The document provides expressions in English that can be used for various communicative functions in English such as asking for and giving help, information, opinions, making requests, apologies, greetings, and more. It is a reference guide for learners of English with examples of phrases to ask and respond to requests, offer assistance, make introductions, pay compliments, and discuss likes, dislikes and agreements. The document aims to expand English vocabulary through various interpersonal functions.

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1. ASKING FOR HELP
*NOTE
Untuk meminta perolongan (Asking For Help)
kita bisa menggunakan ungkapan-ungkapan
sebagai berikut:
 Would
 Could
 Can
 Will
You do Me a favor?
Untuk menjawabnya
Jika Bersedia Jika Tidak Bersedia
 Sure
 of Course
 With my
pleasure
 I’d Love to
 Alright
 I’m Sorry . I can’t
 No. I
Can’t/Couldn’t/Wouldn’t/W
on’t.
 No. Thank you. I have
another business.
 I am Sorry. I am busy now.
2. ASKING AND GIVING THINGS
*NOTE
Ungkapan untuk meminta sesuatu kepada orang
lain.
For Example:
 Anang, may I have one of your breads, please?. I
am very hungry
Selain ungkapan tersebut adapula
 Can
 Shall
 Could
I drink your coffee?
Sementara itu untuk mempersilahkan orang lain
atau memberikan sesuatu kepada orang lain kita
bisa menggunakan :
 Sure, here you are.
 Of Course. Here it is.
 Don’t worry. You may have it. Here.
 Sure. Please do so.
3. ASKING FOR AND GIVING INFORMATIONS.
Asking for and Giving Informations is a competence
related with how to ask and give certain information
about someone or something. These are some ways to
asking for and giving information.
Asking for Information
Giving For
Information
 Where are you from?
 Which house do you
live in?
 How long have you
been studying here?
 Who is you doctor?
 Whose family do you
belong to?
 What kind of music do
you play?
 When were you born?
 Have you heard
anything about?
 Did you know anything
about?
 What do you want to
know?
 What would you like to
know?
 I am from….
 I am a…..
 People/they
say…
 Most people
tell/say….
 Everybody
says/tells
 I hear…
4. NOUN PHARSE (UNGKAPAN)
*NOTE
Perhatikan ungkapan berikut:
 She is a beautiful women
 They are not in a lagre clean room
Ungkapan yang dicetak miring adalah sebuah NOUN
PHRASE yaitu suatu benda (noun) yang dijelaskan
dengan beberapa kata sifat (Adjective) sehingga
membentuk sebuah kata sifat baru yang lebih spesifik.
Berikut adalah urutan kata sifat dalam pembentukan
NOUN PHRASE:
Quantifier + Adjective + Noun
(a/an/the/some/etc) (Good) (Book)
For Example :
 A good book.
 Several good books.
Article + Adjective + Noun
For Example :
 Mr. Andre is Wearing a white shirt.
 Mr. Andre has Short black hair.
5. LIKES AND DISLIKES.
*NOTE
Untuk menunjukan sikap atau perasaan akan
sesuatu atau seseorang. Kita bisa menggunakan
ungkapan-ungkapan sebagai berikut:
LIKE DISLIKES
 Yes. I Like……
 Yes. I Love……
 No. I don’t really
like…….
 No. I don’t Love…….

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 She is very
beautiful
 He is very amazing
 They are wonderful
 She is exciting
 Her hair is not so
beautiful
 He doesn’t have a
big body
 I can’t stand here
 She is boring
6. ASKING FOR AND GIVING OPINION
*NOTE
Digunakan untuk menanyakan opini seseorang
terhadap sesuatu. Berikut adalah ungkapan-
ungkapan yang bisa kita gunakan untuk meminta
opini seseorang:
 What is your opinion about…..?
 What do you say about…..?
 What is your comment on……?
 How do you think of…..?
 How do you comment on……?
 What do you think about……?
 How do you feel about……?
Sementara untuk memberikan pendapat/opini
tentang sesuatu, berikut ungkapan-ungkapan
yang bisa digunakan:
 I think…….
 In my opinion……
 For me…….
 I must say…..
 For my point of view
 I’m convinced that ….
 I reckon ….
 I consider that ....
 According to the expert, I ….
 In my opinion, .…
 I'd just like to say ….
 From my point of view, ….
