$SRLR




5XD 6 /i]DUR   /LVERD
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(PDLO JHUDO#UHDSW
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                                                  3URMHFWR (GXFDomR /*%7
+i PXLWD JHQWH TXH SDUWLOKD R GHVHMR GH WHU XPD UHODomR PRQyJDPD GXUDGRXUD H ҊURPkQWLFDҋ 1mR p
SRU VH VHU XPD DGROHVFHQWH OpVELFD RX XP DGROHVFHQWH JD TXH XPD UHODomR GHVWH WLSR p LPSRVVtYHO
PDV p DSHQDV XPD RSomR HQWUH PXLWDV WDO FRPR R p SDUD XP MRYHP KHWHURVVH[XDO $V VRFLHGDGHV
FRQWHPSRUkQHDV FRP D VXD PRELOLGDGH VRFLDO H HFRQyPLFD RIHUHFHP DR LQGLYtGXR PXLWR PDLV
GLYHUVLGDGH H OLEHUGDGH SDUD VH H[SULPLU FRP DV VXDV HVSHFLILFLGDGHV QRPHDGDPHQWH QR TXH GL]
UHVSHLWR D SDSpLV GH JpQHUR GR TXH QR SDVVDGR 'HVWD FUHVFHQWH GLYHUVLGDGH GH LGHQWLGDGHV QDVFH
XPD JUDQGH QHFHVVLGDGH GH WROHUkQFLD DFHLWDomR H IOH[LELOLGDGH QDV UHODo}HV HQWUH DV SHVVRDV
­ PHGLGD TXH D DFHLWDomR GD KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH YDL DXPHQWDQGR DV OpVELFDV H RV JDV GHL[DP
GH VHQWLUVH REULJDGRV D HVFRQGHU D VXD KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH DWUiV GH XP FDVDPHQWR KHWHURVVH[XDO
H GH XPD IDPtOLD WUDGLFLRQDO FRPR DFRQWHFLD DQWLJDPHQWH $VVLP Ki FDGD YH] PDLV PXOKHUHV
OpVELFDV H KRPHQV JDV FRP UHODo}HV GXUDGRXUDV HRX FRP ILOKRV 2V HVWXGRV PRVWUDP TXH DV
FULDQoDV HGXFDGDV QHVWH WLSR GH DPELHQWH IDPLOLDU QmR WrP IDOWD GH DIHFWR QHP GH ILJXUDVPRGHOR
(VWDV FULDQoDV VRIUHP QR HQWDQWR TXDQGR D OHL GLILFXOWD XPD SDUHQWDOLGDGH VDXGiYHO WRUQDQGR
SRU H[HPSOR D DGRSomR GLItFLO SDUD FDVDLV GH SHVVRDV GR PHVPR VH[R
RX TXDQGR SHVVRDV FRP
XP SDSHO UHOHYDQWH DV WUDWDP GH IRUPD GLVFULPLQDWyULD


