This document discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. It covers topics such as the directing effects of substituents in electrophilic aromatic substitution, including ortho/para directing activating groups and meta directing deactivating groups. Reaction mechanisms are shown for common electrophilic aromatic substitutions like bromination, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation. Side chain reactions and the limitations of Friedel-Crafts reactions are also discussed. Finally, the document addresses nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions and the criteria for "SNA" reactivity, including the benzyne intermediate that can be involved.
Protecting groups and deprotection- -OH, -COOH, C=O, -NH2 groups.SANTOSH KUMAR SAHOO
This document discusses various protecting groups used in organic synthesis. It begins by defining a protecting group as a molecular framework that is introduced onto a functional group to block its reactivity under reaction conditions needed for modifications elsewhere in the molecule. The document then summarizes several common protecting groups for hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic acid functional groups including methyl, benzyl, and silyl ethers for alcohols as well as Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, and other carbamates for amines. It provides details on the formation and cleavage of each protecting group.
This document discusses reduction reactions and reducing agents. It aims to teach the reader to: 1) exploit differences in reactivity between hydride and neutral reducing agents to achieve chemoselective reductions; 2) use substrate chirality to control syn vs. anti diastereoselectivity in ketone reductions; 3) rationalize reaction outcomes using transition state diagrams; 4) appreciate the versatility of transition metals in reductions; 5) understand the utility of dissolving metal reductions; and 6) use radical chemistry for deoxygenation and halide reduction. It then provides details on various hydride and neutral reducing agents, focusing on their reactivities and applications in selective reductions.
Hydroboration is the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. It is a useful reaction for organic synthesis. Various boranes can be used for hydroboration, including diborane and catecholborane. Hydroboration occurs by a concerted four-center transition state and adds to alkenes in a syn stereospecific manner. The organoboranes produced can then undergo further reactions like oxidation to form alcohols and ketones or amination to form amines.
The document summarizes the results of an experiment involving the hydrolysis and reactions of various compounds including acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetyl salicylic acid, acetamide, and isoamyl acetate. When acetyl chloride was added to water, it produced acetic acid and hydrogen chloride gas, evidenced by the cloudy solution formed with silver nitrate. Acetic anhydride reacted similarly but produced acetic acid instead of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis of acetyl salicylic acid occurred, detected by the purple color formed with ferric chloride. Esterification of isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid produced isoamyl acetate, detected by its banana odor. Basic hydrolysis of acetamide produced ammonia and
Poly-nuclear hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing multiple aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen. Naphthalene is the simplest poly-nuclear hydrocarbon containing two fused benzene rings. It undergoes addition and substitution reactions more easily than benzene due to its slightly lower stability. Anthracene contains three fused benzene rings and phenanthrene contains three angularly fused rings. These compounds exhibit aromatic properties and undergo electrophilic substitution. Diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane contain isolated benzene rings connected by methylene groups. These compounds find use in dyes, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. It covers topics such as the directing effects of substituents in electrophilic aromatic substitution, including ortho/para directing activating groups and meta directing deactivating groups. Reaction mechanisms are shown for common electrophilic aromatic substitutions like bromination, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation. Side chain reactions and the limitations of Friedel-Crafts reactions are also discussed. Finally, the document addresses nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions and the criteria for "SNA" reactivity, including the benzyne intermediate that can be involved.
Protecting groups and deprotection- -OH, -COOH, C=O, -NH2 groups.SANTOSH KUMAR SAHOO
This document discusses various protecting groups used in organic synthesis. It begins by defining a protecting group as a molecular framework that is introduced onto a functional group to block its reactivity under reaction conditions needed for modifications elsewhere in the molecule. The document then summarizes several common protecting groups for hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic acid functional groups including methyl, benzyl, and silyl ethers for alcohols as well as Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, and other carbamates for amines. It provides details on the formation and cleavage of each protecting group.
