GR PDLV DQiUTXLFR H GHVRUGHQDGR LQGLYLGXDOLVPR GHVGH D YLGD LVRODGD H OLYUH GR FRORQR TXH DTXL DSRUWDYD DWp DV ODP~ULDV HJRtVWDV GRV SRHWDV HQDPRUDGRV H LQIHOL]HV &RPR UHDJHQWHV QRV IDOWDUDP QD QRVVD FULVH GH DVVLPLODomR R HOHPHQWR UHOLJLRVR D UHVLVWrQFLD SXULWDQD GD 1RYD ,QJODWHUUD D KLHUDUTXLD VRFLDO GRV YHOKRV SLRQHLURV DPHULFDQRV R LQVWLQWR GH FRODERUDomR FROHWLYD 8EL EHQH LEL SDWULD GL] R QRVVR SURIXQGR LQGLIHUHQWLVPR IHLWR GH SUHJXLoD ItVLFD GH IDTXLULVPR GH VXEPLVVmR UHVLJQDGD GLDQWH GD IDWDOLGDGH GDV FRLVDV 1RV SULPHLURV WHPSRV SURGX]LPRV RV PDLV PDJQtILFRV H[HPSODUHV GH EUXWD IRUoD KXPDQD PDV QmR FRQVHJXLPRV SUHSDUDU D DUJDPDVVD TXH OLJD RV JUDQGH SRYRV LGHDOLVWDV ([SORV}HV HVSRUiGLFDV GH UHDomR H HQWXVLDVPR DSHQDV VHUYHP SDUD DFHQWXDU D DSDWLD TXRWLGLDQD $ LQGROrQFLD H D SDVVLYLGDGH GDV SRSXODo}HV IDFLOLWDUDP SRUpP D SUHVHUYDomR GD XQLGDGH VRFLDO H SROtWLFD GR YDVWtVVLPR WHUULWyULR $SHQDV WHYH 3RUWXJDO LGpLD GD WRSRJUDILD GH VHXV GRPtQLRV DPHULFDQRV WUDoRX OKHV ORJR SRU OLPLWHV R $PD]RQDV H R 3UDWD IURQWHLUDV QDWXUDLV RUJkQLFDV GHQWUR GRV TXDLV VH GHVHQYROYHX D DWLYLGDGH YLWDO GD FRO{QLD URPSHQGR DV EDUUHLUDV SROtWLFDV TXH WHQWDUDP IL[DU R WUDWDGR GH 7RUGHVLOKDV H RV TXH VH VHJXLUDP 1HVWH YDVWR WHUULWyULR S{GH D DGPLQLVWUDomR FRQVHUYDU D FRHVmR GD QRYD WHUUD IDYRUHFLGD SHOD OtQJXD FRPXP QHQKXP GLDOHWR SHUWXUED
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115 SHUWHQFH ­ ODYRXUD GH FDIp DFHQD VH FRP D YDORUL]DomR DUWLILFLDO GRV SUHoRV GHVFXLGDQGR VH GR EDUDWHDPHQWR GR FXVWHLR GR DXPHQWR GD SURGXomR H GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR FRQVXPR RV VHULQJDLV VmR DEDQGRQDGRV RX YHQGLGRV SRU QDGD SRUTXH RV LPSRVWRV H[FHGHP R SUHoR GDV PHUFDGRULDV R Do~FDU FRPR QRV WHPSRV FRORQLDLV QmR SRGH FRPSHWLU FRP R HVWUDQJHLUR R DOJRGmR p YtWLPD GD QHJOLJrQFLD GR SUHSDUR GD SUDJD H Vy H[LVWH SHOD SURWHomR DGXDQHLUD D SHFXiULD VHP VHOHomR H VHP WUDQVSRUWH H[SORUDQGR R UHEDQKR QDWLYR QmR Gi FDUQH SDUD RV IULJRUtILFRV TXH IXQFLRQDP FRP LQWHUPLWrQFLDV REULJDQGR QRV D UHFRUUHU DR [DUTXH GRV YL]LQKRV R FDFDX VREUHFDUUHJDGR GH LPSRVWRV QmR SRGH OXWDU FRQWUD RV FRQFRUUHQWHV DIULFDQRV H DVLiWLFRV $ -XVWLoD VHP D TXDO GL]LD R SDGUH 9LHLUD QmR Ki UHLQR QHP SURYtQFLD QHP FLGDGH QHP DLQGD FRPSDQKLD GH ODGU}HV TXH VH SRVVD FRQVHUYDU D -XVWLoD HP FRQWDWR FRP RV LQWHUHVVHV GD SROLWLFDJHP GLILFLOPHQWH UHVLVWH DR DUEtWULR H DR DEXVR GH SRGHU R ([pUFLWR FDUtVVLPR GHVDSDUHFH GHVRUJDQL]DGR SHOR yGLR H SHOR PHGR D 0DULQKD VHP QDYLRV YHJHWD QD EDtD GH *XDQDEDUD p XPD UHSDUWLomR S~EOLFD (VWi WXGR SRU ID]HU QDGD VH ID] H VHJXQGR D FKDSD FRUUHQWH ³ QmR VH VDEH SDUD TXHP DSHODU 2 DQDOIDEHWLVPR GDV FODVVHV LQIHULRUHV ³ TXDVH GH FHQWR SRU FHQWR ³ FRUUH SDUHOKDV FRP D EDFKDUHOLFH URPkQWLFD GR TXH VH FKDPD D LQWHOHFWXDOLGDGH GR SDtV 6HP LQVWUXomR VHP KXPDQLGDGHV VHP HQVLQR SURILVVLRQDO D FXOWXUD LQWHOHFWXDO QmR H[LVWH RX ILQJH H[LVWLU HP VHPL OHWUDGRV PDLV QRFLYRV GR TXH D SHVWH 1mR VH SXEOLFDP OLYURV SRUTXH QmR Ki OHLWRUHV QmR Ki OHLWRUHV SRUTXH QmR Ki OLYURV &LrQFLD OLWHUDWXUD DUWH ³ SDODYUDV FXMD VLJQLILFDomR H[DWD HVFDSD D TXDVH WRGRV (P WXGR GRPLQD R JRVWR GR SDODYUHDGR GDV EHODV IUDVHV
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  • 11.