2 TXH p TXH LVWR VLJQLILFD SDUD PLP

3DUD DV OpVELFDV JDV H ELVVH[XDLV WDO FRPR SDUD RV KHWHURVVH[XDLV VHULD ERP TXH KRXYHVVH XPD
SHUVSHFWLYD PDLV HTXLOLEUDGD UHODWLYDPHQWH DRV HVWLORV GH YLGD H j GLYHUVLGDGH (VWD TXHVWmR GHYH
VHU FRQVLGHUDGD QR FRQWH[WR PDLV DPSOR GD GLYHUVLGDGH GR JpQHUR GH RULJHP FXOWXUDO RX GH RXWUDV
GLIHUHQoDV VRFLDLV FRPR D LGDGH DV GHILFLrQFLDV H D UHOLJLmR
$QWHV GH PDLV DV OHLV H RV UHJXODPHQWRV D WRGRV RV QtYHLV GHYLDP GDU PDLRU DWHQomR j GLYHUVLGDGH
3HQVH QR PRGR FRPR D LQVWLWXLomR SDUD TXH WUDEDOKD RX DV SHVVRDV j VXD YROWD OLGDP FRP GLIHUHQWHV
HVWLORV GH YLGD 3RU H[HPSOR RV UHJXODPHQWRV GH FDQGLGDWXUD IRUPDomR H WUDEDOKR JDUDQWHP XP
WUDWDPHQWR LJXDO SDUD KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV SDUD FDVDLV H SDUD SHVVRDV LQGLYLGXDLV
$OpP GLVVR R DFRPSDQKDPHQWR SVLFROyJLFR GHYHUi DMXGDU RV DGROHVFHQWHV D DSURIXQGDU RV VHXV
VHQWLPHQWRV H DV VXDV QHFHVVLGDGHV 'HYHVH GDUOKHV FRQGLo}HV SDUD FULDU R VHX SUySULR HVWLOR GH
YLGD 3RU ILP R HQVLQR GHYH GDU XPD YLVmR JOREDO GRV HVWLORV GH YLGD H GLVFXWLU DV LPDJHQV GLVWRUFLGDV
HQFRUDMDQGR RV DGROHVFHQWHV D ID]HUHP DV VXDV SUySULDV HVFROKDV


$ WHU HP PHQWH

e LPSRUWDQWH UHFRQKHFHU SDUD VL PHVPRD H SHUDQWH RV VHXV DOXQRV TXH QHP VHPSUH p IiFLO OLGDU
FRP D GLIHUHQoD TXH QmR p DOJR TXH VH DSUHQGD GH XP GLD SDUD R RXWUR /HYH R WHPSR TXH SUHFLVDU
H Gr HVSDoR DRV DOXQRV SDUD GLJHULUHP DV LGHLDV QRYDV
RPR DJHQWH HGXFDWLYRD WHP GH WHU FRQVFLrQFLD GDV VXDV SUySULDV RSLQL}HV VREUH D GLYHUVLGDGH
H D KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGHELVVH[XDOLGDGH HUFD GH  GR LPSDFWR GR TXH HQVLQD HVWi OLJDGR j VXD
SHUVRQDOLGDGH 6H GHU XPD DXOD VREUH D GLYHUVLGDGH GRV HVWLORV GH YLGD PDV PRVWUDU TXH QmR
DSURYD HVWLORV GH YLGD GLIHUHQWHV GR VHX RV DOXQRV QmR RD OHYDUmR PXLWR D VpULR


3HUJXQWH D VL PHVPR

à 2 TXH VHQWH DFHUFD GDV GLIHUHQoDV HP JHUDO
à 7HP SUHIHUrQFLD SRU FHUWRV
HVWLORV
GH YLGD 3RUTXr
à 4XDLV VmR RV VHXV OLPLWHV H SRUTXr
à 2 TXH VHQWH HP UHODomR D SHVVRDV TXH QmR DSURYDP R VHX HVWLOR GH YLGD RPR JRVWDULD TXH R WUDWDVVHP
à 2 TXH VHQWH HP UHODomR j GLYHUVLGDGH GRV HVWLORV GH YLGD GH OpVELFDV JDV H ELVVH[XDLV H GH
  SHVVRDV GH RXWURV JUXSRV pWQLFRV

14
à (P JHUDO TXDO p D VXD DWLWXGH IDFH j GLIHUHQoD H j GLYHUVLGDGH e XPD DWLWXGH FRHUHQWH FRP
  D VXD RSLQLmR HP TXHVW}HV TXH GLJDP UHVSHLWR D DGROHVFHQWHV OpVELFDV JDV H ELVVH[XDLV
  6H QmR SRUTXH p TXH Ki GLIHUHQoDV

1XP VHJXQGR PRPHQWR GHYH SUHSDUDUVH SDUD FRQKHFHU RV VHQWLPHQWRV H DV RSLQL}HV GRV
VHXV DOXQRV $V SHUJXQWDV DFLPD OLVWDGDV WDPEpP VmR YiOLGDV SDUD HOHV 3HUJXQWHVH VH
FRQVHJXH LPDJLQDU DV VXDV UHVSRVWDV DQWHV GH FRPHoDU R GHEDWH

