COMPUTER INTRODUCTION

1. GHANSOLI , NAVI MUMBAI
RGCMS

2. LESSON OUTCOME
• To understand the significance of information
technology, conceptual framework of
network. communication technology,
database for individual & business
management.
• To understand role , impact and emerging
trends of information technology for
management and its application at individual
,organizational level society and similarly for
business alignment.

3. COURSE LEARNING
• Remember the historical perspective of Information
Technology and business
• Understand functioning of computer hardware and
software
• Analyze conceptual framework of networking and
telecommunication
• Analyze role and emerging trends of Information
Technology
• Analyze impact of information on business and society

4. Unit Structure
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Development of Information
Technology
• 1.3 Computer Technology:
• 1.4 Classification of computers :
• 1.5 The Generation of the Computer:

5. What is IT FOR YOU?
JAMBOARD EXCERCISE

7. 1.1WHY IT FOR MANAGEMENT
• The study of information technology is the study of
change.
• An experiment with technology was successful, and it
influenced the company's strategy-how it was going to
compete in the marketplace.
• The combination of strategy and information technology
helped grow its business.

8. THE SENIOR MANAGER
•
"A CEO who is not totally knowledgeable about information
systems-how to invest in them and how they help the
business-just isn't competent.
If you look at most
successful companies, the senior officers really understand
This CEO understands the role and importance of
information technology in man aging a twenty-first
century organization.?

9. TECHNICAL

12. 1.1WHAT IS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
• Information technology refers to all forms of technology
applied to processing, storing, and transmitting
information in electronic form.
• The physical equipment used for this purpose includes
computers, communications equipment and net works,
fax machines, and even electronic pocket organizers.
• This system is responsible for a large portion of any
workforce, business operation, and other personal
access information comprising an individual's daily
activities.

13. 1.1What is the Role of Information Technology?

14. 1.1 Why Do We Need Information Technology?
• upscaling our professional and personal
• Information Technology is thereby used on a
personal level to connect and communicate with other
people via playing games, sharing media content,
shopping, and of course, being social.
• Information Technology has asserted its dominance
everywhere in health care to food service sectors,
manufacturing and sales.
• People rely on Information Technology to connect
with others and manage information and services
with utmost proficiency.

15. 1.1What Are Information Technology Services?
• Network: When two or more computers are connected
wirelessly via cables, it comprises a network.
• Compute: Through the method of computing, or data
processing, is an important aspect of Information Technology.
It helps in storing the data in the CPU.
• Data Storage: The place where the information is stated
somewhere safe without directly being processed. Storage
solutions like solid-state drives and cloud storage databases
are included in this drive.
• Security: Cyber security helps institutions to protect their
data and other technological assets to be saved from any
unauthorized access.
• Technical Support: This is used to fix hardware or software
issues. Technical support primarily ranges from unlocking a
laptop to solving network usage.

16. 1.1Types of Information Technology
• 1. Computing
Computing is a known goal-oriented activity that requires
creating computer machinery. It includes studying as well as
experimenting with algorithm processing with the development
of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses
scientific, engineering, and tons of social aspects.
• 2. Software
The software comprises a set of instructions, data, and programs
that operate the computer and execute specific tasks. It is the
opposite of hardware which primarily describes the physical
aspect of the computer.
• 3. Platforms
The platform is a hybrid of both hardware and software
architecture. It is a foundation based on other applications,
processes, and technologies developed. This is the place where
software applications are primarily run.

17. Contd.
• . Networks
Computer networks primarily concern themselves with
interconnecting computing devices and exchanging data and resources
with one another. These networks use a comprehensive system of
rules called communication protocols to transmit information over
physical and other wireless technologies.
• 5. APIs
The full form of API is Application Programming Interface. It deals with
any software with a distinctive function. The interface in this aspect
can be considered a contract of service between two applications. This
defines the method of communicating between the networks through
requests and responses.
• 6. Data
Data is a piece of information that has been translated as an efficient
form of movement or processing. Considering today's translation
media, data plays a significant role to be converted into a binary digital
form. Data can be accepted as both singulars as well as plural
subjects.

18. Contd..
• 7. Databases
A database is an organized collection of structured data or information
stored electronically in a computer system. It is looked after by the
Database Management System (DBMS).
• 8. Data Synchronization
Data synchronization is a form of embedded middleware that allows
the application to update data on two systems simultaneously. This
helps the data set to be identical. These services could be run on a
variety of transportation methods that will only typically require some
application-specific knowledge or notion of the data to be
synchronized.
• 9. Data Storage
This consists of retaining information by using technologically specific
developed forms of Information Technology and making it accessible if
it deems fit. Data storage refers to recording media and retaining the
data using a computer or other devices.

