Entrepreneurship on Innovative Tourism

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Wong Hoi Kuen
2 July 2013

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Contents
Entrepreneurship and Innovation1
Entrepreneurship and Tourism2
Cases3
Q and A4

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Entrepreneurship
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Entrepreneurship
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The word appeared in the French Dictionary
"Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce“
of Jacques Savary des Bruslons published in 1723.
Merriam-Webster: “one who
organizes, manages and assumes the risks
of a business or enterprise.”
Dictionary.com: “a person who organizes and
manages any enterprise, especially a
business, usually with considerable initiative
and risk.”

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Entrepreneurship
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The concept of entrepreneurship was first established
in the 1700s, and the meaning has evolved ever since.
Many simply equate it with starting one‟s own business.
Most economists believe it is more than that…

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Entrepreneurship
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Source : ENTREBUSINESSER

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Entrepreneurship
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Who is the Entrepreneur?

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Entrepreneur
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3
4 “The amassing of wealth is one of the
worse species of idolatry. No idol more
debasing than the worship of money”
Andrew Carnegie
"Andrew Carnegie Dictum" –
To spend the first third of one's life
getting all the education one can.
To spend the next third making all the
money one can.
To spend the last third giving it all away
for worthwhile causes.

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Contents
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Characteristic of Entrepreneur
Luke Oliver Johnson, British serial entrepreneur

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Entrepreneurship
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Opportunity driven entrepreneurs (future orientation)…
- want to exploit a „perceived‟ business opportunity
- strive for independence, self-actualisation, recognition and profit
maximization
- on average they rise higher than necessity driven entrepreneurs
Necessity driven entrepreneurs (‘away from’ orientation)…
- are pushed into entrepreneurship because all other options for work are
either absent or unsatisfactory
- dissatisfaction with working conditions, contents and time
- pursue entrepreneurship to secure their own existence

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Entrepreneurship
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The Push theory argues that individuals are pushed into entrepreneurship
by negative external factors like job dissatisfaction, fire from job etc.
The Pull theory suggests that individuals are attracted to entrepreneurial
activities in order to seek independence, to use their skills and
experience in optimal way etc.
Gilad and Levine, 1986
Entrepreneurial motivation – Push and Pull Factor
Competitive Intelligence, behavioral model of entrepreneurial supply

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Entrepreneurship
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1985, W.B. Gartner:
Entrepreneur is a person who
started a new business where
there was none before
1734, Richard Cantepillon:
Entrepreneurs are non-
fixed income earners who
pay known costs of
production but earn
uncertain incomes
1964, Peter
Drucker : An
entrepreneur
searches for
change
1975, Howard
Stevenso :Entrepreneurship is
"the pursuit of opportunity”
1934,
Schumpeter:
Entrepreneurs
are innovators
1961,Daivd McCellenad : An
entrepreneur is a person with a
high need for achievement . He
is energetic and a moderate
risk taker

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Innovation
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”A process that takes place in different
environments and settings that causes
changes in the economic system through
innovations brought about by individuals who
generate or respond to economic opportu-
nities that create value for both these
individuals and society.” (Churchill & Muzyka,
1994:16).
Entrepreneurship
“Entrepreneurs are the agents of innovation and
creative destruction” (Joseph Schumpeter – father of
Innovation economic)

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Innovation
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Innovation is the marriage of new knowledge, embodied in an invention,
with the successful introduction of that invention into marketplace.
It is only through “innovative entrepreneurship” which introduce
some new product or service, or method of production or delivery
– that societies advance their technological frontiers and thus their
standards of living (Baumol et al. 2008).
Baumol calls the opposite to innovative entrepreneurship
“replicative entrepreneurship” and means those producing
or selling a good or service already available through
other sources. They have an important function but are not source
of growth.
Innovative Entrepreneurship

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Innovation
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Catalyst of innovation and structural change
Competition Cooperation
Driver of innovation
in a market economy
Reduction of innovation costs
Teece, David J., Competition, cooperation, and innovation ,1992

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Innovation
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New England Ice Trade 1856

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Innovation
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Father of the refrigerator, Jacob Perkin, 1935

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Innovation
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?

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Innovation
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What do these companies
have in common?

