The study investigated the effects of game and poem enhanced instruction on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts in mathematics (Fractions and decimals, Volume of, cylinder; triangular prisms and
sphere; Capacity and Weight). A total of 344 pupils from twelve (12) public primary schools of Ogbia and
Yenagoa Local Government Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria were involved in the study. A pretest-posttest
control group quasi-experimental design was adopted in the research. The moderating effects of gender were
also examined on the independent and dependent variables. Using ANCOVA statistics, the results revealed that
pupils exposed to game and poem enhanced instruction have better mean score in knowledge of mathematics
concepts than the control groups. Poem was found to be more effective in improving pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts than game and a non-significant gender difference existed in the mean scores in
knowledge of mathematics concepts. There was no significant interaction effect of gender on pupils’ knowledge
of mathematics concepts. The implication of the findings was discussed and appropriate recommendations were
made.
Childrení»s mathematics performance and drawing activities a constructive cor...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined how drawing activities can improve children's performance in mathematics. The study used observation, interviews, achievement tests, and a pictorial Likert scale to analyze relationships between discovery learning methods and mathematics performance for 62 pupils at a primary school in Ghana where mathematics performance was low. The results revealed that incorporating drawing activities into mathematics lessons significantly improved pupils' mathematics performance and engagement. The study concluded that using arts-integrated approaches can help establish relationships between concepts and enhance understanding in mathematics.
Effect of division by factors approach on the pupils’Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that examined the effect of the division by factors approach on pupils' achievement in dividing whole numbers.
2) The study involved 406 pupils randomly selected from primary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria who were given a test of dividing whole numbers.
3) The results showed that using the division by factors approach, which breaks down the divisor into convenient factors, was effective in enhancing pupils' achievement in dividing whole numbers compared to traditional long division methods.
1) The document discusses students' beliefs about mathematics, including their beliefs about the characteristics of mathematics, mathematical content, processes, cognitive processes, and usefulness of mathematics. It also discusses factors influencing students' self-concept, anxiety levels, and perceptions of mathematics teachers.
2) Research findings show that mathematics anxiety is a major contributor to students' achievement in mathematics. Students' relationships with their teachers also significantly impact their motivation and success.
3) Students view ideal mathematics teachers as having qualities like patience, clear explanations, ensuring students understand concepts, and being approachable. Both personal characteristics and instructional skills are important for effective teaching.
Effect of game based instructional model on the pupils achievement in arithm...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of a game-based instructional model on primary school pupils' achievement in arithmetic. 203 pupils from 6 classes in 6 schools participated. Pupils in the experimental group were taught arithmetic using games, while the control group used conventional methods. Pupils completed a pre-test and post-test on arithmetic skills. Results showed the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on the post-test. Additionally, female pupils in the experimental group scored higher on average than male pupils, though both benefited from the game-based approach. The study concluded game-based instruction is an effective way to improve pupils' arithmetic learning and performance.
Influence of sex and ability level on students’ mathematics readiness in enug...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of sex and ability level on students' mathematics readiness in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) In general, boys scored higher than girls on the mathematics readiness test (MATHRET).
2) The mean difference in scores between boys and girls was statistically significant across high, average, and low ability levels.
3) Both sex and ability level influence students' mathematics readiness. The study recommended establishing differentiated norms for boys and girls in each ability level.
An Analysis of Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge on Number Sense Learni...AJHSSR Journal
This article is about an analysis of teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) during
teaching the concept of number for early childhood. Research subjects were three kindergarten teachers in
Depok area, West Java, Indonesia. This type of research is qualitative that analyzed the phenomenon of PCK
when teaching the concept of numbers to children aged 5-6 years. Researchers conducted two observations,
interviews and documentation studies. The results showed that the three respondents did not understand the
concept of numbers as a whole. Respondents also did not comprehend the definition of the concept of numbers
and the appropriate stages associated with the concept of numbers. In addition, the three teachers did not
understand the overall curriculum of early childhood education. However, with their sufficient teaching
experience, they were considered to have good teaching skills and good evaluation of learning process. The
obstacle faced by them was quite the same in which they still found it difficult to teach the concept of numbers
with different characteristics of children. It required a particular strategy for the teachers to overcome these
obstacles. The results of this study is expected to be a consideration to hold a professional workshop
development program in order to improve the professionalism of early childhood teachers particularly in
teaching mathematics.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between Polya's problem-solving steps and the steps of computational thinking when students solve mathematics problems. The study found that when defining the problem, students performed abstraction and decomposition, consistent with computational thinking. When planning solutions, students used generalization. When implementing plans and checking answers, students used debugging and developing algorithms. So the study concluded that Polya's problem-solving aligns with computational thinking steps when students solve problems in mathematics.
A research on teachers’ beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning betwe...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a research study that examined the beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning held by primary school teachers in Malaysia. A survey was administered to 174 teachers from Sekolah Kebangsaan (SK), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina (SJKC), and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil (SJKT) to determine their beliefs regarding student learning, stages of learning, and teaching practices. The results indicated that most teachers' beliefs fell in the mid-range between formal and informal beliefs. Statistical analysis found significant differences in beliefs between the teacher groups, with SJKC teachers favoring more informal beliefs. The conclusions suggest teacher professional development should address fundamental beliefs to promote more
Childrení»s mathematics performance and drawing activities a constructive cor...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined how drawing activities can improve children's performance in mathematics. The study used observation, interviews, achievement tests, and a pictorial Likert scale to analyze relationships between discovery learning methods and mathematics performance for 62 pupils at a primary school in Ghana where mathematics performance was low. The results revealed that incorporating drawing activities into mathematics lessons significantly improved pupils' mathematics performance and engagement. The study concluded that using arts-integrated approaches can help establish relationships between concepts and enhance understanding in mathematics.
Effect of division by factors approach on the pupils’Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that examined the effect of the division by factors approach on pupils' achievement in dividing whole numbers.
2) The study involved 406 pupils randomly selected from primary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria who were given a test of dividing whole numbers.
3) The results showed that using the division by factors approach, which breaks down the divisor into convenient factors, was effective in enhancing pupils' achievement in dividing whole numbers compared to traditional long division methods.
1) The document discusses students' beliefs about mathematics, including their beliefs about the characteristics of mathematics, mathematical content, processes, cognitive processes, and usefulness of mathematics. It also discusses factors influencing students' self-concept, anxiety levels, and perceptions of mathematics teachers.
2) Research findings show that mathematics anxiety is a major contributor to students' achievement in mathematics. Students' relationships with their teachers also significantly impact their motivation and success.
3) Students view ideal mathematics teachers as having qualities like patience, clear explanations, ensuring students understand concepts, and being approachable. Both personal characteristics and instructional skills are important for effective teaching.