19. Contd..
• 10. Analytics
Analytics has a catch-all term of variety in different places of business
intelligence and applications that relate to these initiatives. The
process of analyzing information with the help of a particular domain
is known as website analytics, an important aspect of Information
Technology.
• 11. Content Delivery
Content delivery is a branch of content distribution, delivery, and
content caching. It is a service of copying the pages to a website and
geographically dispersed over the server when the page is requested,
thus dynamically identifying the serving page content from the closest
server.
• 12. Content Management
Content management comprises templates, procedures, and standard
software format that enables marketers and their proxies. These
proxies help produce and manage text, graphics, pictures, and audio
alongside the video for web landing pages, blogs, and document
repositories.

20. Contd..
• 13.Monitoring
It is the process to gather metrics regarding the IT operations
with environment hardware and software that will ensure every
function is done as expected to support applications and other
services.
• 14. Event Processing
These are computations that perform operations on events
when they are being reported in systems that observe or listen
to environment-based events. Reading, creating, and
transforming are fine examples of event processing.
• 15. Process Automation
This IT automation deals with the creation of software and
systems to replace any repeatable procedures. This is also
responsible for reducing manual intervention. This helps
accelerate the delivery of Information Technology infrastructure
and applications by processing manual processes automatically
that previously required a human touch.

21. Contd..
• 16. Transaction Processing
Transaction processing is a known processing style typically performed by a large server
of computers that supports interactive applications. In transaction processing, work is
divided into individual, indivisible operations and other transaction methods.
• 17. Artificial intelligence
This is a simulation of human intelligence that is processed by machines, especially
concerning computer systems. The specific AI applications are expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision.
• 18. Cloud computing
In layman's terms, cloud computing is the method of delivery of computing services.
This includes server storage alongside databases and networking software analytics and
intelligence. This offers faster innovation and flexible resources, and economies of scale.
• 19. Communications
Communications play a vital role in Information Technology. It is an umbrella that
includes any communication device encompassing the segments of television, cellular
phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and many more. It also
encompasses the other services that are associated with these applications at large.

22. 1.1What Does Information Technology Do In Business?
• Information Technology in business helps secure the data and
vital information of the business. They also help in the
creation of management databases with CRMs and other
tools to overcome any front operational challenges.
• Information Technology is entrusted with three key areas:
1. IT Hardware and Infrastructure: This department primarily
focuses on the functionality of the digital infrastructure.
2. IT governance: This purely focuses on making up the policies
and rules of the organization and ensures any type of
effective operations. This, however, must happen with
proper compliance with government rules and regulations.
3. IT Operations: This focuses on the everyday functionality of
IT operations and digital infrastructure.

23. 1.1Benefits of IT in Business
• Productivity
• Security
• Communication
• Online recruitment
• Access to information
• Better decision making
• Sustainability

24. 1.2Development of Information technology
• Ages of Information Technology:

26. Video on History of IT
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/7466727/
• https://prezi.com/p/b6xphg1_96yn/4-basic-computer-
periods/

27. AGES OF IT
• PRE-MECHANICAL AGE (3000 BC AND 1450 AD)
 ALPHABETS
 NUMBER SYSTEM
 CALCULATOR
 ABACUS
 https://prezi.com/92mga8vei3it/the-pre-mechanical-
period/

28. AGES OF IT
• MECHANICAL AGE (1450 AND 1840)
 BLAISE PASCAL’S PASCALINE
 CHARLES BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE
 https://prezi.com/kzc0pdxxli1p/pre-mechanical-period/

29. AGES OF IT
• ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840 AND 1940)
 TELEGRAPH
 MORSE CODE
 RADIO
 MARK 1 PC

30. AGES OF IT
• ELECTRONIC AGE (1940 ONWARDS)
 ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND
CALCULATOR)
 PROGRAMING LANGUAGES LIKE FORTRAN, COBOL

31. CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMPUTERS
• SPEED
• STORAGE
• ACCURACY
• VERSATILITY
• AUTOMATION

32. 1.3 Computer Technology

33. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
https://prezi.com/p/zwrzwa2ha7yk/history-of-computers/

34. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
• SPEED
• STORAGE
• ACCURACY
• VERSATILITY
• AUTOMATION

35. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
• DILIGENCE
• POWER OF REMEMBERING
• NO IQ
• NO FEELING

36. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
• ABACUS
• LOGARITHMS (NAPIER’S BONES)
• SLIDE RULES
• PASCALINE CALCULATOR
• DIFFERENCE ENGINE / ANALYTIC ENGINE
• PUNCHED CARDS