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  • 12.
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  • 13.
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  • 14.
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  • 15.
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  • 16.
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  • 20.
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  • 21.
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  • 22.
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  • 23.
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  • 29.
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  • 42.
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  • 43.
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  • 67.
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  • 68.
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  • 69.
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  • 70.
    70 SVFKp UDFLDO SDL[}HVTXH QmR FRQKHFHP H[FHo}HV QR OLPLWDGR YLYHU LQVWLQWLYR GR KRPHP PDV DTXL VH GHVHQYROYHUDP GH XPD RULJHP SDWRJrQLFD SURYRFDGD VHP G~YLGD SHOD DXVrQFLD GH VHQWLPHQWRV DIHWLYRV GH RUGHP VXSHULRU )RL QD H[DOWDomR GHVVHV LQVWLQWRV TXH VH IRUPRX D DWPRVIHUD HVSHFLDO HP TXH QDVFHX YLYHX H SUROLIHURX R KDELWDQWH GD FRO{QLD 'R HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR GD HQHUJLD ItVLFD GD DXVrQFLD RX GLPLQXLomR GD DWLYLGDGH PHQWDO XP GRV UHVXOWDGRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV QRV KRPHQV H QDV FROHWLYLGDGHV p VHP G~YLGD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD SURSHQVmR PHODQFyOLFD 3RVW FRLWXP DQLPDO WULVWH QLVL JDOOXV TXL FDQWDW DILUPDYD R YHOKR DGiJLR GD PHGLFLQD p R ´FRODSVRµ GRV PpGLFRV GHSUHVVmR ItVLFD H PRUDO SDVVDJHLUD HP FHUWDV FRQGLo}HV QRUPDLV FRQWtQXD QRV FDVRV GH H[FHVVRV UHSHWLGRV 1R %UDVLO D WULVWH]D VXFHGHX j LQWHQVD YLGD VH[XDO GR FRORQR GHVYLDGD SDUD DV SHUYHUV}HV HUyWLFDV H GH XP IXQGR DFHQWXDGDPHQWH DWiYLFR 3RU VXD YH] D FRELoD p XPD HQWLGDGH PyUELGD XPD GRHQoD GR HVStULWR FRP VHXV VLQWRPDV VXDV FDXVDV H HYROXomR 3RGH DEVRUYHU WRGD D HQHUJLD SVtTXLFD VHP UHPpGLRV SDUD R VHX GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHP FXUD SDUD RV VHXV PDOHV (QWUH QyV SRU VpFXORV IRL SDL[mR LQVDWLVIHLWD FRQYHUWLGD HP LGpLD IL[D SHOD SUySULD GHFHSomR TXH D VHJXLD $EVRUYHX WRGD D DWLYLGDGH GLQkPLFD GR FRORQR DYHQWXUHLUR VHP TXH QXQFD OKH GHVVH D VDFLHGDGH GD ULTXH]D RX D VLPSOHV WUDQTLOLGDGH GD PHWD DWLQJLGD 1R DQVHLR GD SURFXUD DIDQRVD QD GHVLOXVmR GR RXUR HVVH VHQWLPHQWR p WDPEpP PHODQFyOLFR SHOD LQXWLOLGDGH GR HVIRUoR H SHOR UHVVDLER GD GHVLOXVmR /X[~ULD FRELoD PHODQFROLD 1RV SRYRV FRPR QRV LQGLYtGXRV p D VHTrQFLD GH XP TXDGUR GH SVLFRSDWLD
  • 71.
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  • 72.
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  • 73.
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  • 74.
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  • 75.
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  • 76.
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  • 77.
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  • 78.
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  • 79.