 As far as I'm concerned ….
 Well, I must say ….
 I believe ….
 I feel ….
7. INSTRUCTING (MEMBERI PERINTAH)
*NOTE
Untuk memberikan instruksi atau memberi
perintah kita bisa menggunakan COMMAND
SENTENCE, yaitu dengan menempatkan kata
kerja betuk pertama pada awal kalimat.
For Example :
 Press the unlock key to unlock this
camera phone.
 Focus on the thing you want to take.
 Select OPTION menu.
 Unlock this camera phone by pressing
the unlock key.
• Open page 10 of this book.
• Give me that story book.
• Read this paragraph loudly.
• Write your own story.
8. ASKING FOR SOMEONE’S HELPS (MEMINTA
PERTOLONGAN)
To ask for someone’s help we can use these
expressions
 Can you help me…..?
 Please, help me.
 Can you do me a favour, please?
 Would you be so kind as to……?
9. GIVING HELP TO SOMEONE (MEMBERI
PERTOLONGAN)
To give to someone we can use these expressions
 Let me give you a hand.
 Here. I’ll di it for you.
 May I help you with……
sir/mam/dad/etc?
10. REJECTING SOMEONE’S HELP
To reject someone’s help we can use these
expressions
 No. it’s not necessary
 Thank you for offering, but…..
11. ASKING FOR THINGS OR ITEMS
To ask for things or items we can use these
expressions
 Can I have…..?
 Would you be so kind to give me…..?
 Can you give me……?
 May I have……?
12. OFFERING FOR ITEMS
To offer things we can use these expressions
 Will you have……?
 Do you like…..?
 Could you like……?
 Would you like……?
13. GIVING FOR THINGS OR ITEMS
To give for things or items or something to
someone we can use these expressions
 Take this…..
 Let me give you…..
 Here you are.
 This is for you.
 I’d like to give you….
 Please accept….
14.REJECTING FOR THINGS OR SOMETHING OR ITEMS
To reject things or something or items we can use
these expressions
 No. thank you.
 That’s very kind. But I won’t thank you.
 Not for me. Thanks.
 Not this time. Thanks.

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15. ADMIT A FACT (MENGAKUI FAKTA)
To admit a fact we can use these expressions
 Yes. I admit it.
 Yes. I did….
 Yes. It’s true.
16. DENY A FACT (MENYANGKAL FAKTA)
To deny a fact we can use these expressions
 I’m not lying. Dad (actually you lie)
 No. I didn’t say that. (actually you said it)
 The flower smells good. (actually the
flower smells bad)
17. INVITING SOMEONE (MENGUNDANG SESEORANG)
To invite someone we can use these expressions
 Shall we…..?
 Can you come to……..?
 Would you like to come?
 I’d very much like you to come.
18. ACCEPTING AN INVITATION
To accept an invitation we can use these expression.
 Yes. Certainly I will come.
 Absolutely. Count me in.
 I would. Very much.
 Yes. I’d like nothing better.
19. DECLINING AN INVITATION
To decline an invitation we can use these expressions
 I’m terrible sorry. I don’t think I can.
 I’m very sorry, I can’t.
 Thank you very much, but…..
20. SAYING AGREEMENT
To say that you agree you can use these expressions
 Yes. I agree.
 That’s true.
 I agree with what you said
 Well, if you say so.
 I think so.
 I am with you.
21. SAYING DISAGREEMENT
To say that you disagree you can use these expression
 I don’t agree.
 No. I don’t think…...
 Yes, but don't you think ...?
 Yes, I see but ....
 I don' think so.
 I quite disagree ....
 Sorry, I have to say "No".
22. COMPLIMENT TO SOMEONE (PUJIAN)
To compliment to someone we can use these
expressions
 That’s a nice……. (appearance)
 You’re looking good.(appearance)
 Wow. You’re very clever.
 What a beautiful dress.
 May I say how elegant you look.
 I f I may so, you are quite charming.
 My compliments on your beautiful.
 I really must express my admiration for your
party.
 You are looking good.
 What a charming dress!
 That's a very nice coat!
 You look nice.
 I like your hair style!
 You're terrific/fantastic.
23. CONGRATULATE TO SOMEONE
To congratulate someone we can use these
expressions
 Congratulations.
 Well done.
 Fantastic.