Effect of game based instructional model on the pupils achievement in arithm...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of a game-based instructional model on primary school pupils' achievement in arithmetic. 203 pupils from 6 classes in 6 schools participated. Pupils in the experimental group were taught arithmetic using games, while the control group used conventional methods. Pupils completed a pre-test and post-test on arithmetic skills. Results showed the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on the post-test. Additionally, female pupils in the experimental group scored higher on average than male pupils, though both benefited from the game-based approach. The study concluded game-based instruction is an effective way to improve pupils' arithmetic learning and performance.
Influence of sex and ability level on students’ mathematics readiness in enug...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the influence of sex and ability level on students' mathematics readiness in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) In general, boys scored higher than girls on the mathematics readiness test (MATHRET).
2) The mean difference in scores between boys and girls was statistically significant across high, average, and low ability levels.
3) Both sex and ability level influence students' mathematics readiness. The study recommended establishing differentiated norms for boys and girls in each ability level.
An Analysis of Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge on Number Sense Learni...AJHSSR Journal
This article is about an analysis of teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) during
teaching the concept of number for early childhood. Research subjects were three kindergarten teachers in
Depok area, West Java, Indonesia. This type of research is qualitative that analyzed the phenomenon of PCK
when teaching the concept of numbers to children aged 5-6 years. Researchers conducted two observations,
interviews and documentation studies. The results showed that the three respondents did not understand the
concept of numbers as a whole. Respondents also did not comprehend the definition of the concept of numbers
and the appropriate stages associated with the concept of numbers. In addition, the three teachers did not
understand the overall curriculum of early childhood education. However, with their sufficient teaching
experience, they were considered to have good teaching skills and good evaluation of learning process. The
obstacle faced by them was quite the same in which they still found it difficult to teach the concept of numbers
with different characteristics of children. It required a particular strategy for the teachers to overcome these
obstacles. The results of this study is expected to be a consideration to hold a professional workshop
development program in order to improve the professionalism of early childhood teachers particularly in
teaching mathematics.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between Polya's problem-solving steps and the steps of computational thinking when students solve mathematics problems. The study found that when defining the problem, students performed abstraction and decomposition, consistent with computational thinking. When planning solutions, students used generalization. When implementing plans and checking answers, students used debugging and developing algorithms. So the study concluded that Polya's problem-solving aligns with computational thinking steps when students solve problems in mathematics.
A research on teachers’ beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning betwe...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a research study that examined the beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning held by primary school teachers in Malaysia. A survey was administered to 174 teachers from Sekolah Kebangsaan (SK), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina (SJKC), and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil (SJKT) to determine their beliefs regarding student learning, stages of learning, and teaching practices. The results indicated that most teachers' beliefs fell in the mid-range between formal and informal beliefs. Statistical analysis found significant differences in beliefs between the teacher groups, with SJKC teachers favoring more informal beliefs. The conclusions suggest teacher professional development should address fundamental beliefs to promote more
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationships between mathematics attitude, academic motivation, intelligence quotient, and mathematics achievement. The study involved 1670 high school students in Iran. It found that mathematics attitude, academic motivation, and intelligence quotient were all positively correlated with mathematics achievement. A multiple regression analysis determined that mathematics attitude and intelligence quotient significantly predicted mathematics achievement, but academic motivation was not a significant predictor when the other variables were accounted for. The study also found that while there were no significant gender differences in the other variables, males scored higher than females in mathematics achievement.
1) The document discusses students' beliefs about mathematics, including their beliefs about the characteristics of mathematics, mathematical content, processes, cognitive processes, and usefulness of mathematics. It also examines students' self-beliefs and relationship to mathematics anxiety.
2) Research findings show that students identify mathematical content as numbers, operations, and problem-solving using formulas. Some see mathematics as exploring topics. Others view it as understanding concepts or thinking processes.
3) Students believe mathematics is useful for daily life, overcoming problems, and careers. Their self-confidence and views of teachers also impact their relationship to mathematics.
The document discusses a study that examined the effect of medium of instruction (English vs native Odia language) on the development of cognitive processes in children in India. 80 children in 4th and 6th grade were given tests of planning, attention, simultaneous and successive processing. Results showed higher performance for English medium children on most measures. Cognitive processes improved with age/grade. The lone exception was an attention test where Odia medium children performed better, possibly due to less automatic word reading interfering. Overall, the study found that using a non-native language as the medium of instruction facilitated cognitive development compared to the native language.
A comparative study of achievement test scores of boys and girls taught throu...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of cooperative learning teaching strategies on mathematics achievement by gender. The researchers compared test scores of boys and girls taught sequences and series using Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD). The results showed no significant difference in post-test scores between boys and girls, indicating that STAD helped bridge the typical gender gap in mathematics achievement. Specifically, girls achieved a slightly higher mean score than boys on the post-test, though the small difference was not statistically significant. The study thus concluded that STAD cooperative learning does not produce gender differences in mathematics learning outcomes.
The document discusses several studies on factors that influence student achievement and performance in mathematics. It describes research finding that teacher classroom management skills, teaching strategies, use of instructional materials, and student motivation and interest are important factors. Additionally, it discusses how teacher experience and competencies, as well as environmental school factors can impact student learning outcomes.
Developing a Learning Trajectory on Fraction Topics by Using Realistic Mathem...iosrjce
This research and development was purposed at (1) developing a learning trajectory on fraction
topics by using Realistic Mathematics Education approach in Primary School; and (2) determining the validity,
practicality, and the effectiveness of the learning trajectory. The results of this research were (1) a learning
trajectory on fraction topics in the form of Teacher’s Guide Book and Student’s Book. (2) Teachers’ Guide Book
and the Student’s Book of learning trajectory were considered valid, practical and effective after being judged
by experts in Mathematics Educators, Language Educators, Experienced Teachers and an Educationalist.
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the learning trajectory on Fraction Topics by using
Realistic Mathematics Education Approach can be effectively used to improve the learning effectiveness on
Fraction Topics in Primary School.
This document discusses a study that examined ESL teachers' attitudes towards using information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching literature lessons in Malaysian secondary schools. The study found that teachers had a generally positive attitude towards using ICT tools in literature lessons. However, several challenges were identified that could hinder effective use of ICT, such as lack of time for lesson planning, lack of technical skills, and insufficient institutional support. The document provides background on the literature component in the Malaysian English curriculum, benefits and challenges of using ICT in education, and the importance of teachers' attitudes in determining successful integration of ICT.