à 2 TXH p TXH HOHV YmR SHQVDU à RPR p TXH YmR UHDJLU DR WySLFR GD GLYHUVLGDGH
à RPR p TXH VH YDL VHQWLU D WUDEDOKDU FRP HOHV VREUH GLYHUVLGDGH  RQIRUWiYHO LQVHJXUR DPHDoDGR

7HQKD HP OLQKD GH FRQWD TXH Ki PXLWDV PDQHLUDV GLIHUHQWHV GH VH VHU IHOL] $OJXQV HVWLORV GH
YLGD SRGHP VHU WRWDOPHQWH QRYRV SDUD VL PDV QmR VH VXUSUHHQGD VH RV VHXV DOXQRV WLYHUHP
DERUGDJHQV RULJLQDLV


6DLED WDPEpP

à 2V MRYHQV KRPRVVH[XDLV H ELVVH[XDLV WrP IDOWD GH PRGHORV SRVLWLYRV R TXH SRGH OHYiORV D
  VHQWLUHPVH LQVHJXURV VREUH R PRGR GH YLYHU D VXD KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH
à )UHTXHQWHPHQWH RV MRYHQV JDV OpVELFDV H ELVVH[XDLV SURFXUDP PRGHORV TXH VH DMXVWHP DR
  VHX FDVR R TXH SRGH OHYiORV D HVWHUHRWLSDU R FRPSRUWDPHQWR JD RX OpVELFR
à 0RVWUH DRV VHXV DOXQRV JDV RX OpVELFDV TXH QmR p SRVVtYHO DYDOLDU REMHFWLYDPHQWH TXDOTXHU
  HVWLOR GH YLGD e LPSRUWDQWH GHL[DU FODUR TXH D RULHQWDomR SULQFLSDO GR VHX HVWLOR GH YLGD GHYH
  VHU D VXD IHOLFLGDGH
à 3URFXUH LQIRUPDUVH VREUH JUXSRV ORFDLV GH DSRLR D SHVVRDV FRP R HVWLOR GH YLGD TXH R VHX DOXQR GHVHMD
  YLYHU H RQGH HOHHOD SRVVD WURFDU H[SHULrQFLDV
à 0XLWRV MRYHQV JDV OpVELFDV RX ELVVH[XDLV UHFHLDP QmR SRGHU WHU XPD IDPtOLD FRPR RV KHWHURVVH[XDLV
  0XLWRV PXGDP GH RSLQLmR TXDQGR VH DSHUFHEHP GH TXH SRGHP VHU IHOL]HV WDO FRPR VmR