24. HESTITATION (KERAGUAN)
A. Untuk menunjunkan keraguan, kita bisa gunakan
ungkapan-ungkapan.
 I am not too sure……
 I couldn’t say……
 I couldn’t really be sure about…..
 There’s some doubt in my mind
that/about…..
 I am afraid I can’t be certain about…….
 I am not convinced about……
 There is surely some doubt about…..
B. Untuk merespon keraguan, kita bisa
menggunakan ungkapan berikut.
 I am a hundred certain..
 You can be sure about…..
 I have no doubt about…..
 …….absolutely positive/certain.
 It’s quite certain.
 I’m quite convinced that…….
 I don’t think there can be any doubt….
 I’m fairly sure…..
 There can be any doubt…..
24. SURPRISE (KEHERANAN/MENGAGETKAN)
To show surprise we can use these expressions
 Do you Realize that………..
 Surprisingly………..
 Believe it is not…….
 You may not believe it but……..
25. CERTAINLY (KEPASTIAN)
A. To show certainly we can use these expressions
 I am sure (that) …..
 I am certainly (that) …..
 I believe (that) ….

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B. To show uncertainly we can use these
expressions
 I am not sure….
 I am not certain….
 I can not say for a certain….
 I can not decide…….
 I doubt that …..
26. INTRODUCE OURSELF AND OTHERS.
Introduction consist of introduce ourself and others
informal or formal situations.
A.These are some ways to introduce ourself.
 Let me introduce myself. I am…
 Allow me to introduce myself. My
name is…
 I’d like to introduce myself. My
name is….
B.These are some ways to introduce
Someone/others.
 Let me introduce to you……
 I’d like to introduce to you…..
 I’d like you to meet….
 This is….
27. APOLOGY (PERMINTAAN MAAF)
Apology is a statement saying that one is sorry for
having done wrong, hurt, somebody’s feel. These ara
some ways to express apology.
Offering Accepting
 I am sorry
 Excuse me.
 I (do) apologize
 Please forgive me
 Accept my apology
 Forgive me for ….ing
 I’d like to apologize for
….ing
 I’m sorry i…
 I’m really/very/awfully
sorry
 I feel terrible/bad.
 It’s all right
 That’s all
right
 Don’t worry
about it.
 These things
will/do
happen.
 No problem.
Not to
worry
28. GREETING
Greeting is something that you say or to greet
somebody. Greeting used to say hello to someone
when meeting. These are some greetinh and how to
respond.
Greeting Responding
 Good Morning (00.00 –
11.00)
 Good Day (12.00 – 14.00)
 Good Afternoon (13.00 –
18.00)
 Good Evening (18.00 –
24.00)
 Good Night (used to say
goodbye at night)
 Hi.
 Hello.
 How do you do?
 How are you?
 How are you doing?
 How is everything?
 How are things?
 I’m glad/pleased/happy
to meet you.
 It’s nice/good/great to
meet/meeting you.
 Good Morning
 Good Day
 Good Afternoon
 Good Evening
 Good Night
 Hi.
 Hello.
 How do you do?
 Fine. Thak you/not
good.
 Okay. Thank you.
 Not bad. Thanks.
 Allright. Thanks.
 Me too.
 It’s nice/ good/
great to meet/
meeting you too.
29. GRATITUDE (TERIMAKASIH)
Gratitude is an expression to explain thankful. These
are some expression to express gratitude and the
respond.
Expressing Gratitude Responding to gratitude
 Thanks (very much)
 Thank you (very
much)
 I am grateful (to….)
 I want to thank…
 I want to express my
gratitude to….
 I keep forgetting to
thank you for….
 You are (very)
welcome.
 Don’t mention it.
 Not at all.
 It was nothing at all.
 No. problem.
 Glad to be of help.
 I am glad I could
help/do it/be of
help.
 It was very my
pleasure.
30. ADMIRATION (KEKAGUMAN)
To exprresion admiration we can use these expression.
 How + Adj/Adv + S + To Be.
 What + Article + Adj. + N + S + To Be.
 What + Article + N.
For Example :
Expression Response
How Beautiful the flower is. Oh. Thank you.
What a beautiful flower. That’s very kind of you.
What a flower.
It’s very kind of you to
say it.
How nice the spectacles are. Do you really think so?
What nice spectacles Thanks I needed that.