This document discusses reduction reactions and reducing agents. It aims to teach the reader to: 1) exploit differences in reactivity between hydride and neutral reducing agents to achieve chemoselective reductions; 2) use substrate chirality to control syn vs. anti diastereoselectivity in ketone reductions; 3) rationalize reaction outcomes using transition state diagrams; 4) appreciate the versatility of transition metals in reductions; 5) understand the utility of dissolving metal reductions; and 6) use radical chemistry for deoxygenation and halide reduction. It then provides details on various hydride and neutral reducing agents, focusing on their reactivities and applications in selective reductions.
Hydroboration is the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. It is a useful reaction for organic synthesis. Various boranes can be used for hydroboration, including diborane and catecholborane. Hydroboration occurs by a concerted four-center transition state and adds to alkenes in a syn stereospecific manner. The organoboranes produced can then undergo further reactions like oxidation to form alcohols and ketones or amination to form amines.
The document summarizes the results of an experiment involving the hydrolysis and reactions of various compounds including acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetyl salicylic acid, acetamide, and isoamyl acetate. When acetyl chloride was added to water, it produced acetic acid and hydrogen chloride gas, evidenced by the cloudy solution formed with silver nitrate. Acetic anhydride reacted similarly but produced acetic acid instead of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis of acetyl salicylic acid occurred, detected by the purple color formed with ferric chloride. Esterification of isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid produced isoamyl acetate, detected by its banana odor. Basic hydrolysis of acetamide produced ammonia and
Poly-nuclear hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing multiple aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen. Naphthalene is the simplest poly-nuclear hydrocarbon containing two fused benzene rings. It undergoes addition and substitution reactions more easily than benzene due to its slightly lower stability. Anthracene contains three fused benzene rings and phenanthrene contains three angularly fused rings. These compounds exhibit aromatic properties and undergo electrophilic substitution. Diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane contain isolated benzene rings connected by methylene groups. These compounds find use in dyes, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses various types of reduction reactions including:
1) Catalytic hydrogenation using metals like Pt, Pd, Ni, Ru, Rh to reduce double and triple bonds.
2) Hydride transfer reactions using sources like LiAlH4, NaBH4 to reduce carbonyl groups, nitro groups, and more.
3) Dissolving metal reductions using reactive metals like Li, Na in ammonia solution (Birch reduction) to reduce aromatics.
4) Specific reducing agents and conditions are described for reducing different functional groups selectively like carbonyls, nitriles, alkynes and more.
The document discusses the properties and structure of benzene (C6H6). It explains that benzene is planar and has resonance structures with delocalized pi electrons. This delocalization contributes to benzene's unusual stability compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons. The document also introduces Kekulé structures and describes how current models of benzene are based on resonance and electron delocalization rather than distinct single and double bonds. It discusses how benzene's properties satisfy criteria for aromaticity including being cyclic, planar, fully conjugated, and having 4n+2 pi electrons as per Hückel's rule.
The document discusses the structure and properties of benzene. It explains Kekulé's suggestion that benzene has alternating double and single bonds in a planar cyclic structure. However, benzene's properties are better explained by the resonance hybrid model, where the pi electrons are delocalized around the ring. Aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons in a cyclic planar structure according to Hückel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Examples of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds are given. The document also discusses the nomenclature, reactions, and properties of aromatic compounds including electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The document discusses the concept of umpolung in organic chemistry, which is the reversal of polarity of a functional group through chemical modification. Specifically, it describes strategies for temporarily modifying carbonyl groups so that the carbon behaves as a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. Several methods are presented for generating equivalents of formyl and acyl anions, including using derivatives of 1,3-dithianes, nitroalkanes, cyanohydrins, enolethers, and lithium acetylides, which allow the "umpolung" of carbonyl reactivity and new disconnection pathways in retrosynthesis. An example of using a dithiane approach in the synthesis of the antibiotic vermic
Asymmetric synthesis FOR BSc, MSc, Bpharm, M,pharmShikha Popali
This document discusses different methods for asymmetric synthesis, which is the production of a single enantiomer from an achiral starting material. It describes chiral pool synthesis, which uses naturally occurring chiral compounds as starting materials. It also explains chiral auxiliaries, where an enantiopure auxiliary is attached and later removed, leaving the desired enantiomer. Chiral reagents and chiral catalysts are also discussed, where an enantiopure reagent or catalyst leads to an enantioselective reaction. Specific examples include the use of chiral boron hydrides and ligands like BINAP. Asymmetric hydrogenation is given as another key method. The document emphasizes the importance of these techniques for drug safety and mimicking nature.