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Innovation
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Innovation springs out of change
CHANGE
VALUE
Creation
Disruption
Innovation

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Innovation
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DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts- Aktiengesellschaft 1909
"German Airship Travel Corporation“ – transatlantic flight, 1928
Delag - airship LZ

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Innovation
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LM Royal Dutch Airline‟s World
Travel – (1950)
1914, the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat
Line became the world's first scheduled
passenger airline service

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Innovation
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Pioneer independent innovators in the field
of tourism related industries

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Innovation
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Other independent innovators in Tourism

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Innovation
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A business model describes the rationale of how an
organization creates, delivers and capture values
Exploring the possibilities is critical to finding a
successful business Model. Settling on first ideas
risks the possibility of missing potential that
Can only be discovered by prototyping and testing
different alternatives
-Alexander Osterwalder, Business Model Generation

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Innovative Tourism
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ECOexecutives is a new program championed by Toronto Zoo
that consists of a series of 1 day sustainability workshops
for executives of small-to-midsized businesses

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Innovative Tourism
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Innovative Tourism
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Innovation in tourism :
1. Product innovation (new products and services for tourism)
2. Organizational innovation (new forms of organization and
management)
3. Process innovation (new ways of making tourism known)
4. Logistic innovation (new ways of supplying products or services to
customers)
5. Market innovation (new ways of marketing and consumer
behaviour
(Gallouj, 1994; Miles et al., 1996; Hauk-ness, 1998; Sundbo,
1998; Gallouj and Sundbo, 1998).

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Innovative Tourism
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Innovation as a resultant
of applied innovations and learning processes
Innovation Management
Basic
Innovations
Applied
Innovations
Corporate
Learning
Process
Individual
Learning
Process
Innovations in Tourism Services
Customized Services

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Innovative Tourism
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Springwise scans the globe for the most promising, unique
and innovative business ventures, ideas and concepts that are
ready for regional or international adaptation, expansion, partnering,
investments or cooperation.
Some innovative business ideas about Tourism
Source from Springwise

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Innovative Tourism
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Marriot Renaissance Hotel in Pittsburgh
have guest surrender digital device upon check in

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Innovative Tourism
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Berlin Heartbreak Hotel – Die Liebeskuemmerer
only for Broken Heart

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Innovative Tourism
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Let experts to find
the cheapest airfares with
Crowdsourced flight
searching engine Flightfox

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Innovative Tourism
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CorruptTour.com
Czech Republic, Political corruption guided tours

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Innovative Tourism
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Netherlands WaarSchijntdeZonWel.nl
Holiday destinations search based on
weather trend and prediction

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Innovative Tourism
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Lucky Draw Destination with Getgoing
Take the risk , win the discount

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Innovative Tourism
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A mirco delivery network – pleasebringme.com

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Innovative Tourism
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Tailor made experience with Boutique Hotels
– Soverinn.com

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Innovative Tourism
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Nanny in the clouds – flying babysitters

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Innovative Tourism
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Travel Soulmate, Insiders‟ Tips
- Berlin Based Plus One,
- Austria based Nectar and Pulse

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Responsible
Entrepreneurship
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Responsible
Entrepreneurship
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Edward Freeman –
Stakeholder theory, is a
theory of organizational
management and
business ethics that
addresses
morals and values in
managing an
organization.
(Father of CSR)
Milton Friedman –
Company‟s only responsibility
is to Increase its profits
(Father of monetarism)
Goals and Responsibilities of a business
Stakeholders vs Stakeholders

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Responsible
Entrepreneurship
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Social entrepreneurship is the process of pursuing
innovative solutions to social problems.
Social entrepreneurs adopt a mission to create and sustain
social value.
Social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship were used
first in the literature on social change in the 1960s and 1970s

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Responsible
Entrepreneurship
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The “Worldmaking” Prodigy of Tourism:
-The Reach and Power of Tourism in the
Dynamics of Change and Transformation
-Functional role of tourism of making culture
and place
-Tourism as a vehicle to create economic
and social change
Hollinshead 2009

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Responisble Tourism
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Social
Entrepreneurs
ecotourism
Geotourism
Community based
Tourism
agritourism
Volunteer
tourism
Sport & Event
Tourism
Cultural
Tourism
Hertiage
Tourism
Pro-poverty
tourism
Educational
Tourism
Tourism
Entrepreneur
Social
Tourism
Urban Tourism
Art Festival
Policy
Influencers
Rural
Tourism