What spectacles You have made my deny

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31. ATTENTION (PERHATIAN)
To attention we can use some expression these.
 Oh. I see.
 Well,….
 Tell me more.
 Really?
 Has it/doesn’t it?
32. REPETITION (PENGULANGAN)
To ask someone to say something again we can use
these expression.
 Pardon?
 Sorry?
 I am sorry.
 Sorry, what did you say?
 I beg your pardon.
 I’m sorry, would you mind repeating it
again?
33. ELLIPTICAL
A. Either dan neither digunakan dalam kalimat
negatif ( - )
Subject + to be not + either.
Neither + to be + Subject.
For Example :
 Wildan doesn’t sing well and Ali doesn’t either.
 Wildan doesn’t sung well amd neither does Ali.
B. Too dan so digunakan dalam kalimat positif (+)
Subject + to be + too.
So + to be + subject.
For Example :
 I like cooking very much and my sister does too.
 I like cooking and so does my sister.
34. SO…., THAT….
We can use the word so and that to relate cause
and effect.
For Example :
The box is very heavy. I can’t lift it.
→ This box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.
35. BOTH … AND; NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO.
A. BOTH … AND
 Iwan like both fishing and camping.
 Mother bought both a shirt and skirt.
B.NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO
 We not only write but also draw.
 Dinda isn’t only smart but also creative.
36. SHOWING HAPPINES
 It's really great. I'm so happy.
 I'm delighted to hear that.
 It gives me a great pleasure.
 Nice news! Or good News! It makes me happy.
 Hooray!
 It's lovely.
37. SHOWING AFFECTION (GIVING ATTENTION)
 What should I do to cheer you up?
 I really care about you?
 Don't you worry. I'm with you.
 What's wrong with you?
 Hope you will be fine.
 Are you OK?
38. SHOWING SYMPHATY
 You have my deepest sympathy.
 What a terrible situation for you.
 I do sympathise (I assure you).
 I'm extremely sorry to hear that.
 I know how it feels
 Oh what a shame ....
 Oh that's awful.
 Oh dear, sorry to hear that.
39. APPOINTMENT (JANJI/KESEPAKATAN)
MAKING ACCEPTION CANCELLING
 How about
Tomorrow
morning?
 Let's meet at ...
o'clock.
 I'll come I
promise.
 I'll be there.
Sorry, I don't
think I can make
it.
I'm so sorry I
can't make it.
40. SURPRISE AND AMAZEMENT
 I must say that ... surprises me.
 I find it astonishing/extraordinary.
 I find that very surprising.
 How very surprising/amazing.
 Well, that's very surprising.
 Really?
 My goodness!
 Are you serious?
 You're kidding!
 That's amazing/extraordinary.
41. SATISFACTION AND DISATISFACTION
SATISFACTION DISATISFACTION
 I’m satisfi ed with ….
 I’m satisfi ed at ….
 I’m glad with what
you’ve done.
 It’s really satisfying.
 Everything was
satisfying.
 I’m not satisfi ed with
 It isn’t very nice.
 It’s really not good
enough.
 I’m dissatisfi ed by ….
 It’s dissatisfying.
 Oh No.
42. GIVING ADVICE
 I suggest that you ....
 She advises me to do the best.
 You should be patient.
 Everyone should not ....
 Why don’t you ...?

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43. GIVING WARNING
 You must not break the rules.
 Please, don’t ....
 I warn you not to ....
 Don’t do that.
 Don’t ....
44. RELIEF (KERINGANAN)
 It’s a relief to know that ....
 Thank God for ....
 I’m glad it was done.
 Thank goodness!
45. PAIN (KESAKITAN)
 I am suffering from a relapse.
 I have toothache.
 I feel sick./I feel ill.
 I’m sick.
 Ouch!
46. PLEASURE (KESENANGNAN)
 It is really delightful./I am delighted.
 It’s really a great pleasure.
 I am pleased.
 That’s great.
 That’s wonderful.
47. OPENING
 Good afternoon. My name is ....
 Good evening, Ladies and Gentlemen.
 Good evening, the distinguished guest, Ladies
and Gentlemen.
48. INTRODUCING THE EVENT
 Welcome to this event.
 I want to welcome you to ....
 It is greatest pleasure to welcome you ...
49. INTRODUCING THE SPEAKER
 Our speaker for this day is ....