Definition - Mechanism - Effect of dielectric constant on the rate of reactions in solutions - Salt effect - Primary salt effect - Bronsted – Bjerrum equation - Secondary salt effect - Effect of pressure on rate of reaction in solution - Volume of activation - Significance
The document discusses protecting groups, focusing on protecting alcohols. It defines protecting groups as functional groups that are stable to reaction conditions but can be easily removed to regenerate the original functional group. The document outlines criteria for protecting groups and then discusses various methods for protecting alcohols, including using acetals, ethers, and silyl ethers. It provides examples of specific protecting groups like THP, MEM, benzyl ethers, and trialkylsilyl ethers.
The document discusses two important metal hydride reductions - Clemmensen reduction and metal hydride reductions using sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride. Clemmensen reduction involves the reduction of carbonyl groups to hydrocarbons using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent that reduces carbonyl groups to secondary alcohols. Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent that can reduce a wide range of functional groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids, nitriles, and nitro groups to the corresponding alcohols or amines. Both sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride reactions proceed by
This document discusses the nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds. It begins by defining heterocyclic compounds as carbocyclic compounds where one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has worked to systematize the nomenclature of these compounds. Single three to ten-membered rings are named by combining prefixes with the name of the parent ring structure. Numbering and naming becomes more complicated for fused ring systems, though many are known by common names like indole or isoquinoline. Spiro heterocycles contain two rings fused at a common point and are named based on the number of spiro atoms and heteroatoms
Benzilic acid rearrangement. The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2-diketones to form α-hydroxy–carboxylic acids using a base. This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid.
Protecting and Deprotecting groups in Organic ChemistryAshwani Dalal
It gives the concise and complete protecting and deprotecting groups. A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. It plays an important role in multistep organic synthesis
This document discusses various protecting groups used in organic synthesis. It defines protecting groups as chemical entities that temporarily react with functional groups to protect them from subsequent reactions. Common protecting groups discussed include alcohol protecting groups like methyl ethers, silyl ethers, and benzyl ethers. Carbonyl protecting groups include acetals and ketals formed from glycols. The advantages and disadvantages of using protecting groups are also presented.
This document discusses metal cluster higher boranes. It begins with an introduction to boranes and their synthesis. It then describes the different types of bonds found in higher boranes, including terminal, direct, bridging, and triply bridging bonds. Specific examples of higher borane structures are examined, including diborane B2H6, tetraborane B4H10, and pentaborane B5H9. Finally, the document classifies higher boranes into closo, nido, and arachno boranes based on their skeletal structures and electron counts, according to Wade's rules. Methods for synthesizing higher boranes are also briefly mentioned.
Protecting group (PG) is a small molecule, to mask temporarily the a specific functional group of a molecule from undergoing reaction, allowing the rest of the functional groups present in the molecule to react without affecting the original reactivity and leave from the host molecule without affecting the rest of the functional groups.
The addition of protecting groups to functional groups is termed ‘protection’ and removal of protecting group is ‘deprotection’.
The document discusses four generations of asymmetric synthesis techniques:
1) First generation uses a chiral substrate to control the formation of new chiral centers through diastereoselective reactions.
2) Second generation uses a chiral auxiliary covalently attached to the substrate to control asymmetric induction.