$FWLYLGDGHV VREUH (VWLORV GH 9LGD H 'LYHUVLGDGH

'HILQLU D 1RUPDOLGDGH

2EMHFWLYR ODULILFDU D UHODWLYLGDGH GRV FRQFHLWRV ´QRUPDOµ H ´DQRUPDOµ ´GH GHQWUR GR JUXSRµ H
´GH IRUD GR JUXSRµ H GLVFXWLU RV ULVFRV GH H[FOXVmR EDVHDGRV QD GHFODUDomR GH DOJXpP FRPR
VHQGR ´GH IRUDµ
0pWRGR $UUDQMH XPD VpULH GH LPDJHQV GH GLIHUHQWHV KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV 3HoD DRV DOXQRV
SDUD DV RUGHQDUHP GD PDLV ´QRUPDOµ SDUD D PDLV ´GLIHUHQWHµ /DQFH R GHEDWH VREUH D IURQWHLUD
HQWUH R QRUPDO H R DQRUPDO IURQWHLUD HVVD TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH YDULD GH SHVVRD SDUD SHVVRD
3URSRQKD XP GHEDWH VREUH R SRUTXr GHVWDV GLIHUHQoDV H OHYH RV DOXQRV D GLVFXWLU D GHILQLomR
GH ´QRUPDOµ ´DQRUPDOµ H ´GLIHUHQWHµ ([SOLTXH RV FRQFHLWRV GH ´GH GHQWUR GR JUXSRµ ´GH IRUD GR
JUXSRµ ´DOJXpP GH GHQWURµ H ´DOJXpP GH IRUDµ 7RGRV HVWHV FRQFHLWRV VmR VXEMHFWLYRV TXDQGR
GHILQLPRV RV FULWpULRV GH SHUWHQoD D XP JUXSR H[FOXtPRV DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH FHUWDV SHVVRDV
'LVFXWD RV HIHLWRV GD H[FOXVmR H FRPR VH GHYH OLGDU FRP DV GLIHUHQoDV UHVSHLWDQGRDV LQFOXVLYH
GLIHUHQoDV UHODWLYDV j RULHQWDomR VH[XDO
1RWD (VWH H[HUFtFLR Vy VH DGHTXD D MRYHQV FDSD]HV GH VH GLVWDQFLDU GD VXD YLVmR GDV FRLVDV
RX SDUD DTXHOHV TXH HVWmR KDELWXDGRV D SHQVDU SHOD VXD FDEHoD 2V DOXQRV LQWHJUDGRV HP
FXOWXUDV ҊFROHFWLYDVҋ LUmR DFKDU R H[HUFtFLR GLItFLO H HVSHUDUmR SHODV UHDFo}HV GRV RXWURV
3DUD FRQWRUQDU HVWH WLSR GH DWLWXGH D GLVFXVVmR SRGH FHQWUDUVH HP GLIHUHQoDV GH JUXSR RX
RSLQL}HV FXOWXUDLV