The document discusses several perspectives on effective teaching and learning strategies:
- Humor can promote positive student-teacher relationships (Gorhan and Christophel)
- Teachers must understand students and equip themselves with effective skills and materials to motivate students and ensure academic success (Almario)
- Teaching is a responsibility that requires teachers to reflect on improving education quality (Gonzales)
- Effective teaching depends on a teacher's understanding of students and the learning process (Bustos and Espiritu)
- Identifying student weaknesses and achievement levels is key to teaching study skills effectively (Aquino)
- Providing adequate instructional resources and training teachers on their use is important for math teaching (A
Teachers’ level of understanding the language of mathematics as a determinant...Alexander Decker
This study examined teachers' level of understanding of mathematical language and how it impacts student achievement in Nigeria. The study found:
1) Most teachers had insufficient understanding of mathematical terms, as shown by their inability to fully explain concepts and apply terms in daily examples.
2) Experience influenced understanding, with more experienced teachers showing a higher level of comprehension.
3) Over half of observed teachers had sufficient understanding to teach concepts, but 20% struggled with explanations of mathematical language.
4) The study suggests improving teacher training to enhance understanding of mathematical register in order to improve student learning outcomes.
This document provides background information on factors affecting mathematics performance of high school students. It discusses several key factors from previous studies, including student interest, study habits, teacher personality traits and teaching skills, and instructional materials. The conceptual framework outlines how these input factors may influence student mathematics performance outcomes. The study aims to determine the extent to which student-related factors and teacher-related factors impact mathematics performance of high school students at a particular university.
The document discusses several studies and perspectives on effective teaching strategies and factors that influence student achievement and performance. Specifically, it discusses:
1) The importance of providing adequate instructional resources and materials to support effective mathematics teaching.
2) The need for teachers to practice effective study skills and receive training on using instructional materials.
3) Factors found to influence student performance including gender, interest in mathematics, teaching competencies, strategies, library setting, and classroom setting.
4) The role of teachers in classroom management, facilitating learning, and evaluating students, and ensuring a conducive learning environment.
mathematics efficacy, anxiety and students performance in introductory techno...mustapha adeniyi
This document discusses factors affecting student performance in introductory technology courses. It introduces the concepts of mathematics anxiety and self-efficacy, and how they relate to student performance. The document also presents the problem statement, research questions, significance, scope and definitions for key terms for a study on the effects of mathematics efficacy, anxiety on student performance in introductory technology in secondary schools in Lagos State.
This study examines the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance in English, science, and mathematics of intermediate pupils in Patiis Elementary School. It analyzes pupils' profiles, emotional intelligence levels, and academic performance. Statistical tools like frequency distribution, percentage scores, mean, and correlation will be used to determine if a significant relationship exists between emotional intelligence and academic performance in these subjects. The study aims to provide insight on factors affecting pupils' learning.
REALITY – BASED INSTRUCTION AND SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING SUBTRACTIONWayneRavi
This study was conducted to determine the effect of reality based on the solving word problems involving subtraction. Descriptive-Comparative research design using paired sample T-test was used to utilized in the study. The study was carried out in Tibungol Elementary School to Fifty student of Grade Three section 1. Results revealed that there was a significant difference on the pretest and post test scores of pupils in reality based approach. Further, the reality based approach is effective in improving the performance of student.
Teachers` gender and primary school pupils` achievement in mathematics in kenyaAlexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between teacher gender and primary school pupils' achievement in mathematics in Kenya. The study found that there were more male than female mathematics teachers. Female teachers were found to contribute more to higher pupil achievement in mathematics compared to male teachers. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between teacher gender and pupil achievement, with female teachers associated with better pupil performance. The study concluded that increasing the number of female mathematics teachers through targeted recruitment and training could help improve pupil achievement in mathematics.
This document provides information and strategies for STEMifying teaching. It discusses analyzing student performance data on STEM subjects which shows a need to improve math and science achievement. It advocates for integrating STEM subjects and embedding STEM practices in all classrooms. Examples of STEM teaching models are presented, from teaching subjects separately to fully integrating them. Common STEM teaching practices like problem-solving, modeling, and analyzing data are outlined. The document also discusses developing STEM units of study using standards and establishing STEM literacy and fluency as goals. Reflection questions are provided to help teachers plan STEM lessons and activities.
READ AND ACT APPROACH AND RETENTION SKILLS IN MTBWayneRavi
This study was conducted to determine the effect of read and act approach on the Retention Skills in MTB. Specifically, it sought to find out if read and act approach significantly contribute in the retention skills of student in MTB. Descriptive-Comparative research design using paired sample T-test was used to utilized in the study. The study was carried out in Beam Extension School of Guinobatan annex of Paradise Embac Elementary School to Thirty student of Grade Two section 3. Descriptive statistics (mean & SD), Paired-Sample T-test and Eta2were used as tools in the analysis of data. Results revealed that the pre test score was high; the post test score was very high. There was a significant difference on the pretest and post test scores of pupils in read and act approach. Further, the read and act approach has large effect on the retention skills of student in MTB.
Modern Learning Theories and Mathematics Education - Robert SieglerSTEM Summit
- The document discusses applying theories of numerical cognition from developmental psychology research to improving mathematical understanding in low-income preschoolers. It describes research showing that playing number board games can help form linear representations of numerical magnitudes and improve skills like number line estimation, number comparison, counting, and numeral identification. The research found benefits for both numerical knowledge and skills from playing the number board game compared to a color board game.
The relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement of s...Alexander Decker
1) The study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in mathematics among senior secondary school students in Abuja, Nigeria.
2) It found a significant low positive relationship between students' emotional intelligence and their scores on a mathematics achievement test.
3) When analyzed by gender and school location, the study also found significant low positive relationships between emotional intelligence and mathematics achievement for male students, female students, urban school students, and rural school students.
Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Senior Secondary School Students’ Achieve...IOSR Journals
This study examined the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) on senior secondary school students' achievement in trigonometry in Northern Educational Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. 365 students from 4 schools were assigned to experimental and control groups, with the experimental group taught using PBL and the control group taught using conventional methods. Students completed a pre-test and post-test on trigonometry achievement. The results showed that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group, and that male and female students benefited equally from PBL. There was no significant interaction between teaching method and gender. The study concluded that PBL can improve students' trigonometry achievement compared to conventional teaching methods.
Guided discovery learning strategy and senior school students performance in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of guided discovery learning strategy on mathematics performance of senior secondary students in Nigeria. The study found:
1) Students taught using guided discovery learning performed significantly better on a mathematics test than students taught using non-guided methods.
2) Male and female students performed equally well when taught using guided discovery, showing gender had no impact on performance.
3) Higher scoring students benefited most from guided discovery, followed by medium scorers, while lower scorers benefited the least.