 It's our pleasure to have ... here with us.
 Mr/Mrs ... will talk about ....
50. CLOSING
 We have had a fascinating talk ....
 Thank you for your participation.
 Ladies and gentlemen, it's the end of this
reception.
 Thank You
51. EXPRESSING OF LOVE
 I love you/I like you.
 My dear/my love/ my baby/ my honey/ my
darling.
 I’m interested in ...
52. EXPRESSING OF SADNESS
 Please leave me alone.
 I’m really sad.
 How sorrowful it is.
 It is tragic ....
53. ANGER (MARAH)
 Oh, dear!
 Oh, bother!
 What a nuisance!
 Oh no, what’s next?
 That’s the last straw!
54. ANNOYANCE (MENGGANGGU)
 I’m very annoyed.
 It is extremely irritating.
 What a nuisance!
 Oh no!
 It makes me mad.
55. EMBARRASSMENT (MEMALUKAN)
 I’m so embarrassed.
 I’m ashamed, sorry.
 I’m shy to say so.
 It’s embarrassing.
 I‘m bashful to ....
56. REQUEST
a) Giving Request
 Would you mind ...,please?
 Can/Could you ...?
 Will/Would you ...?
 Please ....
b) Accepting Request
 Sure, I’d be glad/happy to ....
 Of course/Certainly.
 No problem.
 Sure. Just a moment.
c) Refusing Request
 I'd loved to,but ...
 It sounds great, but ...
 I’m/sorry,but ....
Sorry to say that ....
57. SUGGESTION
a) Giving Suggestion
 You could (might) ....
 I suggest/recommend that you ...
 You really should/ought to ....
 I strongly advise/urge you to ....
 You’d better....
b) Accepting Suggestion
 That’s a good/ nice/ wonderful,idea/
suggestion.
 Thank you/Thanks. I‘ll do/try that.
 Why didn’t I think of that? I think you’re
right.
c) Rejecting Suggestion
 I tried that, but ...
 Thanks, but that won’t work/help because ..

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 I don’t want to/can’t do that because ...
 That’s a good idea, but ....
58. BLAMING AND AC0USING
(MENUDUH/MENYALAHKAN)
 You are the one to blame.
 I think you're the only person who could
have done it.
 It's your fault.
 It's your fault for (doing something).
59. ADMITTING SOMETHING DOING WRONG
(MENGAKUI KESALAHAN)
 I admit to (doing something).
 I admit that I ….
 I confess to (something).
60. MAKING A PROMISE (JANJI)
 I promise/swear that I ….
 I promise you that ….
 I swear (to do something).
61. SAYING YOU ARE CURIOUS (INGIN TAHU)
 What I’d really like to find out is ....
 I’d be very interested to know ....
 I’ve been meaning to ask you.
 I’d like to know ....
 I wish I knew ....
 I’d love to know ....
 What’s on your mind?
 I wonder ...?
62. DISCUSSING POSSIBILITIES (MEMBICARAKAN
KEMUNGKINAN)
 Would there be any possibility of …?
 Do you think we are capable of …?
 Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
 I think that would be possible ....
 Is it possible to …?
 Yes, there is a possibility ....
63. PERSUADING (MEMBUJUK)
 Would it be possible for you to …?
 Won't you …, please?
 Why don't you …?
 Please!
 Not even for me/for my sake?
 Just this once!
 You're not going to let me down, are you?
 How I can persuade you to …?
 Could you/Couldn't you be persuaded …?
64. ENCOURAGING (MEMBESARKAN HATI)
 Come on ….
 Don't give up.
 Go on!
 Keep at it!
 Keep it up!
 You can do it!
 Stick to it!
 Don't worry, I'm sure you'll do better this
time.
65. ADVISING SOMEONE NOT TO DO SOMETHING
(DETERRING) (MENGHALANGI/MENCEGAH)
 I wouldn't do that if I were you.
 If I were in your position, I wouldn't ….
 I wouldn't … if I were in your shoes.
 You would be well advised to/not to ….
 If I were you I wouldn't ….
 The way I see it, you should/shouldn't ‘….
 I wouldn't recommend ….
 I wouldn't advise ….
 I don't think you ought to ….
 I don't think you should ….
68. EXPRESSING REGRET (PENYESALAN)
 If I had (hadn’t) …, I would (wouldn’t) have …
 I regret doing ….