3) Third generation uses a chiral reagent or catalyst to induce asymmetry through intermolecular interactions.
4) Fourth generation involves catalytic versions of the first three generations and reactions where two new stereocenters are formed in one step, often using a chiral substrate and reagent.
This document discusses the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis. It provides examples of common protecting groups for alcohols, including trialkylsilyl ethers, benzyl ethers, and acetate esters. Methods for introducing and removing these protecting groups are described. The document also discusses protecting groups for amines, such as Boc and phthaloyl, along with their introduction and removal conditions. Finally, examples of acetal and ketal protecting groups for carbonyl compounds are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses spiro compounds in organic chemistry. Spiro compounds are bi- or polycyclic organic compounds with rings connected through a single atom, called the spiroatom. There are mono- and poly-spiro compounds. Spiro compounds can be named systematically according to IUPAC nomenclature rules. They can be synthesized through intramolecular cyclization, condensation reactions, or by rearranging other polycyclic compounds. Some spiro compounds exhibit axial chirality at the spiroatom. Spiro compounds have a variety of uses as plasticizers, perfume ingredients, pharmaceutical intermediates, and photochromic materials.
This document discusses various types of reduction reactions including:
1) Catalytic hydrogenation using metals like Pt, Pd, Ni, Ru, Rh to reduce double and triple bonds.
2) Hydride transfer reactions using sources like LiAlH4, NaBH4 to reduce carbonyl groups, nitro groups, and more.
3) Dissolving metal reductions using reactive metals like Li, Na in ammonia solution (Birch reduction) to reduce aromatics.
4) Specific reducing agents and conditions are described for reducing different functional groups selectively like carbonyls, nitriles, alkynes and more.
The document discusses the properties and structure of benzene (C6H6). It explains that benzene is planar and has resonance structures with delocalized pi electrons. This delocalization contributes to benzene's unusual stability compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons. The document also introduces Kekulé structures and describes how current models of benzene are based on resonance and electron delocalization rather than distinct single and double bonds. It discusses how benzene's properties satisfy criteria for aromaticity including being cyclic, planar, fully conjugated, and having 4n+2 pi electrons as per Hückel's rule.
The document discusses the structure and properties of benzene. It explains Kekulé's suggestion that benzene has alternating double and single bonds in a planar cyclic structure. However, benzene's properties are better explained by the resonance hybrid model, where the pi electrons are delocalized around the ring. Aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons in a cyclic planar structure according to Hückel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Examples of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds are given. The document also discusses the nomenclature, reactions, and properties of aromatic compounds including electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The document discusses the concept of umpolung in organic chemistry, which is the reversal of polarity of a functional group through chemical modification. Specifically, it describes strategies for temporarily modifying carbonyl groups so that the carbon behaves as a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. Several methods are presented for generating equivalents of formyl and acyl anions, including using derivatives of 1,3-dithianes, nitroalkanes, cyanohydrins, enolethers, and lithium acetylides, which allow the "umpolung" of carbonyl reactivity and new disconnection pathways in retrosynthesis. An example of using a dithiane approach in the synthesis of the antibiotic vermic
Asymmetric synthesis FOR BSc, MSc, Bpharm, M,pharmShikha Popali
This document discusses different methods for asymmetric synthesis, which is the production of a single enantiomer from an achiral starting material. It describes chiral pool synthesis, which uses naturally occurring chiral compounds as starting materials. It also explains chiral auxiliaries, where an enantiopure auxiliary is attached and later removed, leaving the desired enantiomer. Chiral reagents and chiral catalysts are also discussed, where an enantiopure reagent or catalyst leads to an enantioselective reaction. Specific examples include the use of chiral boron hydrides and ligands like BINAP. Asymmetric hydrogenation is given as another key method. The document emphasizes the importance of these techniques for drug safety and mimicking nature.
