The document summarizes the results of an experiment involving the hydrolysis and reactions of various compounds including acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetyl salicylic acid, acetamide, and isoamyl acetate. When acetyl chloride was added to water, it produced acetic acid and hydrogen chloride gas, evidenced by the cloudy solution formed with silver nitrate. Acetic anhydride reacted similarly but produced acetic acid instead of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis of acetyl salicylic acid occurred, detected by the purple color formed with ferric chloride. Esterification of isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid produced isoamyl acetate, detected by its banana odor. Basic hydrolysis of acetamide produced ammonia and
Poly-nuclear hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing multiple aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen. Naphthalene is the simplest poly-nuclear hydrocarbon containing two fused benzene rings. It undergoes addition and substitution reactions more easily than benzene due to its slightly lower stability. Anthracene contains three fused benzene rings and phenanthrene contains three angularly fused rings. These compounds exhibit aromatic properties and undergo electrophilic substitution. Diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane contain isolated benzene rings connected by methylene groups. These compounds find use in dyes, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
The document summarizes the results of an experiment involving the hydrolysis and reactions of various compounds including acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetyl salicylic acid, acetamide, and isoamyl acetate. When acetyl chloride was added to water, it produced acetic acid and hydrogen chloride gas, evidenced by the cloudy solution formed with silver nitrate. Acetic anhydride reacted similarly but produced acetic acid instead of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis of acetyl salicylic acid occurred, detected by the purple color formed with ferric chloride. Esterification of isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid produced isoamyl acetate, detected by its banana odor. Basic hydrolysis of acetamide produced ammonia and
Poly-nuclear hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing multiple aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen. Naphthalene is the simplest poly-nuclear hydrocarbon containing two fused benzene rings. It undergoes addition and substitution reactions more easily than benzene due to its slightly lower stability. Anthracene contains three fused benzene rings and phenanthrene contains three angularly fused rings. These compounds exhibit aromatic properties and undergo electrophilic substitution. Diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane contain isolated benzene rings connected by methylene groups. These compounds find use in dyes, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses the structure and properties of benzene. It explains Kekulé's suggestion that benzene has alternating double and single bonds in a planar cyclic structure. However, benzene's properties are better explained by the resonance hybrid model, where the pi electrons are delocalized around the ring. Aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons in a cyclic planar structure according to Hückel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Examples of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds are given. The document also discusses the nomenclature, reactions, and properties of aromatic compounds including electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The document discusses the structure and properties of benzene. It explains Kekulé's suggestion that benzene has alternating double and single bonds in a planar cyclic structure. However, benzene's properties are better explained by the resonance hybrid model, where the pi electrons are delocalized around the ring. Aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons in a cyclic planar structure according to Hückel's rule of 4n+2 pi electrons. Examples of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds are given. The document also discusses the nomenclature, reactions, and properties of aromatic compounds including electrophilic aromatic substitution.
7. الکلها اکسایش
الکل آلدهید کربوکسیلیک اسید
اول نوع
اکسای
ش
اکسای
ش
X
X
وینیل آلیل 7
OH
PCC, CH2Cl2
O
H
H2O
OH
O
OH
PCC, CH2Cl2
O
OH
MnO2 , CHCl3
O
N
H
Cr
O
O
ClO
PCC:
Pyridinium Chloro Chromate
22. یادآوری
واکنشهای روی آنها اثر و استخلفات )انواع
آروماتیک ترکیبات الکتروفیلی )جانشینی
NH2
OH
CH3OCH3 F
Cl
Br
I
C OH
O
C CH3
O
C H
O
NH C CH3
O
SO3H NO2
N
+
R3C N
COCH3
OH
Reactivity Reactivity
o- and p-
directing
activators
o- and p-
directing
deactivators
deactivators
m-directing
22
25. فعالیت ترتیب به دار کربونیل ترکیبات
نوکلئوفیلی حمله برابر در کربونیل گروه
25
C
O
HH R H
O
C
R R'
O
C
R OR
O
C
> > >
decreasing rate of reaction with nucleophile
δ
+
δ
−
29. و آمونیاک نوکلئوفیلی افزایش واکنشهای
دار کربونیل ترکیبات به آن مشتقات
29
O
R CH3
N R
R
H3C
N OH
R
H3C
N NH2
R
H3C
N
H2C R
NR
CH3
H
N O
NH2
RNH2
NH
NH2NH2
(Hydrazine)
O
NH2N
H
H2N
(Semicarbazone)
NH2OH
(Oxime)
(Enamine)
(Hydrazone)
(Imine)
R: H or Alkyle
34. )محافظت استالها تیو با واکنش
استالها به نسبت قویتر )کننده
34
ICH2CH2
C
O
H + HSCH2CH2SH ICH2CH2 C
S
S
H
ZnCl2, -H2O
ICH2CH2
C
O
H
HgCl2, CH3CN
ICH2CH2 C
S
S
H
+ Hg(SCH2CH2S) (s)
تیو محافظت رفع برای
استال
35. تیواستالها از سولفورزدایی
35
ICH2CH2 C
S
S
H
H2, Raney Ni
ICH2CH2CH3
کند می حذف را کربونیل روش این
:یادآوریواکنش کربونیل حذف جهت روش این بر علوه
را کربونیل توانند می هم کیشنر ولف همچنین و کلمانسون
کنند حذف
واکنش
کلمانسون
38. دار کربونیل ترکیبات احیا
38
H2C C
H
CHO
LiAlH4, Et2O
H+
, H2O
H2, PtH2
C CHOH3C H2C C
H
CH2OH
39. 39
Reducing agent
LiAlH4
amine alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol amine alcohol
LiAlH2(OCH2CH2OCH3)2 alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol amine alcohol
LiAlH(OBut
)3 aldehyde alcohol alcohol alcohol aldehyde NR
NaBH4 amine alcohol alcohol alcohol NR NR
NaBH3
CN amine alcohol NR NR NR NR
B2
H6 alcohol alcohol NR amine alcohol
AlH3 alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol amine alcohol
[(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)]2BH alcohol alcohol NR aldehyde NR
[(CH3)2CHCH2]2AlH alcohol alcohol aldehyde aldehyde alcohol
R X
O
R NH2
O
R OR'
O
R R'
O
R H
O
R R'
N
R'' R'''
R O
O
42. ویتیگ واکنش مکانیسم
an oxaphosphetane
methylene triphenylphosphorane
+(C6H5)3PO
CH2=CH
(C6H5)3
C
O
CH2
P
H
(C6H5)3
C
O
CH2
P
H
HC
O
+(C6H5)3P CH2
CH2(C6H5)3P
42