The study concluded that guided discovery learning is an effective strategy for improving mathematics performance, though benefits students of different scoring levels unevenly.
Factors influencing effective learning of mathematics at senior secondary sch...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors influencing effective learning of mathematics at senior secondary schools in Gombe, Nigeria. The study surveyed 120 students across 4 schools about availability of qualified teachers, teaching methods, class sizes, and access to textbooks. Results found that lack of qualified teachers and inadequate textbooks significantly impacted student learning. It was recommended that only qualified math teachers be hired, class sizes be reduced, and textbooks be subsidized to improve math education outcomes.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationships between mathematics attitude, academic motivation, intelligence quotient, and mathematics achievement. The study involved 1670 high school students in Iran. It found that mathematics attitude, academic motivation, and intelligence quotient were all positively correlated with mathematics achievement. A multiple regression analysis determined that mathematics attitude and intelligence quotient significantly predicted mathematics achievement, but academic motivation was not a significant predictor when the other variables were accounted for. The study also found that while there were no significant gender differences in the other variables, males scored higher than females in mathematics achievement.
1) The document discusses students' beliefs about mathematics, including their beliefs about the characteristics of mathematics, mathematical content, processes, cognitive processes, and usefulness of mathematics. It also examines students' self-beliefs and relationship to mathematics anxiety.
2) Research findings show that students identify mathematical content as numbers, operations, and problem-solving using formulas. Some see mathematics as exploring topics. Others view it as understanding concepts or thinking processes.
3) Students believe mathematics is useful for daily life, overcoming problems, and careers. Their self-confidence and views of teachers also impact their relationship to mathematics.
The document discusses a study that examined the effect of medium of instruction (English vs native Odia language) on the development of cognitive processes in children in India. 80 children in 4th and 6th grade were given tests of planning, attention, simultaneous and successive processing. Results showed higher performance for English medium children on most measures. Cognitive processes improved with age/grade. The lone exception was an attention test where Odia medium children performed better, possibly due to less automatic word reading interfering. Overall, the study found that using a non-native language as the medium of instruction facilitated cognitive development compared to the native language.
A comparative study of achievement test scores of boys and girls taught throu...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of cooperative learning teaching strategies on mathematics achievement by gender. The researchers compared test scores of boys and girls taught sequences and series using Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD). The results showed no significant difference in post-test scores between boys and girls, indicating that STAD helped bridge the typical gender gap in mathematics achievement. Specifically, girls achieved a slightly higher mean score than boys on the post-test, though the small difference was not statistically significant. The study thus concluded that STAD cooperative learning does not produce gender differences in mathematics learning outcomes.
The document discusses several studies on factors that influence student achievement and performance in mathematics. It describes research finding that teacher classroom management skills, teaching strategies, use of instructional materials, and student motivation and interest are important factors. Additionally, it discusses how teacher experience and competencies, as well as environmental school factors can impact student learning outcomes.
Developing a Learning Trajectory on Fraction Topics by Using Realistic Mathem...iosrjce
This research and development was purposed at (1) developing a learning trajectory on fraction
topics by using Realistic Mathematics Education approach in Primary School; and (2) determining the validity,
practicality, and the effectiveness of the learning trajectory. The results of this research were (1) a learning
trajectory on fraction topics in the form of Teacher’s Guide Book and Student’s Book. (2) Teachers’ Guide Book
and the Student’s Book of learning trajectory were considered valid, practical and effective after being judged
by experts in Mathematics Educators, Language Educators, Experienced Teachers and an Educationalist.
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the learning trajectory on Fraction Topics by using
Realistic Mathematics Education Approach can be effectively used to improve the learning effectiveness on
Fraction Topics in Primary School.
This document discusses a study that examined ESL teachers' attitudes towards using information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching literature lessons in Malaysian secondary schools. The study found that teachers had a generally positive attitude towards using ICT tools in literature lessons. However, several challenges were identified that could hinder effective use of ICT, such as lack of time for lesson planning, lack of technical skills, and insufficient institutional support. The document provides background on the literature component in the Malaysian English curriculum, benefits and challenges of using ICT in education, and the importance of teachers' attitudes in determining successful integration of ICT.
The document discusses several perspectives on effective teaching and learning strategies:
- Humor can promote positive student-teacher relationships (Gorhan and Christophel)
- Teachers must understand students and equip themselves with effective skills and materials to motivate students and ensure academic success (Almario)
- Teaching is a responsibility that requires teachers to reflect on improving education quality (Gonzales)
- Effective teaching depends on a teacher's understanding of students and the learning process (Bustos and Espiritu)
- Identifying student weaknesses and achievement levels is key to teaching study skills effectively (Aquino)
- Providing adequate instructional resources and training teachers on their use is important for math teaching (A
Teachers’ level of understanding the language of mathematics as a determinant...Alexander Decker
This study examined teachers' level of understanding of mathematical language and how it impacts student achievement in Nigeria. The study found:
1) Most teachers had insufficient understanding of mathematical terms, as shown by their inability to fully explain concepts and apply terms in daily examples.
2) Experience influenced understanding, with more experienced teachers showing a higher level of comprehension.
3) Over half of observed teachers had sufficient understanding to teach concepts, but 20% struggled with explanations of mathematical language.
4) The study suggests improving teacher training to enhance understanding of mathematical register in order to improve student learning outcomes.
This document provides background information on factors affecting mathematics performance of high school students. It discusses several key factors from previous studies, including student interest, study habits, teacher personality traits and teaching skills, and instructional materials. The conceptual framework outlines how these input factors may influence student mathematics performance outcomes. The study aims to determine the extent to which student-related factors and teacher-related factors impact mathematics performance of high school students at a particular university.
The document discusses several studies and perspectives on effective teaching strategies and factors that influence student achievement and performance. Specifically, it discusses:
1) The importance of providing adequate instructional resources and materials to support effective mathematics teaching.
2) The need for teachers to practice effective study skills and receive training on using instructional materials.
3) Factors found to influence student performance including gender, interest in mathematics, teaching competencies, strategies, library setting, and classroom setting.
4) The role of teachers in classroom management, facilitating learning, and evaluating students, and ensuring a conducive learning environment.
mathematics efficacy, anxiety and students performance in introductory techno...mustapha adeniyi
This document discusses factors affecting student performance in introductory technology courses. It introduces the concepts of mathematics anxiety and self-efficacy, and how they relate to student performance. The document also presents the problem statement, research questions, significance, scope and definitions for key terms for a study on the effects of mathematics efficacy, anxiety on student performance in introductory technology in secondary schools in Lagos State.