    79 DEDFiV DUUR] GHFRFR IHLMmR GH FRFR H DV LQILQLWDV TXDOLGDGHV GH TXLWXWHV EDLDQRV DOJXQV GRV TXDLV GL]LD R FURQLVWD ´yWLPRV SHOR DVVHLR SDUD WRPDU SDUD YRPLWyULRVµ -XQWR DRV PHUFDGRV HP FDVLQKRODV SHTXHQtVVLPDV H VRPEULDV PRUDYDP DV TXLWDQGHLUDV 1DV QRLWHV GH FDORU ~PLGR GRV SDQWDQDLV TXH GH XP ODGR FHUFDYDP D FLGDGH VXELD XP IRUPLGiYHO FRD[DU GH HQRUPHV EDWUiTXLRV HUJXHQGR XP DODULGR GH FmHV GH ILOD 1DV IRQWHV GH iJXD LPSXUD KDYLD GLDULDPHQWH EULJDV GH QHJURV TXH Dt OLTXLGDYDP D SRQWD GH IDFD UXVJDV SRU FDXVD GD DSDQKD GR OLTXLGR RX TXHVW}HV GH LQWHUHVVH H DPRU FRP D SROtFLD H FRP RV JDOpV TXH FRQFRUULDP DRV FKDIDUL]HV $ YLGD GLVVROXWD GR DIULFDQR H GR PHVWLoR LQYDGLD D PHOKRU VRFLHGDGH 7XGR VH ID]LD QHVVH DEDQGRQR GHVOHL[DGR H FRUURPSLGR TXH p D SUDJD GD HVFUDYLGmR 2 WUDMH RUGLQiULR GDV PXOKHUHV QR LQWHULRU GDV FDVDV HUD XPD VLPSOHV VDLD SRU FLPD GH XPD FDPLVD HP JHUDO GD PDLV WUDQVSDUHQWH PXVVHOLQD PXLWR RUQDPHQWDGD H ERUGDGD 0XLWR ODUJD QR SHVFRoR DR PHQRU PRYLPHQWR FDtD GH XP GRV RPEURV RX PHVPR GRV GRLV GHVFREULQGR VHP SXGRU RV VHLRV 1DV JUDQGHV IDPtOLDV SDWUtFLDV XP GRV OX[RV FRQVLVWLD QR VpTXLWR GH SUHWDV H PXODWDV TXH FHUFDYDP DV VHQKRUDV EUDQFDV TXDQGR VDtDP SDUD DV SURFLVV}HV 4XLQ]H RX YLQWH HVFUDYDV DFRPSDQKDYDP DV VLQKiV PRoDV YHVWLGDV GH ULFDV VDLDV GH FHWLP FDPLVDV GH FDPEUDLD RX FDVVD ILQtVVLPD FREHUWDV GH MyLDV GH RXUR FRUG}HV SXOVHLUDV FRODUHV EUDFHOHWHV H EDUDQJDQGmV 2 EDQGR SHUFRUULD HQWmR R ODELULQWR GH EHFRV WUDYHVVDV H UXHODV UHTXHEUDGR H JXL]DOKDQWH FRPR XP FRUGmR FDUQDYDOHVFR
  • 80.
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  • 81.
    81 GHEDL[R GRV FpXVµ5DQJR YLDMDQWH DOHPmR TXH DTXL HVWHYH HP QRWRX ORJR DR GHVHPEDUFDU R FKHLUR SHQHWUDQWH DGRFLFDGR TXH H[DODYDP DV UXDV FKHLDV GH QHJURV FDUUHJDQGR IDUGRV QR FDORU LQWHQVR $ FLGDGH OLPLWDYD VH j iUHD EDL[D H SDQWDQRVD TXH HQFHUUDYDP RV PRUURV GR &DVWHOR 6DQWR $QW{QLR H 6mR %HQWR VHJXLQGR VH SHOD UXD GRV %DUERQRV *XDUGD 9HOKD 6mR -RDTXLP H 9DOORQJR $OpP H LPHGLDWDPHQWH FRPHoDYD D PDWD 'D *OyULD D %RWDIRJR LD VH SRU XP WULOKR GH DQLPDLV H D DOWD YHJHWDomR HQFREULD QR WUDMHWR D YLVWD GR PDU 1R FDPSR GH 6mR &ULVWRYmR FDoDYD VH H HUD IiFLO SHUGHU VH R FDPLQKR 1D SDUWH KDELWDGD HP FHUFD GH FDVDV UHVLGLD XPD SRSXODomR GH FHUFD GH DOPDV RX GH UHIHUH RXWUR YLDMDQWH ³ H GHOHV HUDP QHJURV 5XDV HVWUHLWDV H HP JHUDO HP OLQKD UHWD FDOoDGDV GH JUDQLWR FRUUHQGR SHOR PHLR D VDUMHWD GDV iJXDV j QRLWH PDO DV DOXPLDYDP DV ODPSDULQDV GRV RUDWyULRV H QLFKRV 1DV ORMDV SUHGRPLQDYDP RV ERWLFiULRV H RV GURJXLVWDV 3HODV UXDV FLUFXODYD XPD SLWRUHVFD PHVFOD GH WUDQVHXQWHV VREUHVVDLQGR RV PHLULQKRV FXUYDQGR VH H WLUDQGR RV VXMRV FKDSpXV GH ELFR VHERVRV GH WRSH SUHWR $R ODGR GH XP FDUUR GH ERLV FKLDQGR SDVVDYD XPD FDGHLULQKD GH VHQKRUD URGHDGD GH XPD PXOWLGmR GH PHQGLJRV DQGUDMRVRV HQWUH RV TXDLV QmR HUD UDUR YHU VH DOJXP RILFLDO GH PLOtFLDV WDPEpP GH PmR HVWHQGLGD ­V YH]HV SDVVDYDP HVWUDQKDV ILJXUDV GH HVFUDYRV GH PiVFDUD GH IHUUR FRP TXH RV SXQLDP GR YtFLR GD HPEULDJXH] 'H WRGD HVVD PLVWXUD GH FRUHV GH OtQJXDV GH WUDMHV VXELD QR DU YLEUDQWH GH VRO XPD DOWD YR]HULD DFRPSDQKDQGR DV FRQWtQXDV VDOYDV GRV IRUWHV GD EDtD RX R IRJXHWyULR GDV IHVWDV GH LJUHMD TXDVH GLiULDV 6XELWDPHQWH XP UHEXOLoR DMRHOKDYDP VH WRGRV (UD D VHJH UHDO
  • 82.