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Responsible
Entrepreneurship
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Triple Bottom Line TBL
“The triple bottom line” was first coined in 1994
by John Elkington, the founder of a British consultancy
called SustainAbility, ratified by UN and ICLEI in 2007

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Responsible
Entrepreneurship
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TBL and Tourism

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Contents
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 The Third Largest Industry all over the world
after Petroleum and Electronic
 Producing 935 million international visitors
(2010)
 $ 852 Billion (US) Revenues (2009), and
 The largest and fastest growing services
industry

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Responsible Tourism
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Empowerment of Tourism
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Arnstein, 1969; John Friedmann, 1992 – World City formation
Tourism and Development

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Case Study
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Case Study
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Donsol -
whale shark ecotourism program

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Case Study
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Since 1998, WWF Philippines has assisted
the Donsol local government unit (LGU) to
protect whale sharks and develop a
community-based whale shark ecotourism
programme for the municipality.
yrs no of visitors Income per annum
1998 800 USD 10,500
2005 7,200 USD 208,000
2006 11,000 USD 480,000

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Case Study
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Butanding Festival

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Case Study
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Art Tour –
Vranken-Pommery Champagne Estate
Reims, France

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Case Study
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4Since 2003, with the partnership with French Ministry of Education
Pommery becomes one of the largest annual art exhibitions
in France, with the event attracting over 100,000 visitors each year

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Case Study
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With a legacy of 175 years+,
Pommery is a one stop destination
for culture and heritage

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Case Study
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Walk a lion – Antelope Park Gweru,
Zimbabwe

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Case Study
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4Antelope Park is home to (African Lion and Environmental Research Trust (ALERT )
and the African Lion Rehabilitation and Release into the Wild programme

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Case Study
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World first lion breeding and rehabilitation project,
supported by some of the worlds leading ecologists

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Case Study
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Agriturismo,
Northeast Italy
Food Hotels

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Case Study
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Medieval heritage
of Emilia Romagna
20 farmhouses in Conca Valley
and Marecchia Valley

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Case Study
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4Local Food tours in Costa Adriatica
Experiencing Local oil, Fossa Cheese, Honey, Wine, Piadina, Draft Beer..
Visit to vineyard, cellars, oil producers
Cooking courses
Farm Stay

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Case Study
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Gastronomic tourism – visit the small producers

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Discussion
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Dicussion
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Think more…
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References
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4
Carayannis, E. G.; Ziemnowicz, C., eds. (2007). Rediscovering Schumpeter.
Palgrave Macmillan.
Freeman Edward, Strategic Management, A stakeholder approach,
Pitman, 1984
Friedman Milton, There is no such things as free lunch,
Open Court Publishing, 1977
Friedmann John, Empowerment, the politics of alternative development
Wiley Blackwell, 1 edition, 1992
Baumol William, The Free Market Innovation Machine, Princeton
University Press,, 2002
Gilad, B. and Levine, P. A. (1986). Behavioral Model of Entrepreneurial
Supply Journal of Small Business Management, 24 (4), 45-53.

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References
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Keller, P. (2010), Introduction, in: Weiermair, Keller, Go, Pechlaner,
Entrepreneurship and Innovation, New York, pp.
Keller, P. , Bieger, T. Ed. (2007), Innovation and Tourism,
in: AIEST Innovation and Tourism Creating- Customer Value, AIEST,
Vol. 47, St. Gallen, 2005, 384 p.
Keller, P, Entrepreneurship, innovation process and cooperation in the
field of Tourism, University of Lausanne
Krueger Norris et al, Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneur,
Baylor University, , ETP, Blackwell Publishing, 1994

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References
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3
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Kristin Lamoureux, Christina Heyniger,
Rural Adventure Tourism, Practices and Trends, Best Educational
Network Think Tank, George Washington University, 2007
McCraw T, Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter
and Creative Destruction,Havard University Press 2010
Osterwalder Alexander et al, Business Model Generation,
Wiley, 2010
Ucbasaran Deniz et al, The process of Entrepreneurial Research,
Contextual and process issues, Institute of Enterprise and
Innovation, Nottingham University Business School, 2000

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