This study examines the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance in English, science, and mathematics of intermediate pupils in Patiis Elementary School. It analyzes pupils' profiles, emotional intelligence levels, and academic performance. Statistical tools like frequency distribution, percentage scores, mean, and correlation will be used to determine if a significant relationship exists between emotional intelligence and academic performance in these subjects. The study aims to provide insight on factors affecting pupils' learning.
REALITY – BASED INSTRUCTION AND SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING SUBTRACTIONWayneRavi
This study was conducted to determine the effect of reality based on the solving word problems involving subtraction. Descriptive-Comparative research design using paired sample T-test was used to utilized in the study. The study was carried out in Tibungol Elementary School to Fifty student of Grade Three section 1. Results revealed that there was a significant difference on the pretest and post test scores of pupils in reality based approach. Further, the reality based approach is effective in improving the performance of student.
Teachers` gender and primary school pupils` achievement in mathematics in kenyaAlexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between teacher gender and primary school pupils' achievement in mathematics in Kenya. The study found that there were more male than female mathematics teachers. Female teachers were found to contribute more to higher pupil achievement in mathematics compared to male teachers. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between teacher gender and pupil achievement, with female teachers associated with better pupil performance. The study concluded that increasing the number of female mathematics teachers through targeted recruitment and training could help improve pupil achievement in mathematics.
This document provides information and strategies for STEMifying teaching. It discusses analyzing student performance data on STEM subjects which shows a need to improve math and science achievement. It advocates for integrating STEM subjects and embedding STEM practices in all classrooms. Examples of STEM teaching models are presented, from teaching subjects separately to fully integrating them. Common STEM teaching practices like problem-solving, modeling, and analyzing data are outlined. The document also discusses developing STEM units of study using standards and establishing STEM literacy and fluency as goals. Reflection questions are provided to help teachers plan STEM lessons and activities.
READ AND ACT APPROACH AND RETENTION SKILLS IN MTBWayneRavi
This study was conducted to determine the effect of read and act approach on the Retention Skills in MTB. Specifically, it sought to find out if read and act approach significantly contribute in the retention skills of student in MTB. Descriptive-Comparative research design using paired sample T-test was used to utilized in the study. The study was carried out in Beam Extension School of Guinobatan annex of Paradise Embac Elementary School to Thirty student of Grade Two section 3. Descriptive statistics (mean & SD), Paired-Sample T-test and Eta2were used as tools in the analysis of data. Results revealed that the pre test score was high; the post test score was very high. There was a significant difference on the pretest and post test scores of pupils in read and act approach. Further, the read and act approach has large effect on the retention skills of student in MTB.
Modern Learning Theories and Mathematics Education - Robert SieglerSTEM Summit
- The document discusses applying theories of numerical cognition from developmental psychology research to improving mathematical understanding in low-income preschoolers. It describes research showing that playing number board games can help form linear representations of numerical magnitudes and improve skills like number line estimation, number comparison, counting, and numeral identification. The research found benefits for both numerical knowledge and skills from playing the number board game compared to a color board game.
The relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement of s...Alexander Decker
1) The study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in mathematics among senior secondary school students in Abuja, Nigeria.
2) It found a significant low positive relationship between students' emotional intelligence and their scores on a mathematics achievement test.
3) When analyzed by gender and school location, the study also found significant low positive relationships between emotional intelligence and mathematics achievement for male students, female students, urban school students, and rural school students.
Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Senior Secondary School Students’ Achieve...IOSR Journals
This study examined the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) on senior secondary school students' achievement in trigonometry in Northern Educational Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. 365 students from 4 schools were assigned to experimental and control groups, with the experimental group taught using PBL and the control group taught using conventional methods. Students completed a pre-test and post-test on trigonometry achievement. The results showed that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group, and that male and female students benefited equally from PBL. There was no significant interaction between teaching method and gender. The study concluded that PBL can improve students' trigonometry achievement compared to conventional teaching methods.
Guided discovery learning strategy and senior school students performance in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of guided discovery learning strategy on mathematics performance of senior secondary students in Nigeria. The study found:
1) Students taught using guided discovery learning performed significantly better on a mathematics test than students taught using non-guided methods.
2) Male and female students performed equally well when taught using guided discovery, showing gender had no impact on performance.
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Computer-Based Instruction (CBI) as a Way of Reducing Mathematics Anxiety
INTRODUCTION Comment by shravan uttakalla: this section can be much shorter than this.
Mathematics plays a vital role in people’s daily lives. The citizen of the modern world
could not afford to be ignorant of Mathematics because the world is highly mathematical (Betz as cited by Salazar, 2001). Hence, effective Mathematics instruction has become the absolute necessity in all levels of education. Despite explaining the importance of Mathematics, the students of today still have that negative attitudes toward the subject (Salazar, 2001). Most students think Mathematics is a boring subject, and it is difficult to memorize and understand formulas (Scarpello, 2007). Some students who cannot appreciate the importance of Mathematics even say that learning the four fundamental operations is enough, the use of graphs and formulas have no relevance to their daily living, so there is no need for further knowing the subject (Suinn, 1998).
In an international scene, particularly in America, a study was conducted by Gallup (2005) for determining the most difficult subject for American teenagers, surprisingly, Mathematics topped the list. About 29% named Mathematics generally, 6% specifically mentioned Algebra, and 2% named Geometry. Furthermore, according to the National Research Council, 75% of Americans stop studying Mathematics before they have completed the educational requirements for their career or job. With the basis from the statistics above, it is so unexpected fact that most Americans specifically teenagers find Mathematics difficult, considering that America belongs to the first class countries, a highly mathematical society because of its advanced technology. In the Philippines, a High School Readiness Test was administered to all Grade 6 graduates in public elementary schools in May, 2004 showed very low scores in Mathematics test. In the National Secondary Achievement Test (NSAT) given in year 2010, students got correct answers to less than 50% of the questions in Mathematics. Based on the Trends International Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS), the Philippines was evaluated for the 8th Gradient in 1999. It was reported that out of the 34 participating nations, the Philippines was third from the bottom of the participating countries. The Philippines got 345 points as compared to Singapore having 604 points for Mathematics. The two lower countries were Morocco (337) and South Africa (275). Thus, we can infer that many Filipino students are having difficulties in subject Mathematics.
In Tagum City, particularly at Tagum City National High school (TCNHS) a percentage of 19.63% of the students who took National Achievement Test (NAT) 2004 in Mathematics passed. Six years later, a percentage of 21.43% of the students who took NAT (2010) in the same subject passed. From the statis ...
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Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge of Mathematical Concepts through Game and Poem
1. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
e-ISSN: 2320–7388,p-ISSN: 2320–737X Volume 5, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 60-66
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05216066 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge of Mathematical Concepts through
Game and Poem
1
Toinpere Mercy, Frederick-Jonah, 2
Mojeed Kolawole Akinsola
1Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa
State, Nigeria.
2Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract: The study investigated the effects of game and poem enhanced instruction on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts in mathematics (Fractions and decimals, Volume of, cylinder; triangular prisms and
sphere; Capacity and Weight). A total of 344 pupils from twelve (12) public primary schools of Ogbia and
Yenagoa Local Government Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria were involved in the study. A pretest-posttest
control group quasi-experimental design was adopted in the research. The moderating effects of gender were
also examined on the independent and dependent variables. Using ANCOVA statistics, the results revealed that
pupils exposed to game and poem enhanced instruction have better mean score in knowledge of mathematics
concepts than the control groups. Poem was found to be more effective in improving pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts than game and a non-significant gender difference existed in the mean scores in
knowledge of mathematics concepts. There was no significant interaction effect of gender on pupils’ knowledge
of mathematics concepts. The implication of the findings was discussed and appropriate recommendations were
made.
Key Words: Game and Poem instructional methods, Pupils’ mathematical concepts
I. Introduction
The knowledge of mathematics concepts is the main outcome to the extent which a student understand
the language of mathematics in any mathematics instruction process. Mathematics concepts are the mathematics
words, principles, symbols, formulae and expressions understood in the context of mathematics. In other words,
it is the language of mathematics. The knowledge of mathematical concepts is prerequisite for meaningful
understanding of mathematics instruction. The ability of students to use mathematical operations to simplify or
solve problems depends on a good grasp of the language of mathematics (Akinsola,2005; Obioma, 2005;
Gershon, Guwal and Awuya, 2008). Kwok (2009) opines that failure of many children to understand basic
mathematics concepts at a very early stage makes them to fare poorly in mathematics. Also, Hogan (2005) states
that the main objective of mathematics learning at the primary school level is to develop in the pupils the power
of reason, power to solve problem and to find responses that are novel to their experiences. This is dependent
on pupils’ knowledge and understanding of mathematics concepts and their meaning. It becomes necessary to
look for interventions that could be manipulated in order to find their effects on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts.
Effective activities recommended for the primary school level include the use of games to enhance
greater understanding of concepts (Aremu, 1998; Agwagah, 2001; Akinsola and Animasahun, 2007), creating a
creative corner for less capable pupils in Mathematics who may be good in art or writing which include
activities such as poetry or stories about mathematical situations and geometric drawings (Ojo, 2008; Albool,
2012). Iji (2007) also recommends to teachers to exhibit poems at the primary school level. Akinsola (2000)
found out that students who are provided with adequate opportunities for manipulation of materials
accompanied by verbalization of materials as well as conceptualization by means of discovery understand
science and mathematics better than those who are not exposed to such. It becomes pertinent for the researcher
to determine the effects of poems and games enhanced mathematics instruction on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts at the primary school level.
Poetry has vital roles to play in children learning. It is used an advance organizer which is based on
Ausubel verbal meaningful learning (1963).The use of poems involves the construction of images for
appreciating mathematics. Again, the poems are verbal presentation of the mathematics concepts to be learned.
Furthermore, verbal meaningful learning involves speech, reading and writing (Cooper, 2009). The use of
poetry in teaching involves these key aspects of learning.
Owen (2010) states that memorizing poetry increases child’s cognitive ability, for poems present
language in more ordered and rhythmical ways than prose. These techniques increase a child’s ability to reason,
imagine, think, argue and experience the world in sensory and aesthetic ways. She further states that, through
memorization of poetry, a child’s mental capacity is exercised and thus increases in flexibility and strength.
2. Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge Of Mathematical Concepts Through Game And Poem
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05216066 www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
Poetry offer mathematics students new means to explore the recondite realm of abstract mathematical
concepts, improving cognitive understanding and confidence (Bahls, 2009). Mathematics is not just all about
calculations; it is beyond calculation (Agwagah, 2008). ‘There is a great and growing body of linguistic and
visual metaphors that constitute a healthy understanding of mathematics in which things called fields, rings,
bundles and flows play dominant roles; mastery of these concepts often involves creativity more readily
expected of a poet than of a scientist’ (Bahls, 2009, p.76). Students’ cognitive understanding of mathematical
terminology and symbolism, and confidence in carrying out computation and other mathematical task are key
coordinates of success in learning mathematics (Bahls, 2009).
The other activity that can be used to enhance mathematics instruction is the use of games based on
operant conditioning theory which examines the stimulus, the response to the stimulus (a behavior) and the
behavior’s consequence (Skinner, 1938). The games played are guided by rules. Whenever a pupil plays the
game correctly or wrongly, that child is immediately rewarded or punished depending on the rule of the game
like the rat in Skinner’s box. This leads to behavior modification.
A game is a type of play that follows a set of rules, aims at a definite goal or outcome and involves
competition against other players or against barriers imposed by nature of the game (Agwagah, 2001). Game
plays vital roles in mathematics instruction. The use of games in teaching mathematics makes students to be
actively involved in the daily lessons since they are interested in learning mathematics as game (Abubakar and
Bawa, 2006). Games relaxes tension, clear boredom and foster environment where teaching and learning are
pleasant, interesting, exciting, stimulating, motivating and at the same time academically rewarding (Kankia,
2008). Azuka (2002) also opines that games provide unique opportunity for integrating the cognitive, affective,
and social aspects of learning.
The effect of gender on learning outcomes of mathematics and science related subjects are still a major
controversy among educators. This may be as a result of conflicting results from such gender- related studies.
Some research results find significant differences in favour of boys, while a few in favour of girls and others are
neutral (Onasanya (2008), Shafi and Areelu (2010); Eniayeju (2010); Bawa and Abubakar (2008) and Ebisine
(2010) respectively. This inconsistency in the test achievement and interest of boys and girls need to be further
investigated in the use of poems and games to enhance mathematics instruction at the primary school level in
this study.
Statement of the Problem
Mathematics plays a significant role virtually in all activities of man, especially in this modern age of
science and technology. Its demand is therefore at a premium position. Yet students’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts at all levels of education is poor. Available literature shows that students’ poor achievement in
mathematics and knowledge of mathematics concepts is due to a number of factors, especially on the strategies
used for teaching mathematics. The lecture strategy which is predominantly used by the teachers may have
contributed too many problems and under achievement in mathematics at various levels of education. Thus, the
use of appropriate instructional activities to enhance mathematics instruction in the classroom and improve
pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts in the primary school level becomes necessary. Therefore, this
study determines the effects of poems and games enhanced mathematics instruction on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts. The study further seeks to determine the moderating effects of gender on the dependent
variable.