37. 1.5 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
• FIRST GENERATION (1942-1955) - VACUUM TUBES
ADVANTAGES
• FASTEST OF THEIR TIMES
• PROGRAMMED USING MACHINE LANGUAGES
https://prezi.com/0mfyi7arjuhp/computer-generations/

38. Generation technology used

39. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

40. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
DISADVANTAGES
• VERY BIG IN SIZE
• NOT RELIABLE
• CONSUMED LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
• MORE HEAT GENERATED
• SLOW IN SPEED
• NOT PORTABLE

41. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
• SECOND GENERATION (1955-1964) - TRANSISTORS
ADVANTAGES
• LOW IN COST
• SMALLER IN SIZE
• FAST IN SPEED
• LESS HEAT GENERATED
• PORTABLE

42. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
DISADVANTAGES
• AIR CONDITIONING REQUIRED
• COSTLY
• CONSTANT MAINTENANCE REQUIRED
• USED FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES

43. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
• THIRD GENERATION (1964-1975) - INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ADVANTAGES
• SMALLER IN SIZE
• MORE RELIABLE
• FAST
• PORTABLE
• EASY TO OPERATE

44. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
DISADVANTAGES
• AIR CONDITIONING REQUIRED
• SOPHISTICATED TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED FOR
MANUFACTURE OF CHIPS

45. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
• FOURTH GENERATION
(1975 ONWARDS) -
MICROPROCESSORS
ADVANTAGES
• SMALLER IN SIZE
• VERY RELIABLE
• PORTABLE
• AIR CONDITIONING NOT
COMPULSORY
• HIGH PROCESSING SPEED
• SOPHISTICATED
TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED
FOR MANUFACTURE OF
CHIPS (DISADVANTAGE)

47. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
• FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (SINCE 1980) -
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
ADVANTAGES
• HIGH SPEED
• PARALLEL PROCESSING
• THINKING POWER

52. Application of Computer

53. Classification of computers
• Computers are classified according to their processing
speed, amount of data, size and purpose.

54. 1. Super Computers
• A Supercomputer is the very fastest and powerful,
and expensive type of computer for processing data.
Supercomputers’ size and storage capacity are also huge
(can occupy huge premises) designed to process vast
amounts of data in a short time with high productivity.
• These are specially made to perform multi-specific tasks.
Therefore, many CPUs work in parallel order on these
supercomputers. This function of a Supercomputer is
called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing
• eg: PARAM, jaguar, roadrunner.

56. Applications:
• The uses of supercomputers are dedicated to –
• In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and
designing the aircraft, airplanes, and flight simulators.
• Climate research and Weather Forecasting and Prediction
of Natural Disasters.
• Spaceship and Satellite Launching.
• Used in scientific research laboratories.
• Used in Chemical and Biological research and for highly
calculation complex tasks.
• Examples: IBM Roadburner, IBM Blue Gene, Intel ASI
Red. PARAM-1000, and CRAY-XMP-14.
• Good to Know ~ World’s first supercomputer is the Control
Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 invented by Seymour Cray.

57. 2. Main frames
• Computers utilized by large organisations to manage bulk
data are designated as Mainframe computers.
• Mainframe computers are multi-programming, high-
performance and multi-user computers, which implies
they can manage the workload of more than 100 users at
a time on the computer.
• The storage capability of the mainframe is enormous,
with a high-speed data process as well.
• The main purposes of such a type of computer include
managing customer statistics, census, and other heavy
data in a single device.

59. Applications
• : Uses of Mainframe Computer –
• Mainframe computers are mainly used by departmental
and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies,
Scientific research centers, and governmental
departments like railways. These computers can work for
24 hours. Hundreds of users can work on these
computations simultaneously.
• Using the mainframe completes the tasks, Such as
keeping details of payments, research centres,
advertising, sending bills and notices, paying employees,
ticket booking, maintaining details of purchases by users,
keeping detailed tax details, etc.
• Examples: IBM Es000 series, ICL39 Series, and CDC 6600.