                                                                                                     15
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores
Lgbt   professores

Lgbt professores

  • 1.
    $SRLR 5XD 6 /i]DUR /LVERD 7HOHIRQH (PDLO JHUDO#UHDSW :HEVLWH ZZZUHDSW
  • 2.
    ('8$5 3$5$ $',9(56,'$'( 8P *XLD SDUD 3URIHVVRUHV VREUH 2ULHQWDomR 6H[XDO H ,GHQWLGDGH GH *pQHUR 3URMHFWR (GXFDomR /*%7
  • 17.
    +i PXLWD JHQWHTXH SDUWLOKD R GHVHMR GH WHU XPD UHODomR PRQyJDPD GXUDGRXUD H ҊURPkQWLFDҋ 1mR p SRU VH VHU XPD DGROHVFHQWH OpVELFD RX XP DGROHVFHQWH JD TXH XPD UHODomR GHVWH WLSR p LPSRVVtYHO PDV p DSHQDV XPD RSomR HQWUH PXLWDV WDO FRPR R p SDUD XP MRYHP KHWHURVVH[XDO $V VRFLHGDGHV FRQWHPSRUkQHDV FRP D VXD PRELOLGDGH VRFLDO H HFRQyPLFD RIHUHFHP DR LQGLYtGXR PXLWR PDLV GLYHUVLGDGH H OLEHUGDGH SDUD VH H[SULPLU FRP DV VXDV HVSHFLILFLGDGHV QRPHDGDPHQWH QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR D SDSpLV GH JpQHUR GR TXH QR SDVVDGR 'HVWD FUHVFHQWH GLYHUVLGDGH GH LGHQWLGDGHV QDVFH XPD JUDQGH QHFHVVLGDGH GH WROHUkQFLD DFHLWDomR H IOH[LELOLGDGH QDV UHODo}HV HQWUH DV SHVVRDV ­ PHGLGD TXH D DFHLWDomR GD KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH YDL DXPHQWDQGR DV OpVELFDV H RV JDV GHL[DP GH VHQWLUVH REULJDGRV D HVFRQGHU D VXD KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH DWUiV GH XP FDVDPHQWR KHWHURVVH[XDO H GH XPD IDPtOLD WUDGLFLRQDO FRPR DFRQWHFLD DQWLJDPHQWH $VVLP Ki FDGD YH] PDLV PXOKHUHV OpVELFDV H KRPHQV JDV FRP UHODo}HV GXUDGRXUDV HRX FRP ILOKRV 2V HVWXGRV PRVWUDP TXH DV FULDQoDV HGXFDGDV QHVWH WLSR GH DPELHQWH IDPLOLDU QmR WrP IDOWD GH DIHFWR QHP GH ILJXUDVPRGHOR (VWDV FULDQoDV VRIUHP QR HQWDQWR TXDQGR D OHL GLILFXOWD XPD SDUHQWDOLGDGH VDXGiYHO WRUQDQGR SRU H[HPSOR D DGRSomR GLItFLO SDUD FDVDLV GH SHVVRDV GR PHVPR VH[R
  • 18.
    RX TXDQGR SHVVRDVFRP XP SDSHO UHOHYDQWH DV WUDWDP GH IRUPD GLVFULPLQDWyULD 2 TXH p TXH LVWR VLJQLILFD SDUD PLP 3DUD DV OpVELFDV JDV H ELVVH[XDLV WDO FRPR SDUD RV KHWHURVVH[XDLV VHULD ERP TXH KRXYHVVH XPD SHUVSHFWLYD PDLV HTXLOLEUDGD UHODWLYDPHQWH DRV HVWLORV GH YLGD H j GLYHUVLGDGH (VWD TXHVWmR GHYH VHU FRQVLGHUDGD QR FRQWH[WR PDLV DPSOR GD GLYHUVLGDGH GR JpQHUR GH RULJHP FXOWXUDO RX GH RXWUDV GLIHUHQoDV VRFLDLV FRPR D LGDGH DV GHILFLrQFLDV H D UHOLJLmR $QWHV GH PDLV DV OHLV H RV UHJXODPHQWRV D WRGRV RV QtYHLV GHYLDP GDU PDLRU DWHQomR j GLYHUVLGDGH 3HQVH QR PRGR FRPR D LQVWLWXLomR SDUD TXH WUDEDOKD