 I regret ….
 I wish ….
69. EXPRESSING PLANS, INTENTION, AND PURPOSES
(TUJUAN ATAU RENCANA)
 Do you have any plans …?
 What do we want to achieve?
 What's the plan?
 Is that what you want?
70. PREDICTING AND SPECULATING (PREDIKSI DAN
SPEKULASI)
 We can speculate that ….
 I would say ….
 I predict that ….
71. MAKING A JUDGEMENT (PENILAIAN)
 It's … (, amazing, awesome etc).
 It's … (boring, unexciting, poorly written etc).
 It's a/an … (touching story, inspiring book etc).
GRAMMAR REVIEW
1. Using Prepositions of Time
It is important to use correct prepositions to show
time relationship. Study the prepositions of time and the
example.
 Use at with specific times:
at 5:00/at 7:30/at noon/at midnight
 Use from and to with a span of time:
from 6:00 to 9:00/from 1941 to 1945
 Use in with other parts of the day:
in the afternoon/in the morning/in the evening
(exception: at night)

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 Use in with months: in August/in June
 Use in with years: in 19999/in 2001
 Use in with seasons: in the spring/in the summer/in the
winter
2. Simple Past Tense
Affirmative
1. Rosaura ate her meal quickly.
2. Her father looked away in disappointment.
Negative
1. Rosaura did not eat her meal quickly.
2. Her father did not look away in disappointment.
Question
1. Did Rosaura eat her meal quickly?
2. Did her father look away in disappointment?
In affirmative sentence we use verb in past form
whereas in negative and question sentences we use
infinitive. This tense is commonly used in story
telling and when we tell others about past events.
3. Imperatives
1. a. You press the stop button.
b. Dian told Andi, "Press the stop button."
2. a. You plug the power cord into a wall outlet.
b. "Plug the power cord into a wall outlet,"
said mother.
3. a. You make sure the car is in neutral.
b. "Make sure the car is in neutral," said David.
 Imperatives or imperative sentences are used
to give command or to make a request.
e.g. "Stand up," said the teacher. (command)
"Help me," asked the mother. (request)
 Imperative sentences can be used in negative
form. It functions as prohibition.
e.g. "Don't hurry," said father.
"Don't be noisy," the teacher told the pupils.
We use "don't" or "do not" before verbs to state
a prohibition.
 In imperative sentences we can use the word
"do" before verbs. The word "do" could be
persuasive, but could also express irritation.
e.g. “Do come on time”. “Do be quiet”.
4. Passive Voice
1. Fewer foods should be chosen from the meat and
dairy groups in the middle.
2. Even fewer foods should be chosen from the
fats,oils, and sweets at the top of the pyramid.
3. The pipe was replaced by the plumber.
4. Vitamins must be supplied in a person's daily diet.
5. The play was written by Shakespeare.
The sentences above use passive voice. Passive voice is
used when it is not important to know exactly who
performs an action. In passive voice, the object of an
active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. If
the subject of an active sentence is someone or the
people, we do not have to put them in the object of
passive sentence. Some of the verbs cannot be changed
into passive form such as happen, come, sleep, etc. The
form of passive is: be + past participle.
5. Preposition
 “At” is used with times and also with places: at
Niagara Falls, at midnight, at lunch, at Jln. Soka
no.11.
 “In” is used with periods of time and also with
places: in October, in 2005, in the Middle Ages,
in the United States, in Canada, in the park.
 “On” is used with dates and days and also with
places: on Niagara River, on June 18, on
Monday, on the wall.
 “Of” is used with nouns and also with -ing
forms: legs of the table, glance of eye, of
making.
 “Off” is used with verbs: get off, take off, put
off.
 “After/before” is used with period of times, with
pronouns and also with -ing forms: before
winter, before June, after summer, after lunch
time, after me, before him, after reading, before
asking. “For” is used with a period of time: for
one hour, for a week, for ages. For is also
intended to be given to or belong to a particular
person: The Great Sphinx was probably built
for Khafre.

 “During” is used with a period of time: during
our holiday, during the night.
 “While” is used with subject + verb: while you
went out, while she was at the bank.

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Some prepositions with more than one word are
in front of, for the sake of, at the corner of.
Example:
• I stand in front of the class.
• For the sake of God.
• He has to stand at the corner of the classroom.