60. 3. Mini computers :
• Minicomputers are digital and multi-user computer
systems with the connection of more than one CPU.
• Thus, multiple users can work on these computers
simultaneously. Mini-frame computers are employed in
institutes and work units for tasks such as billing,
accounting, and record management.
• Examples: education dept, govt dept,

62. Applications
• : The uses of Minicomputers –
• The minicomputers are used as real-time applications in
Industries, bookings, and Research Centres. Banks also
use minicomputers for preparing payroll for employees’
salaries, records, tracking of financial accounts, etc.. As
well as in the field of Higher Education and Engineering
• Examples: PDP 11 and IBM (8000 Series).
• Good to Know ~ PDP-1 was the world’s first
minicomputer, small and interactive, introduced in 1960
by the Digital Equipment Corporation.

63. Micro computers
• The microcomputer is also recognized as a personal
computer, these are comparatively economical.
• Microcomputers are small computers incorporating a
microprocessor, Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory,
storage area, an input unit, and an output unit.
• It is a general-purpose computer that is outlined for personal
use.
• Such computers are made with minimum circuitry mounting
over a single circuit board. T
• They are fit for personal work that may be making an
assignment, at the office for office work, watching a movie,
etc.
• Examples include Desktop, Laptop, tablets, smartphones, etc.

65. Applications
• : The uses of MicroComputer –
• PC is being widely used in many fields like home, office, data
collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing,
etc.
• It keeps the details and prepares letters for correspondence in
small businesses, creating bills, accounting, word processing,
and operation of the filing systems in a large company.
• Some of the major PC manufacturers are IBM, Lenovo, Apple,
HCL, HP, etc.
• Examples: Desktops, tablets, smartphones, and Laptops.
• The fast development of microcomputers with technology. As
a result, today, microcomputers coming in the form of a book,
a phone, and even a clock in the name of a digital clock.

66. Analog Computer
• 1An analog computer performs tasks using continuous
data (the physical amount that changes continuously).
• Analog computers are used primarily to measure physical
units like the voltage, pressure, electric current,
temperature, and convert them into digits.
• It is also used to measure and perform arithmetic
calculations of numbers, the length of an object, or the
amount of voltage that passes through a point in an
electrical circuit.
• Analog computers are mainly used in the fields of science
and engineering.
• Analog computers are slow and equipped to measure
things rather than countable or check.

67. • They are used in the fields of technology, science,
research, engineering, etc. Because quantities
like voltage, pressure, electric current, temperature are
used more in these areas, these types of computers give
only approximate estimates.

68. 2. DIGITAL COMPUTERS
• As its name suggests, a digital computer represents the digital
computer’s letters, numerical values, or any other special symbols.
This computer is the computer that calculates the number
for processing the data.
• They run on electronic signs, and the binary numeral method
Binary System 0 or 1 is used for calculation. Their speed is fast.
• It can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence,
subtraction, multiplication, or division and all types of
logical(mathematical) operations. Today, most of the computers
available in the market are digital computers.
• To some extent, they all have similar components for receiving,
processing, sorting, and transmitting data and use a relatively small
number of essential functions to perform their tasks.
• Digital computers use discrete electrical signals for operation rather
than continuous electrical signals as analog computers have,
making them the most common form of computers today because
of their versatility, speed, and power.

70. • Other Examples of Digital Computers
• Personal Desktop Computers,
• Calculators,
• Laptops, Smartphones, and Tablets,
• Chromebooks,
• Digital watch,
• Accounting machines,
• Workstations,
• Digital clock, etc.

71. Hybrid Computer
• A hybrid computer is a combined complex computer unit built using
both analog and digital properties and united by a single control system.
• The purpose of designing hybrid computers is to provide functions and
features that can be found on both analog and digital devices.
• Hybrid computers are extremely fast when driving equations, even when
those calculations are incredibly complex.
• As both the properties of a computer consist in the form of a single hybrid
computer made possible to solve too complex calculations or
problems, at the same time, these devices are not only too expensive but
also able to solve complex issues a bit fastly.
• The analog computer systems solve the equation process immediately.
But it is not necessary that those solutions would be completely accurate.
• Here, the digital computer system gives 100 % correct solutions, but it
takes a bit of time in the calculation. Therefore, Hybrid computers are
made to overcome the flaws of both these analog and digital systems.

72. Applications
• Hybrid computers are most commonly used in vast industries,
research centres, organizations, and manufacturing firms
• Also, the solutions and uses of hybrid computers have proved
to be much more detailed, accurate, and useful.
• Hybrid computers are used in scientific calculations, for
nations’ defence and radar systems as well.
• Examples:
• Auto Gasoline pump is the example of a hybrid computer,
this device is installed on a petrol pump do not only to
measure the amount of petrol but also to calculates its value,
in this way It is capable of both functions i.e hybrid function.

73. EXPLAIN?