Hypotheses
The following three null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significant levels.
H01 There is no significant main effect of treatment on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts
H02There is no significant main effect of gender on pupils’ Knowledge of mathematics concepts
Ho3 There is no significant interaction effect of treatment and gender on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts
Scope of the Study
The study covers primary six pupils in twelve primary schools from Ogbia and Yenagoa Local
Government Areas of Bayelsa State. The study investigates the effects of poem and game enhanced
mathematics instruction on pupils’ achievement, knowledge of mathematics concepts and interest in
Mathematics. It also determines the moderating effects of verbal ability and gender on the dependent variables.
The concepts selected for the experiment includes fraction and decimal (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division), volume, capacity, weight, 2 and 3- dimensional geometry and word problems. These are perceived
difficult topics and areas in the primary mathematics curriculum and listed for primary six pupils in the
curriculum.
3. Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge Of Mathematical Concepts Through Game And Poem
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05216066 www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
II. Methodology
Research Design
This study adopted a pretest-posttest, control group quasi-experimental design. The design is schematically
represented as:
E1: 01 X1 02
E2: 03 X2 04
C: 05 X3 06
Where:
01, 03, 05 represents pretest observations for both experimental and control groups.
02, 04, 06 represents posttest observations for both experimental and control groups.
X1 represents treatment 1; poems enhanced instruction.
X2 represents treatment 2; games enhanced instruction.
X3 represents the modified lecture instruction.
Selection of Participants
Two Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State and six schools in each Local Government Areas were
purposively selected and assigned for treatment and control groups in this study. The selection of the Local
Government Areas was based on the following criteria:
(i) The Local Government Areas must have roadways because of the State’s terrain (rivers)
(ii) The Local Government Areas must have at least six (6) public primary schools that have roadways.
The selection of the schools were based on the following criteria: (i) the schools must be public schools
(ii) the schools must have experienced teachers who possess teaching qualification and have been teaching
mathematics for not less than five years (iii) the teachers must be willing to be involved in the experiment.
Six (6) schools were randomly selected from each Local Government Area; that is a total of twelve
(12) schools were used for the study. One intact class of primary six (6) pupils was randomly selected and four
(4) schools were assigned to treatment while two (2) schools for control groups for the study. A total of 344
pupils (males=164, females=180) were used.
Research Instruments
Four instruments were used in the study. They are:
1. Instructional Guide on Poems Enhanced Instruction (IGPEI).
2. Instructional Guide on Games Enhanced Instruction (IGGEI).
3. Instructional Guide on Modified Lecture Instruction (IGMLI).
4. Pupils’ Knowledge of Mathematics Concepts Test (PKMCT).
Pupils’ Knowledge of Mathematics Concepts Test (PKMCT)
The PKMCT is a twenty (20) items multiple choice test with four options A-D constructed by the
researchers to measure pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts on the topics selected for the study. It is
constructed based on what is involved in knowledge of mathematics concepts by Backhouse, Haggarty, Pirie
and Stratton (1992), Nnaji (2005) and Binda (2006); that is the words, symbols, principles, expressions,
equations, formulae, etc. in mathematics. The section A of PKMCT contains the demographic data of pupils and
section B is the twenty (20) items on the content areas.
The modified test of thirty two (32) items by experts were administered to one hundred (100) primary
six (6) pupils that were not involved in the real study to determine the discriminating indices for each item and
difficulty levels were computed manually by the researchers. The result of the analysis was used to pick twenty
(20) items that were neither too difficult nor too easy and this was between 0.4 and 0.6. The twenty (20) items
were then re-administered to fifty (50) pupils and a reliability coefficient of 0.81 was obtained using Kuder –
Richardson formula 21 (KR-21).
Research Procedure
The first week was used for the selection of eligible schools, permission from the school authorities and
random assignment of schools into experimental and control groups. Two weeks for training of teachers with the
instructional guides (IGPEI, IGGEI and IGMLI). A week was used for the administration of the pretest. Eight
weeks were used for the treatment of experimental and control groups PEI, GEI and MLI respectively. A week
was used for the administration of posttest by the researcher and research assistants. Lesson plans were provided
for each experimental and control groups.
4. Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge Of Mathematical Concepts Through Game And Poem
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05216066 www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
Method of Data Analysis
Data collected was analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). This was used to test the
hypotheses using pre-test scores as covariates. Also, the Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) aspect of the
ANCOVA was used to determine the magnitude of performance of the various groups. Scheffe’s post-hoc test
was also used when significant differences were observed to show the pairs of groups that were significantly
different.
III. Results
HO1 : There is no significant main effect of treatment on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts.
Table 2: One way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of post-test scores of pupils’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts with treatment using pre-test scores as covariates
* = Significant at 0.05 alpha level; critical F2, 340 = 3.04, N = 344.
The data presented in Table 2 shows that the main effect is significant at F2, 340 =227.445; p < 0.05. Hence, the
null hypothesis is rejected.
Consequent upon the observed main effect, multiple classification analysis (MCA) was carried out to determine
the index of relationship and also to determine the variance of the dependent variable (Pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts) that is attributable to the influence of the independent variable (treatment) as shows in
Table 3.
Table3: Multiple classification analysis (MCA) of the post-test scores of pupils’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts by treatment (instructional methods).
The data in Table 3 shows that the deviation of the adjusted post-test scores from the grand mean of
12.84 is 0.496 for pupils’ exposed to (GEI). The deviation of the adjusted post-tests scores from the grand mean
of 12,84 is 1.638 for pupils’ exposed to (PEI), while the deviation of the adjusted post-tests scores from the
grand mean of 12.84 is -2.671 for pupils’ exposed to (MLI). This implies that pupils’ exposed to (PEI) were
significantly better than those exposed to both (GEI) and (MLI) in their knowledge of mathematics concepts. To
determine the order of effectiveness of treatment and the direction of significance, the post-test scores were
subjected to Scheffe’s multiple comparison test for post hoc analysis as observes in Table 4.
Table4: Scheffe’s post hoc pairwise comparison analysis of treatment and pupils’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts.
Treatment N Mean GEI PEI MLI
GEI 116 13.28 * *
PEI 128 14.35 * *
MLI 100 10.40 * *
Data in Table 4 shows that on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts a comparison of pupils’
exposed to GEI and PEI had a significant difference. Again it is also noted that a significant difference exist
between pupils’ exposed to GEI and MLI, similarly, a significant difference exist between pupils’ exposed to
PEI and MLI. This simply means that the three groups differ in their mean scores on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts. This further implies that all the possible pairs therefore contributed to the significant
effect obtained on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts.