    82 EDORXoDQGR VH QDVFRUUHLDV SX[DGD SRU GXDV PXODV GH DUUHLRV UHPHQGDGRV JXLDGRV SRU XP ODFDLR GH OLEUp JDVWD H GHVERWDGD 'HQWUR R VRUULVR ERTXLDEHUWR GH DGHQRLGLDQR GR 3UtQFLSH 5HJHQWH 1DV KRUDV TXHQWHV HVYD]LDYD VH D UXD Vy QHJURV SDVVDYDP /XFFRFN WLQKD D LPSUHVVmR GH HVWDU QXPD FLGDGH GD ÉIULFD $ SURSRUomR GRV EUDQFRV SDUD D JHQWH GH FRU HUD GH SDUD DYDOLDYD 5DQJR 2 DVSHFWR GD JHQWH HUD GHVDJUDGiYHO 2 FOLPD TXHQWH D IDOWD GH DVVHLR D FDUQH GH SRUFR SURGX]LDP WHUUtYHLV GRHQoDV GH SHOH QDV PXOKHUHV D UHFOXVmR QDV DOFRYDV VHP DU HPSDOLGHFLD UDSLGDPHQWH R URVWR PDLV HQFDQWDGRU GR PXQGR DRV GH]RLWR DQRV DWLQJLDP D XPD PDWXULGDGH FRPSOHWD SUHFXUVRUD GH XPD H[FHVVLYD FRUSXOrQFLD FRP TXH DRV WULQWD VH WUDQVIRUPDYDP HP YHOKDV HQUXJDGDV 1D YLGD VRFLDO VH QRWDYDP DOJXQV WUDoRV SHFXOLDUHV TXH R YLDMDQWH DWULEXL j GLVVROXomR GRV FRVWXPHV 3RXFRV VH SUHRFXSDYDP FRP RV PDLV FRPH]LQKRV SULQFtSLRV GD YHUGDGH GD SURSULHGDGH SDUWLFXODU RX GDV YLUWXGHV GRPpVWLFDV $ YLGD GH XP KRPHP SRXFR YDOLD SRU XP SDWDFmR XP FDSDQJD VH LQFXPELD GR GHVDSDUHFLPHQWR GH TXDOTXHU GHVDIHWR 1HP PHVPR ³ REVHUYD R LQJOrV ³ VH UHFRUULD D HVVD VRPEUD GD YLUWXGH TXH p D KLSRFULVLD e HVVD DFUHVFHQWD D LPSUHVVmR JHUDO TXH VH WHP DV H[FHo}HV H[LVWLDP UHVSHLWiYHLV FRPR HP WRGD SDUWH PDV HP JHUDO HUD JUDQGH D SURSRUomR GH FDUDFWHUHV GXYLGRVRV FRP YLVtYHO SUHGLVSRVLomR SDUD R PDO (VFRODV S~EOLFDV QmR KDYLD QHP TXDOTXHU RXWUR HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR SDUD D LQVWUXomR GDV FULDQoDV (VWDV DSUHQGLDP D OHU QDV ORMDV GRV SDLV FRP RV FDL[HLURV TXH D LQYDVmR IUDQFHVD IL]HUD HPLJUDU GH 3RUWXJDO 1RV FROpJLRV
  • 83.
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  • 84.