Definition - Mechanism - Effect of dielectric constant on the rate of reactions in solutions - Salt effect - Primary salt effect - Bronsted – Bjerrum equation - Secondary salt effect - Effect of pressure on rate of reaction in solution - Volume of activation - Significance
The document discusses protecting groups, focusing on protecting alcohols. It defines protecting groups as functional groups that are stable to reaction conditions but can be easily removed to regenerate the original functional group. The document outlines criteria for protecting groups and then discusses various methods for protecting alcohols, including using acetals, ethers, and silyl ethers. It provides examples of specific protecting groups like THP, MEM, benzyl ethers, and trialkylsilyl ethers.
The document discusses two important metal hydride reductions - Clemmensen reduction and metal hydride reductions using sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride. Clemmensen reduction involves the reduction of carbonyl groups to hydrocarbons using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent that reduces carbonyl groups to secondary alcohols. Lithium aluminium hydride is a strong reducing agent that can reduce a wide range of functional groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids, nitriles, and nitro groups to the corresponding alcohols or amines. Both sodium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride reactions proceed by
This document discusses the nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds. It begins by defining heterocyclic compounds as carbocyclic compounds where one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has worked to systematize the nomenclature of these compounds. Single three to ten-membered rings are named by combining prefixes with the name of the parent ring structure. Numbering and naming becomes more complicated for fused ring systems, though many are known by common names like indole or isoquinoline. Spiro heterocycles contain two rings fused at a common point and are named based on the number of spiro atoms and heteroatoms
Benzilic acid rearrangement. The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2-diketones to form α-hydroxy–carboxylic acids using a base. This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid.
Protecting and Deprotecting groups in Organic ChemistryAshwani Dalal
It gives the concise and complete protecting and deprotecting groups. A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. It plays an important role in multistep organic synthesis
This document discusses various protecting groups used in organic synthesis. It defines protecting groups as chemical entities that temporarily react with functional groups to protect them from subsequent reactions. Common protecting groups discussed include alcohol protecting groups like methyl ethers, silyl ethers, and benzyl ethers. Carbonyl protecting groups include acetals and ketals formed from glycols. The advantages and disadvantages of using protecting groups are also presented.
This document discusses metal cluster higher boranes. It begins with an introduction to boranes and their synthesis. It then describes the different types of bonds found in higher boranes, including terminal, direct, bridging, and triply bridging bonds. Specific examples of higher borane structures are examined, including diborane B2H6, tetraborane B4H10, and pentaborane B5H9. Finally, the document classifies higher boranes into closo, nido, and arachno boranes based on their skeletal structures and electron counts, according to Wade's rules. Methods for synthesizing higher boranes are also briefly mentioned.
Protecting group (PG) is a small molecule, to mask temporarily the a specific functional group of a molecule from undergoing reaction, allowing the rest of the functional groups present in the molecule to react without affecting the original reactivity and leave from the host molecule without affecting the rest of the functional groups.
The addition of protecting groups to functional groups is termed ‘protection’ and removal of protecting group is ‘deprotection’.
The document discusses four generations of asymmetric synthesis techniques:
1) First generation uses a chiral substrate to control the formation of new chiral centers through diastereoselective reactions.
2) Second generation uses a chiral auxiliary covalently attached to the substrate to control asymmetric induction.
3) Third generation uses a chiral reagent or catalyst to induce asymmetry through intermolecular interactions.
4) Fourth generation involves catalytic versions of the first three generations and reactions where two new stereocenters are formed in one step, often using a chiral substrate and reagent.
This document discusses the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis. It provides examples of common protecting groups for alcohols, including trialkylsilyl ethers, benzyl ethers, and acetate esters. Methods for introducing and removing these protecting groups are described. The document also discusses protecting groups for amines, such as Boc and phthaloyl, along with their introduction and removal conditions. Finally, examples of acetal and ketal protecting groups for carbonyl compounds are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses spiro compounds in organic chemistry. Spiro compounds are bi- or polycyclic organic compounds with rings connected through a single atom, called the spiroatom. There are mono- and poly-spiro compounds. Spiro compounds can be named systematically according to IUPAC nomenclature rules. They can be synthesized through intramolecular cyclization, condensation reactions, or by rearranging other polycyclic compounds. Some spiro compounds exhibit axial chirality at the spiroatom. Spiro compounds have a variety of uses as plasticizers, perfume ingredients, pharmaceutical intermediates, and photochromic materials.