HO
2
: There is no significant main effect of gender on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts.
Source of variation Sum of
squares
Df Mean square F Sig. Decision at
p < .05
Covariate pre-test
Main effects
Model
Residual
Total
2666.557
1082.531
3749.088
809.119
4558.206
1
2
3
340
343
2666.557
541.265
1249.696
2.380
13.289
1120.515
227.445
525.135
0.000
0.000
0.000
*
Grand mean = 12.84 N Unadjusted Adjusted for independent
variables and covariates
Variables + Category Dev’n Eta Dev’n Beta
Treatment (instructional methods)
Game enhanced instruction (GEI )
Poem enhanced instruction (PEI )
Modified lecture instruction(MLI )
Multiple R = 0.907.
Multiple R-squared = 0.822
116
128
100
0.436
1.511
-2.440
0.447
0.496
1.638
-2.671
0.488
5. Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge Of Mathematical Concepts Through Game And Poem
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05216066 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
Table 5: One way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of post-test scores of pupils’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts with gender using pre-test scores as covariates
NS = Not Significant at 0.05 alpha level; critical F1, 341 = 3.89, N = 344.
The data presented in Table 5 indicates that the main effect is not significant at F 1, 341 = 0.197; p >
0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant main effect of gender on pupils’
knowledge of mathematics concepts is retained. This simply means that gender has no main effect on the pupils’
knowledge of mathematics concepts.
HO
3
: There is no significant interaction effect of treatment and gender on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics
concepts.
Table 6: Two way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of post-test scores of pupils ‘Knowledge of mathematics
concepts with treatment and gender using pre-test scores as covariates
NS = Not Significant at 0.05 alpha level; critical F2, 337 = 3.04, N = 344.
Table 6 shows that the interaction effect of treatment and gender is not significant at F 2, 337 =1.157; p
> 0.05. Hence, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant interaction effect of treatment and
gender on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts is retained. This implies that treatment and gender has no
interaction effect on the pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts.
IV. Discussion, Conclusion And Recommendations
Discussion
Effect of Treatment on Pupils’ Knowledge of Mathematics Concepts.
The findings revealed that pupils exposed to GEI and PEI had a significant difference in knowledge of
mathematics concepts. Also GEI and MLI then PEI and MLI had significant differences. This finding agrees
with the assertion of Aremu (1998), Agwagah (2001) and Akinsola & Animasahun, 2007 that the use of game
enhances greater understanding of mathematics concepts. Also, the use of poems in developing pupils’
knowledge of mathematics concepts confirms the assertion of Bahls (2009) that mastery of mathematical
concepts often involves creativity more readily expected of a poet than a scientist. Using poetical metaphors
students become more aware of mathematical metaphors and gain deeper understanding to mathematics
concepts those metaphors describe.
The advantage PEI had over GEI could be as a result of the opportunity pupils of the PEI group had,
that is repeatedly reciting the poems which goes beyond the classroom which help pupils to examine and re-
examine mathematical ideas (Bahls 2009). This is in conformity with the statement of St. Cyr (2008) and
LeFebvre (2004) that the repetitive nature of poems helps children’s memory to learn, expand and build
listening skills.
The result further showed that there is no significant main effect of gender on pupils’ knowledge of
mathematics concepts. The results of the study conform to those of Inekwe (1997) and Galadima and Yusha
(2007) who does not find significant differences of gender on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts. Both
male and female students perform poorly in the test administered on mathematical concepts, principles, terms
and symbols.
Interaction Effect of Treatment and Gender on Pupils’ Knowledge of Mathematics Concepts
The results of the study showed that, there is no significant interaction effect of treatment and gender
on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts. This implies that treatment is gender insensitive; in other words,
Source of variation Sum of
squares
df Mean square F Sig. Decision at
p < .05
Covariate pre-test
Main effects
Model
Residual
Total
2666.575
9.237
2675.794
1882.412
4558.206
1
1
2
341
343
2666.575
9.237
1337.897
5.520
13.289
483.048
1.673
242.361
0.000
0.197
0.000
NS
Source of variation Sum of
squares
Df Mean square F Sig. Decision at
p < .05
Covariate pre-test
Main effects(combined )
Treatment
Gender
2-Way interactions treatment * gender
Model
Residual
Total
2666.557
1103.999
1082.531
21.409
5.370
3775.866
782.340
4558.206
1
3
2
1
2
6
337
343
2666.557
367.980
541.265
21.409
2.685
629.311
2.321
13.289
1148.643
158.511
233.155
9.222
1.157
271.081
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.316
0.000
NS
6. Enhancing Pupils’ Knowledge Of Mathematical Concepts Through Game And Poem
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05216066 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
the effect of treatment on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts does not vary from male to female. This
result gives credence to the findings of Aremu (1998), Olagunju (2001), Imoko and Agwagah (2006), Ekine
(2010) and Okigbo and Okeke (2011).It therefore follows that teachers of mathematics should apply game and
poem to enhance mathematics instruction irrespective of their gender in order to improve their knowledge of
mathematics concepts.
Educational Implications of the Study
The study has the following implications for classroom practices.
Teachers of mathematics should be encouraged to use game and poem to enhance their mathematics
instruction. These are effective in improving pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts. The use of poem
enhanced instruction is more effective in improving pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts. Thus, teachers
are encouraged to create poems in mathematics concepts which will enhance their understanding and recall of
concepts readily. Therefore, games and poems should be constantly used in the mathematics classroom.
A non-significant effect of gender was observed on pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts. This
implies that, game and poem enhanced instruction are good activities in the mathematics classroom for both
males and females in developing their knowledge of mathematics concepts
V. Conclusion
On the basis of the findings in this study, it could be concluded that:
Poem enhanced instruction is most effective in improving pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts.
Therefore, the GEI and PEI are better activities to improve pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts and
should be used in the mathematics classroom.
VI. Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made. Mathematics teachers
should use games and poems to enhance pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts. Teachers of mathematics
should give special attention to the use of poems to enhance pupils’ knowledge of mathematics concepts.
Teachers should give both male and female equal opportunity in the classroom for this will raise female
students feeling of competence in mathematics.
Mathematical associations and various organs of government saddled with teacher improvement should
embark on in-service training for mathematics teachers to equip them with new skills such as game and poem
needed for effective learning of mathematics
Mathematics Teacher Educators should introduce pre-service mathematics teachers to embrace
innovative strategies like the use of game and poem while implementing the mathematics curriculum.
Curriculum designers should look for means of including the use of game and poem as activities in the
curriculum to enhance mathematics instruction.
Authors of mathematics text books should write books on mathematical poems as they have done on
mathematical game for easy access and use.
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