    84 GLVVROXWtVVLPRV HP FRQFXELQDJHPFRP GLVFtSXORVµ H FLWD R ELVSR R SDGUH 0DQXHO GRV 6DQWRV TXH YLYLD FRP R HVWXGDQWH $QW{QLR -RVp GHSRLV FOpULJR WDPEpP H R SDGUH ,JQDFLR 5LEHLUR FRP R P~VLFR ,JQDFLQKR H 3HGUR GH 9DVFRQFHOORV FRP -RDTXLP 9HOORVR HWF HWF 3RU FL~PHV EULJDUDP SXEOLFDPHQWH R SDGUH 0DQXHO GRV 6DQWRV FRP R IUDQFLVFDQR IU 0DQXHO GH 6mR %RDYHQWXUD H R SDGUH 3HGUR %DUUHLURV FRP R FRULVWD 9LWR GH 0DGXUHLUD 1HVVDV FHQDV GLVSXWDYDP VH RV IDYRUHV GD FpOHEUH PXODWD 0DULD 3XWL~ DPDQWH GR SDGUH 0DUWLQV (P 6DQWRV HP 3DUDQDJXi IDWRV LGrQWLFRV VH UHSHWLDP 6H SRU HVVDV EDQGDV DSDUHFHVVH XP YLVLWDGRU GR 6DQWR 2ItFLR DV ´FRQILVV}HV GH 6mR 3DXORµ VHULDP GH FHUWR WmR FXULRVDV FRPR DV GD %DKLD H 3HUQDPEXFR 7UrV VpFXORV WLQKDP WUD]LGR R SDtV D HVVD VLWXDomR ODPHQWiYHO $ FRO{QLD DR LQLFLDU VH R VpFXOR GH VXD LQGHSHQGrQFLD HUD XP FRUSR DPRUIR GH PHUD YLGD YHJHWDWLYD PDQWHQGR VH DSHQDV SHORV ODoRV WrQXHV GD OtQJXD H GR FXOWR 3RSXODomR VHP QRPH H[DXVWD SHOD YHUPLQRVH SHOR LPSDOXGLVPR H SHOD VtILOLV WRFDQGR GRLV RX WUrV TXLO{PHWURV TXDGUDGRV D FDGD LQGLYtGXR VHP QHQKXP RX SRXFR DSHJR DR VROR QXWULGRU SDtV SREUH VHP R DX[tOLR KXPDQR RX DUUXLQDGR SHOD H[SORUDomR DSUHVVDGD WXPXOWXiULD H LQFRPSHWHQWH GH VXDV ULTXH]DV PLQHUDLV FXOWXUD DJUtFROD H SDVWRULO OLPLWDGD H DWUDVDGD QmR VXVSHLWDQGR GDV IRUPLGiYHLV SRVVLELOLGDGHV GDV VXDV iJXDV GDV VXDV PDWDV GRV VHXV FDPSRV H SUDLDV SRYRDGRUHV PHVWLoDGRV VXPLQGR VH R tQGLR GLDQWH GR HXURSHX H GR QHJUR SDUD D WLUDQLD QRV FHQWURV OLWRUkQHRV
  • 85.
    85 GR PXODWR HGD PXODWD FOLPD DPROHFHGRU GH HQHUJLDV SUySULR SDUD D ´YLGD GH EDODQoRµ KLSHUWURILD GR SDWULRWLVPR LQGROHQWH TXH VH FRQWHQWDYD HP DGPLUDU DV EHOH]DV QDWXUDLV ´DV PDLV H[WUDRUGLQiULDV GR PXQGRµ FRPR VH IRVVHP REUDV GR KRPHP DR ODGR GH XP HQWXVLDVPR IiFLO GHQHJULPHQWR GHVDQLPDGR H HVWpULO ´6mR GHVJUDoDV GR %UDVLO 8P SDWULRWLVPR IRIR /HLV FRP SDURODV SUHJXLoD )HUUXJHP IRUPLJD H PRIR LQGLJrQFLD LQWHOHFWXDO H DUWtVWLFD FRPSOHWD HP DWUDVR VHFXODU UHIOH[R DSDJDGR GD GHFDGrQFLD GD PmH SiWULD IDFLOLGDGH GH GHFRUDU H ORTXDFLGDGH GHUUDPDGD VLPXODQGR FXOWXUD YLGD VRFLDO QXOD SRUTXH QmR KDYLD VRFLHGDGH FRP DV PXOKHUHV UHFOXVDV FRPR PRXUDV RX WXUFDV YLGD PRQyWRQD H VXEPLVVD VHP RV HQFDQWRV TXH D SRHWL]DP QR SDYRU FRQVWDQWH GRV UHFUXWDPHQWRV IRUoDGRV HVIRUoR LQGLYLGXDO ORJR H[DXVWR SHOD DXVrQFLD RX SHOD PRUWH H FRPR REVHUYD &DSLVWUDQR PDQLIHVWDo}HV FROHWLYDV VHPSUH SDVVDJHLUDV FHUWDPHQWH SHOD IDOWD GH FRRSHUDomR WmR SUySULD GR DQWHSDVVDGR LQGtJHQD GLVVHPLQDGDV SHORV VHUW}HV GH 1RUWH D 6XO DV YLUWXGHV DQFHVWUDLV VLPSOLFLGDGH OHQWD QD FRUDJHP UHVLJQDomR QD KXPLOGDGH KRPHQV VyEULRV H GHVLQWHUHVVDGRV GRoXUD GDV PXOKHUHV 0DUWLXV HP UHJLVWD QXPD SiJLQD GDV VXDV ©9LDJHQVª D LPSUHVVmR TXH OKH SURGX]LUDP QD %DKLD DV IHVWDV GR 1RVVR 6HQKRU GR %RQILP H DV SURFLVV}HV GD &DSLWDO (UD QXPD PHVFOD IDQWiVWLFD D H[LELomR GH WRGRV RV HVWDGRV VRFLDLV H GH WRGDV DV UDoDV &RQIUDULDV GDV PDLV YDULDGDV FRUHV ³ EHQHGLWLQRV IUDQFLVFDQRV
  • 86.