RX DV SHVVRDV j VXD YROWD OLGDP FRP GLIHUHQWHV HVWLORV GH YLGD 3RU H[HPSOR RV UHJXODPHQWRV GH FDQGLGDWXUD IRUPDomR H WUDEDOKR JDUDQWHP XP WUDWDPHQWR LJXDO SDUD KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV SDUD FDVDLV H SDUD SHVVRDV LQGLYLGXDLV $OpP GLVVR R DFRPSDQKDPHQWR SVLFROyJLFR GHYHUi DMXGDU RV DGROHVFHQWHV D DSURIXQGDU RV VHXV VHQWLPHQWRV H DV VXDV QHFHVVLGDGHV 'HYHVH GDUOKHV FRQGLo}HV SDUD FULDU R VHX SUySULR HVWLOR GH YLGD 3RU ILP R HQVLQR GHYH GDU XPD YLVmR JOREDO GRV HVWLORV GH YLGD H GLVFXWLU DV LPDJHQV GLVWRUFLGDV HQFRUDMDQGR RV DGROHVFHQWHV D ID]HUHP DV VXDV SUySULDV HVFROKDV $ WHU HP PHQWH e LPSRUWDQWH UHFRQKHFHU SDUD VL PHVPRD H SHUDQWH RV VHXV DOXQRV TXH QHP VHPSUH p IiFLO OLGDU FRP D GLIHUHQoD TXH QmR p DOJR TXH VH DSUHQGD GH XP GLD SDUD R RXWUR /HYH R WHPSR TXH SUHFLVDU H Gr HVSDoR DRV DOXQRV SDUD GLJHULUHP DV LGHLDV QRYDV RPR DJHQWH HGXFDWLYRD WHP GH WHU FRQVFLrQFLD GDV VXDV SUySULDV RSLQL}HV VREUH D GLYHUVLGDGH H D KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGHELVVH[XDOLGDGH HUFD GH GR LPSDFWR GR TXH HQVLQD HVWi OLJDGR j VXD SHUVRQDOLGDGH 6H GHU XPD DXOD VREUH D GLYHUVLGDGH GRV HVWLORV GH YLGD PDV PRVWUDU TXH QmR DSURYD HVWLORV GH YLGD GLIHUHQWHV GR VHX RV DOXQRV QmR RD OHYDUmR PXLWR D VpULR 3HUJXQWH D VL PHVPR Ã 2 TXH VHQWH DFHUFD GDV GLIHUHQoDV HP JHUDO Ã 7HP SUHIHUrQFLD SRU FHUWRV
  • 19.
  • 20.
    GH YLGD 3RUTXr Ã4XDLV VmR RV VHXV OLPLWHV H SRUTXr à 2 TXH VHQWH HP UHODomR D SHVVRDV TXH QmR DSURYDP R VHX HVWLOR GH YLGD RPR JRVWDULD TXH R WUDWDVVHP à 2 TXH VHQWH HP UHODomR j GLYHUVLGDGH GRV HVWLORV GH YLGD GH OpVELFDV JDV H ELVVH[XDLV H GH SHVVRDV GH RXWURV JUXSRV pWQLFRV 14
  • 21.
    Ã (P JHUDOTXDO p D VXD DWLWXGH IDFH j GLIHUHQoD H j GLYHUVLGDGH e XPD DWLWXGH FRHUHQWH FRP D VXD RSLQLmR HP TXHVW}HV TXH GLJDP UHVSHLWR D DGROHVFHQWHV OpVELFDV JDV H ELVVH[XDLV 6H QmR SRUTXH p TXH Ki GLIHUHQoDV 1XP VHJXQGR PRPHQWR GHYH SUHSDUDUVH SDUD FRQKHFHU RV VHQWLPHQWRV H DV RSLQL}HV GRV VHXV DOXQRV $V SHUJXQWDV DFLPD OLVWDGDV WDPEpP VmR YiOLGDV SDUD HOHV 3HUJXQWHVH VH FRQVHJXH LPDJLQDU DV VXDV UHVSRVWDV DQWHV GH FRPHoDU R GHEDWH Ã 2 TXH p TXH HOHV YmR SHQVDU Ã RPR p TXH YmR UHDJLU DR WySLFR GD GLYHUVLGDGH Ã RPR p TXH VH YDL VHQWLU D WUDEDOKDU FRP HOHV VREUH GLYHUVLGDGH RQIRUWiYHO LQVHJXUR DPHDoDGR 7HQKD HP OLQKD GH FRQWD TXH Ki PXLWDV PDQHLUDV GLIHUHQWHV GH VH VHU IHOL] $OJXQV HVWLORV GH YLGD SRGHP VHU WRWDOPHQWH QRYRV SDUD VL PDV QmR VH