22. غیر آلفا-بتا دار کربونیل ترکیبات تهیه روشهای
انونها یا اشباع
22
O
R
R= H or Alkyle
a
b
23. 23
یا انونها تهیه به منجر آلدول محصول ت از آبگیری
شود می اشباع غیر آلفا-بتا دار کربونیل ترکیبا ت
The β-hydroxy carbonyl products dehydrate to yield
conjugated enones
The term “condensation” refers to the net loss of
water and combination of 2 molecules
26. -و آلدهید زدایی هالوژن هالوژناسیون
اشباع کتونهای
26
H2C C
H
OH2
C
H2
C
O
1) Br2, H+
2) base
R
از استفاده
از یکی
تهیه روشهای
آلکن
H2C C
H
OO
27. ویتیگ واکنش
27
Ph3P C
H
O
H O
R
R
O
H
Et2O, heat
P(Ph)3
O
PPh3
O
HX
Ph3P C
H
O
H
H2C C
H
OOاز استفاده
از یکی
تهیه روشهای
آلکن
32. فلزی آلی واکنشگرهای با واکنش
32
O O
Me2CuLi
H2C C
H
O
H2C
H
C
R R'
O1) R2CuLi, THF
2) R'X
THFآپروتیک حلل یک نقش و است هیدروفوران تترا مخفف
دارد را
33. 33
ترکیبا ت به نوکلئوفیل یک حمله کلی شمای
-اشباع غیر بتا آلفا
Enolates can add as nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated
aldehydes and ketones to give the conjugate addition
product
34. 34
مایکل واکنش انجام شرایط بهترین
When a particularly stable enolate ion
Example: Enolate from a β-keto ester or other 1,3-
dicarbonyl compound adding to an unhindered α,β-
unsaturated ketone
35. 35
مایکل واکنش کلی قانون
اتفاق دار کربونیل ترکیبات از ای گسترده دامنه با مایکل واکنش
افتد می
EWG1
EWG2
R
base
EWG2
R
1GWE
EWG=
O
R
O
OR
O
NR2
O
N
O
CN
, , , ,
38. غیر آلفا-بتا ترکیبات به کربانیونها افزایش
اشباع
38
EtO C
C
CH3
C
H H
OO EtONa,
EtOH
+
C
H
H3C
C
O
CH2
C
H
H3C
C
O
C
H
C
HH
CO2Et
C
H
O
CH3
:تهنکگروه دو بین هیدروژنهای .است مایکل واکنش نوعی نیز واکنش این
داشتیم کربونیل گروه یک تنها که هستند زمانی از تر اسیدی بسیار کربونیل
هیدروژنهایش پس متصلند آلفا کربن به کشنده الکترون گروه دو اینجا چون
است تر اسیدی هم
:تهنکترکیب به مربوط کربونیل گروه دو3،1دو هر توانند می کربونیل دی -
گروه دو بین هیدروژنهای صورت هر در باشنند آلدهیدی یا استری ،کتوننی
هستند ترکیب این هیدروژنهای سایر از تر اسیدی کربونیل
39. به مزدوج های افزایش انواع
-غیر بتا آلفا دار کربونیل ترکیبات
اشباع
39
C
O
CC
Nu
ROH
C C C
OH
Nu
Nu:
RO
-
C C C
O
ROH
CCNu C
O
C C
H
Nu C
O
RO-
-
- +
-
+
+
fast
slow
1,2-Addition
(less stable product)
1,4-Addition
(more stable product)