    86 DXJXVWLQKRV FDUPHOLWDV GHVFDOoRVH FDOFDGRV IUDGHV PHQGLFDQWHV GH -HUXVDOpP FDSXFKLQKRV IUHLUDV ³ ULYDOL]DQGR QD PDJQLILFrQFLD GRV YHVWXiULRV EDQGHLUDV H LQVtJQLDV WURSDV GH OLQKD SRUWXJXHVDV GH DVSHFWR PDUFLDO H SDFDWDV PLOtFLDV ORFDLV D JUDYLGDGH H XQomR GRV SDGUHV HXURSHXV FRPR TXH H[WiWLFRV QR HVSOHQGRU GD YHOKD ,JUHMD URPDQD HP PHLR GD DOJD]DUUD GH QHJURV PHLRV SDJmRV H GH WUrIHJRV PXODWRV (VSHWiFXOR ~QLFR ³ H[FODPD R JUDQGH FLHQWLVWD ³ UHVXPLQGR VpFXORV H LUUHDOL]iYHO PHVPR HP /RQGUHV RX 3DULV H HP TXH VH YLDP QXP GHVILODU GH PiJLFD UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH WRGDV DV pSRFDV GH WRGDV DV SDUWHV GR PXQGR GH WRGRV RV VHQWLPHQWRV D KLVWyULD LQWHLUD GD HYROXomR KXPDQD QDV VXDV PDLV DOWDV DPELo}HV QDV VXDV OXWDV PDLV DFLUUDGDV QRV SRQWRV FXOPLQDQWHV GH VXDV SDL[}HV H GH VXDV UHVLVWrQFLDV (EXOLomR IRUPLGiYHO GR FDGLQKR QR TXDO VH SUHSDUDYD D IRUPDomR GH XP KRPHP QRYR VXUJLQGR SDUD RV WULXQIRV GH VHX GHVWLQR RX SDUD XPD GHVLOXVmR H XP GHVDVWUH QD UHDOL]DomR GH VXD ILQDOLGDGH KLVWyULFD H JHRJUiILFD
  • 87.
  • 88.
    88 1HVVH RUJDQLVPR SUHFRFHPHQWHGHSDXSHUDGR H[SRVWR jV PDLV YDULDGDV LQIOXrQFLDV PHVROyJLFDV H pWQLFDV DR FRPHoDU R VpFXOR GD LQGHSHQGrQFLD PDQLIHVWRX VH FRPR XPD GRHQoD R PDO URPkQWLFR 'HILQL OR Mi p VXVFLWDU PLO G~YLGDV &RPR H[SUHVVmR GLQkPLFD GR HVStULWR KXPDQR R URPDQWLVPR p XP IHQ{PHQR H[WHQVR H FRPSOH[R $FRPSDQKi OR SHORV VpFXORV DIRUD p LU j ,GDGH 0pGLD DR QHRSODWRQLVPR GH $OH[DQGULD DR SODWRQLVPR JUHJR SDVVDQGR SHOD 5HIRUPD H SHOD 5HQDVFHQoD 2V YROXPHV GD IRUPLGiYHO ELEOLRJUDILD TXH GHOH VH RFXSD HQFKHULDP DV HVWDQWHV GH XPD ELEOLRWHFD )LORVRILD DUWHV VLVWHPDV SROtWLFRV QRYRV PRGRV GH VHQVLELOLGDGH D FXOWXUD HQILP H D SUySULD FLYLOL]DomR RFLGHQWDO ³ IRUDP GLUHWD RX LQGLUHWDPHQWH DIHWDGDV SHOD YLVmR GHIRUPDGRUD TXH FRQVWLWXL D HVVrQFLD GR PRYLPHQWR URPkQWLFR 8QV R FRQWUDS}HP DR FODVVLFLVPR UHSUHVHQWDWLYR GR VHQWLPHQWR GD RUGHP GD OyJLFD GR KRPRJrQHR GR DEVWUDWR GD UD]mR GD FODUH]D HP RSRVLomR jV WHQGrQFLDV FRQFUHWDV GH IDWR H GH YLGD GH WUDGLomR H GH PRYLPHQWR TXH FDUDFWHUL]DP SDUD DVVLP GL]HU D HVWUXWXUD EiVLFD GR SHQVDPHQWR H VHQVLELOLGDGH URPkQWLFDV 3DUD RXWURV R URPDQWLVPR p VLPSOHVPHQWH XPD DWLWXGH RX R PRGR GH VHU GH XPD pSRFD WXUYD H UHYROWDGD UHDJLQGR FRQWUD DV DQWLJDV GLVFLSOLQDV TXH LQVLVWLDP VHP UHVXOWDGR HP DEDIDU D kQVLD GH LQGHSHQGrQFLD WmR SHFXOLDU jV PXOWLG}HV OLEHUWDGDV GR ILP GR VpFXOR ;9,,, 1D SUySULD H[SUHVVmR ³ URPDQWLVPR ³ GHSDUD VH XPD GXDOLGDGH HP TXH VH SRGH GLVWLQJXLU R URPDQWLVPR GR VHQWLPHQWR H R GD LQWHOLJrQFLD 8P p R VLQ{QLPR GH OLULVPR H GH SHVVLPLVPR R VHJXQGR DR FRQWUiULR p XPD DILUPDomR
  • 89.