VXUSUHHQGD VH RV VHXV DOXQRV WLYHUHP DERUGDJHQV RULJLQDLV 6DLED WDPEpP Ã 2V MRYHQV KRPRVVH[XDLV H ELVVH[XDLV WrP IDOWD GH PRGHORV SRVLWLYRV R TXH SRGH OHYiORV D VHQWLUHPVH LQVHJXURV VREUH R PRGR GH YLYHU D VXD KRPRVVH[XDOLGDGH Ã )UHTXHQWHPHQWH RV MRYHQV JDV OpVELFDV H ELVVH[XDLV SURFXUDP PRGHORV TXH VH DMXVWHP DR VHX FDVR R TXH SRGH OHYiORV D HVWHUHRWLSDU R FRPSRUWDPHQWR JD RX OpVELFR Ã 0RVWUH DRV VHXV DOXQRV JDV RX OpVELFDV TXH QmR p SRVVtYHO DYDOLDU REMHFWLYDPHQWH TXDOTXHU HVWLOR GH YLGD e LPSRUWDQWH GHL[DU FODUR TXH D RULHQWDomR SULQFLSDO GR VHX HVWLOR GH YLGD GHYH VHU D VXD IHOLFLGDGH Ã 3URFXUH LQIRUPDUVH VREUH JUXSRV ORFDLV GH DSRLR D SHVVRDV FRP R HVWLOR GH YLGD TXH R VHX DOXQR GHVHMD YLYHU H RQGH HOHHOD SRVVD WURFDU H[SHULrQFLDV Ã 0XLWRV MRYHQV JDV OpVELFDV RX ELVVH[XDLV UHFHLDP QmR SRGHU WHU XPD IDPtOLD FRPR RV KHWHURVVH[XDLV 0XLWRV PXGDP GH RSLQLmR TXDQGR VH DSHUFHEHP GH TXH SRGHP VHU IHOL]HV WDO FRPR VmR $FWLYLGDGHV VREUH (VWLORV GH 9LGD H 'LYHUVLGDGH 'HILQLU D 1RUPDOLGDGH 2EMHFWLYR ODULILFDU D UHODWLYLGDGH GRV FRQFHLWRV ´QRUPDOµ H ´DQRUPDOµ ´GH GHQWUR GR JUXSRµ H ´GH IRUD GR JUXSRµ H GLVFXWLU RV ULVFRV GH H[FOXVmR EDVHDGRV QD GHFODUDomR GH DOJXpP FRPR VHQGR ´GH IRUDµ 0pWRGR $UUDQMH XPD VpULH GH LPDJHQV GH GLIHUHQWHV KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV 3HoD DRV DOXQRV SDUD DV RUGHQDUHP GD PDLV ´QRUPDOµ SDUD D PDLV ´GLIHUHQWHµ /DQFH R GHEDWH VREUH D IURQWHLUD HQWUH R QRUPDO H R DQRUPDO IURQWHLUD HVVD TXH KDELWXDOPHQWH YDULD GH SHVVRD SDUD SHVVRD 3URSRQKD XP GHEDWH VREUH R SRUTXr GHVWDV GLIHUHQoDV H OHYH RV DOXQRV D GLVFXWLU D GHILQLomR GH ´QRUPDOµ ´DQRUPDOµ H ´GLIHUHQWHµ ([SOLTXH RV FRQFHLWRV GH ´GH GHQWUR GR JUXSRµ ´GH IRUD GR JUXSRµ ´DOJXpP GH GHQWURµ H ´DOJXpP GH IRUDµ 7RGRV HVWHV FRQFHLWRV VmR VXEMHFWLYRV TXDQGR GHILQLPRV RV FULWpULRV GH SHUWHQoD D XP JUXSR H[FOXtPRV DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH FHUWDV SHVVRDV 'LVFXWD RV HIHLWRV GD H[FOXVmR H FRPR VH GHYH OLGDU FRP DV GLIHUHQoDV UHVSHLWDQGRDV LQFOXVLYH GLIHUHQoDV UHODWLYDV j RULHQWDomR VH[XDO 1RWD (VWH H[HUFtFLR Vy VH DGHTXD D MRYHQV FDSD]HV GH VH GLVWDQFLDU GD VXD YLVmR GDV FRLVDV RX SDUD DTXHOHV TXH HVWmR KDELWXDGRV D SHQVDU SHOD VXD FDEHoD 2V DOXQRV LQWHJUDGRV HP FXOWXUDV ҊFROHFWLYDVҋ LUmR DFKDU R H[HUFtFLR GLItFLO H HVSHUDUmR SHODV UHDFo}HV GRV RXWURV 3DUD FRQWRUQDU HVWH WLSR GH DWLWXGH D GLVFXVVmR SRGH FHQWUDUVH HP GLIHUHQoDV GH JUXSR RX RSLQL}HV FXOWXUDLV 15