6. Reported Speech and Direct Speech
1. The truck driver said he did not see the car
approaching.
2. The truck driver said, "I do not see the car
approaching."
Sentence number 1 is a reported speech and
sentence number 2 is a direct speech. Reported
speech is used when we want to report what
someone said. The word order is the same as
direct speech but we don't use certain
punctuation as indirect speech. The tenses in
reported speech normally change. Look at
Direct Speech
1. He said, "I buy a newspaper every day."
2. He said, "I am buying a newspaper."
3. He said, "I have bought a newspaper."
4. He said, "I bought a newspaper."
5. He said, "I will buy a newspaper."
6. He said, "I can buy a newspaper."
7. He said, "I may buy a newspaper."
8. He said, "I must buy a newspaper."
9. He said, "I have to buy a newspaper."
10. He said, "Buy a newspaper."
Reported Speech
1. He said (that) he bought a newspaper every
day.
2. He said he was buying a newspaper.
3. He said he had bought a newspaper.
4. He said he had bought a newspaper.
5. He said he would buy a newspaper.
6. He said he could buy a newspaper.
7. He said he might buy a newspaper.
8. He said he had to buy a newspaper.
9. He said he had to buy a newspaper.
10. He told me to buy a newspaper.
Other changes in adverbial of time and place.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
here there
This that
Now then
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the following day/the
next day
next week the following week
yesterday the day before/the
previous day
last week the week before/the
previous week
two days go two days before
7. Simple Present Tense
a. Lightning occurs in hot, wet storms.
b. Whales are sea-living mammals.
c. Kangaroos eat grass and plants.
d. An iceberg is an enormous piece of ice floating in
the sea.
e. A tiger is a wild animal. The tiger eats meat.
The tense that are used in a report text is the simple present
tense. The simple present tense is used to give general truths
and habitual actions. The sentences above tell you about the
general truth: Everyone knows that a tiger is a wild animal.
And everyone also knows that whales are sea-living
mammals. Besides, everyone also knows that kangaroos eat
grass and plants. That the tiger eats meat, but the tiger does
not eat grass and plants. Verbs that are used in the simple
present tense are: to be (is, am, are) and verb (eat, occurs, etc.)
or the verbs are usually named as infi nitive verbs. The form
of simple present tense:
Subject + Verb + O → Kangaroos eat grass and plants.
Subject + Verb + (–s) + O → The tiger eats meat.
The use of simple present tense in a report text is to define
something.
8. Present Perfect Tense
a) The overuse of rainforests for tourist activities has led
governments to pass laws restricting activities in these
forests.
b) The Daintree region in northern Queensland is
one area where the government has passed laws
regulating rainforests activities.
c) Unfortunately, the widespread destruction of many of
the world's rainforests has caused a signifi cant decline
in the number of plant and animal species on Earth.

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The present perfect tense consists of have/has before the
past participle form of a verb.
 Affirmative Statements
a) He has worked here for a long time.
b) She has been a doctor for two years.
*)Note. Here are some participles: worked (work),
been (be),written (write).
 Negative Statements
a) I haven′t written anything for an hour.
*)Note. Here are contractions with not:
have + not = haven′t;
has + not = hasn′t.
 Interrogative Statements
a) Have you finished your reading?
9. Will and Shall
a. You can use shall or will with I and we.
Example:
We shall begin with a talk by our honourable speaker.
b. In spoken English, the short forms I'll and we'll are
normally used.
Example:
You'll be free to exchange ideas with the professor.
c. The negative of shall is shan't (or shall not).
Example:
I shan't (or I won't) be here tomorrow.
d. Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they.
e) Note that we use shall (not will) in the questions.
Shall I ...? and shall we ...? (for offers, suggestions
etc.):
 Shall I attend the reception? (Do you want me to
attend the reception?)
 Where shall we go this evening?
10. Conjunctions
a) Because my husband, John, tends to snore, I rarely
get more than a couple of hours sleep each night.
b) When he awakens refreshed in the morning, he's
always astonished to fi nd that he has been the cause
of another sleepless night for me.
c) John had severe allergy symptoms, so he took some
medication before he went to bed.
d) The drugs have worn off, and I can't sleep.
e) When Mrs Green retired from her job in a big city,
she went to an attractive village out in the country,
and began to go into the nearest town every Saturday
to buy food.
f) After she had visited the store several times, the
cashier began to recognise her ...