    89 GH JHQHURVLGDGH GHDUGRU GH Ip QR LQHVJRWiYHO SRGHU GR HVStULWR KXPDQR 8P H RXWUR HQFRQWUDP D VXD LPHGLDWD IRQWH LQVSLUDGRUD HP -HDQ -DFTXHV $ IyUPXOD p FRQKHFLGD WXGR QR URPDQWLVPR YHP GH 5RXVVHDX HP 5RXVVHDX WXGR p URPkQWLFR 'HOH YHP HP OLWHUDWXUD R HJRFHQWULVPR VHQWLPHQWDO H H[LELFLRQLVWD R VRQKDU LQ~WLO H VROLWiULR R RUJXOKR H R HVStULWR GH UHYROWD TXH GHUDP XP FXQKR WmR SHFXOLDU jV JHUDo}HV DWUDtGDV SHOD VHGXomR GR FLGDGmR GH *HQHEUD 1mR p PHQRU SRUpP D VXD LQIOXrQFLD QD KLVWyULD SROtWLFD GR PXQGR 'D VXD JUDQGLORTrQFLD QDVFHUDP RV OXJDUHV FRPXQV TXH IRUQHFHUDP j 5HYROXomR IUDQFHVD D VXD HPSRODGD IUDVHRORJLD 2V KRPHQV DSUHQGHUDP QR &RQWUDWR 6RFLDO DV WLUDGDV TXH VHUYLUDP WDQWDV YH]HV FRQWUD RV WLUDQRV RV SRGHURVRV H Dt RXYLUDP SHOD SULPHLUD YH] RV KLQRV HQWRDGRV j LJXDOGDGH KXPDQD H j OLEHUGDGH GRV SRYRV ,QYHQWD VH D UHWyULFD SROtWLFD 2 PXQGR LD HPEULDJDU VH FRP SDODYUDV 4XDUHQWD DQRV GHSRLV LUURPSLD D 5HYROXomR H DQWHV D $PpULFD Mi WLQKD LQLFLDGR D VXD OLEHUWDomR 1R %UDVLO DV SULPHLUDV WHQWDWLYDV QDFLRQDOLVWDV OLJDUDP VH j GHFODUDomR GD LQGHSHQGrQFLD GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV RQGH IUXWLILFDYD QR FDPSR SUiWLFR D SURSDJDQGD LQLFLDGD SHOD (QFLFORSpGLD H SHORV OLYURV LQFHQGLiULRV GH 9ROWDLUH GH %ULVVRW H GH 5DQDO SUHFXUVRUHV GD SUySULD 5HYROXomR )UDQFHVD 'H D DV LGpLDV SUHGLOHWDV GH -HDQ -DFTXHV LQVSLUDUDP H JXLDUDP RV PRYLPHQWRV UHYROXFLRQiULRV IUDQFR DPHULFDQRV VREHUDQLD GR SRYR OLEHUGDGH LQGLYLGXDO LJXDOGDGH UDFLDO H SROtWLFD LQIDOLELOLGDGH GD QDomR $SDUHFHP QD 3URFODPDomR GD ,QGHSHQGrQFLD H QD &RQVWLWXLomR GD 9LUJtQLD GH DVVLP FRPR PDLV WDUGH HP )UDQoD QD 'HFODUDomR GRV
  • 90.
    90 'LUHLWRV GR KRPHP$Wp D DSDJDGD H[LVWrQFLD GR %UDVLO FRORQLDO FKHJDUDP RV HFRV GHVVD UHQRYDomR PHVVLkQLFD TXH DEDODYD R PXQGR 3UHFHGHUDP FRPR HUD QDWXUDO QXP SDtV LQFXOWR R DSDUHFLPHQWR GR URPDQWLVPR OLWHUiULR TXH YHLR LQIOXHQFLDU DV LGpLDV H RV VHQWLPHQWRV GD DOPD QDFLRQDO 0DQLIHVWDUDP VH SRUpP GH XP PRGR LQGLVFXWtYHO QDV UHYROXo}HV SHUQDPEXFDQDV GH H GH *XLDUD DV R PDLV SXUR HQWXVLDVPR URPkQWLFR 5RPkQWLFR IRL HVVH JUXSR GH GR]H HVWXGDQWHV EUDVLOHLURV GH &RLPEUD SURPRYHQGR HP XP HQFRQWUR HQWUH XP GHOHV -RVp -RDTXLP GD 0DLD FRP 7KRPD] -HIIHUVRQ HQWmR HPEDL[DGRU QRUWH DPHULFDQR HP 3DULV 5HXQLUDP VH R PRoR EUDVLOHLUR H -HIIHUVRQ HP 1LPHV QD 3URYHQoD $ FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD GH -HIIHUVRQ FRP - -D UHYHOD TXH DSHVDU GD DSDUHQWH IOHXJPD R YHOKR GLSORPDWD VH HQWXVLDVPRX SHORV SODQRV GR HVWXGDQWH TXH SHGLD R DSRLR GR JRYHUQR GH :DVKLQJWRQ SDUD R HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GR UHJLPH UHS~EOLFDQR QR %UDVLO 5RPkQWLFRV WDPEpP 'RPLQJRV 9LGDO %DUERVD H -RVp ÉOYDUHV 0DFLHO GR PHVPR JUXSR GRV GR]H GH &RLPEUD TXH SODQHMDUDP H RUJDQL]DUDP HP 0LQDV XPD UHVLVWrQFLD j LPSRVLomR GD GHUUDPD SDUD D FREUDQoD GRV LPSRVWRV GR RXUR ³ PHUD WHQWDWLYD GH VXEOHYDomR TXH QmR FKHJRX D WHU LQtFLR 5RPkQWLFRV RV SURPRWRUHV GD UHYROXomR GH HP 3HUQDPEXFR HP TXH D ´HORTrQFLD RVVLkQLFDµ GH 'RPLQJRV -RVp 0DUWLQV GDWDYD DV VXDV SURFODPDo}HV GD ´VHJXQGD HUD GD OLEHUGDGH SHUQDPEXFDQDµ $t HP WXGR VH LPLWDYDP RV H[DJHURV GD 5HYROXomR IUDQFHVD GHVGH R DSHOR jV VHQKRUDV SDWULRWDV FRQYLGDQGR DV D VH GHVID]HUHP GDV VXDV MyLDV H RUQDWRV FRQWUiULRV j
  • 91.
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  • 92.
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  • 99.
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  • 100.
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  • 101.
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  • 111.
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  • 112.
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  • 113.
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  • 114.
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  • 115.
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  • 116.
    116 FDQWDQWHV GRV GLVFXUVRVGHUUDPDGRV DLQGD Ki SRHWDV GH SURILVVmR 8P YtFLR QDFLRQDO SRUpP LPSHUD R YtFLR GD LPLWDomR 7XGR p LPLWDomR GHVGH D HVWUXWXUD SROtWLFD HP TXH SURFXUDPRV HQFHUUDU H FRPSULPLU DV PDLV SURIXQGDV WHQGrQFLDV GD QRVVD QDWXUH]D VRFLDO DWp R IDOVHDPHQWR GDV PDQLIHVWDo}HV HVSRQWkQHDV GR QRVVR JrQLR FULDGRU (PHUVRQ GL]LD GRV DPHULFDQRV GR VHX WHPSR TXH D PDQLD GD LPLWDomR ³ PDO TXH WDPEpP FRQKHFHUDP ³ OKHV YLQKD GD VXSHUVWLomR GD 9LDJHP IRUQHFHGRUD GR DOLPHQWR HVSLULWXDO TXH QmR VDELDP HQFRQWUDU QD SUySULD WHUUD PDV RQGH VRPHQWH VH GHVHQYROYH H VH DSXUD D DOPD GD UDoD ,PLWDomR TXHU GL]HU LPSRUWDomR 1HVWD WHUUD HP TXH TXDVH WXGR Gi LPSRUWDPRV WXGR GDV PRGDV GH 3DULV ³ LGpLDV H YHVWLGRV ³ DR FDER GH YDVVRXUD H DR SDOLWR 7UDQVSODQWDGRV VmR TXDVH QXORV RV IRFRV GH UHDomR LQWHOHFWXDO H DUWtVWLFD 3DVVD SHODV QRVVDV DOIkQGHJDV WXGR TXH FRQVWLWXL DV ErQomRV GD FLYLOL]DFmR VD~GH EHP HVWDU PDWHULDO FRQKHFLPHQWRV SUD]HUHV DGPLUDo}HV VHQVR HVWpWLFR 3DUD WDPDQKD LPSRUWDomR VXS}H VH FRPR QRV SDtVHV VDGLRV XPD IRUPLGiYHO H[SRUWDomR (VVD SRUpP p DQWHV XPD SHUGD GH VXEVWkQFLD FRPR GL]HP RV DOHPmHV GR TXH D FRORFDomR QR HVWUDQJHLUR GH SURGXWRV GH QRVVD WHUUD H GR QRVVR WUDEDOKR ([SRUWDPRV VREUHWXGR RXUR TXH QmR SRVVXtPRV 2XUR SDUD RV MXURV H DPRUWL]Do}HV GRV HPSUpVWLPRV H[WHULRUHV RXUR SDUD RV DXWRPyYHLV TXH QmR IDEULFDPRV RXUR SDUD DV ILWDV GRV LQ~PHURV FLQHPDV TXH SXOXODP FRPR VDQJXHVXJDV DWp RV FRQILQV GRV VHUW}HV 6DQJULD FRQWtQXD H[DXVWLYD )DWDO GHSDXSHUDPHQWR GH FRQVHTrQFLDV LQFDOFXOiYHLV 6REUH HVWH FRUSR DQrPLFR DWURILDGR EDORIR
  • 117.
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  • 118.
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  • 130.
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  • 131.
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