.
g) "He goes to bed immediately after dinner every
night?"
h) He had never seen them before, so he began to
introduce himself.
i) I'm even harder than stone, so do what I tell you.
j) He went to each soldier one after the other and
asked him his name.
k) When I ask a question, answer it!
l) He asked the last soldier after asking the others.
The words in italics are conjunctions.
And and so are connecting words for sentences of equal
importance. There is usually a comma before them.
 And means "in addition". It connects similar ideas or
adds information.
 So means "as a result". It connects an effect to a
reason.
Because and the time words before, after, and when connect
two clauses of unequal importance. There is no comma before
these words.
 Because gives a reason
 Before: sequence of events. Took some medication
is the fi rst action, went to bed is the second action.
 After: sequence of events. Asking the others is the fi
rst action, asked the last soldier is the second one.
 When means "at that time".
11. Conjunctives
1. However, no matter what school a parent chooses to
send his or her children to, care needs to be taken to
access the type and the quality of education that is
being offered.
2. As a result, Dino is now a very busy student.
3. Consequently, children cannot digest the materials
properly.
The words in italics are adverbs ( conjunctives). Those
conjunctives join ideas within the sentences or with ideas in
other sentences or paragraphs. Other adverbs ( conjunctives):
• also • in addition to
• as well • nevertheless
• besides • too
• therefore • subsequently
• furthermore

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12. Pronoun
Pronouns are used to replace a noun already referred to, that
is, we use them instead of repeating the noun:
e.g. The Duck decided to go to the river. She took a lot of food
with her.
... the frog had a huge pile of food. He picked it all up ... This
house will go to the children. It will be theirs after my death.
The pronoun it is used in some impersonal expressions.
e.g. It was a beautiful summer's day. It is raining.
We distinguish three persons to which pronouns refer
The persons speaking: I and we (first person)
The persons speaking to: you (second person)
The persons spoken about: he/she and they (third person)
The things spoken about: it and they (third person)
13. Before and After
Before and after are used if we want to express an order
of events. We can use the following form.
1. Before + clause 1 (S, V ,O) + clause 2 (S, V, O)
After + Subordinate clause + Main clause
For example:
 Before she attended the class, she would prepare
everything.
 After hearing the news she felt relieved.
2. Before + noun phrase (V+ing) + clause 2
(SVO) After + Subordinate clause + Main
clause
For example:
 Before watching the movie, we must buy the
tickets.
 After losing his job, the man became extremely
depressed.
14. Passive Voice
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning
with by if we want to mention the agent–the person or
thing that does the action, or that causes what
happens.
 Water is also released into the atmosphere by
plants through photosynthesis.
Passive Verb Form
We normally make passive forms of a verb by
using tenses of the auxiliary be followed by
the past participle (=pp) of the verb. Here is a
list of all the passive forms of an ordinary
English verb, with their names.
Tenses Patterns
Simple present am/are/is + pp
Present continuous am/are/is being + pp
Simple past was/were+ pp
Past continuous was/were being + pp
Present perfect have/has been+ pp
Past perfect had been + pp
Will future will be + pp
Future perfect will have been + pp
Going to future am/are/is going to be + pp
Modal auxiliaries (will, can, should, ought to, must, have
to, may, and might) are often used in the passive.
15. Even though, Although, and Though
1. Even though birth control has gained in
acceptance, opposition to the practice
continues.
2. Although birth control has gained in
acceptance, opposition to the practice
continues.
3. Though birth control has gained in
acceptance, opposition to the practice
continues.
All of the sentences above have the same meaning.
We use conjunctions even though, although, though to
show opposition or an unexpected result.
They could have a good conversation.
 Black, tired, good, unknown, and whole are
adjectives.
 An adjective can be placed after an article or
before a noun. An adjective can modify nouns
as Subjects or Objects.
 The adjectives placed after to be are Predicate.
Form: modal + be + past participle

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16. Noun Phrases
Study the following phrases. They are taken from the
text you have read in the previous activity.
• an old grandmother
• a gold snail
• the eldest daughter
• the fence hole
• an awful beggar
• a handsome man
• delicious food on the table
These phrases are called noun phrases. A phrase is a noun
and its modifiers. Noun can be modified by adjectives,
articles, determiners, participles and infinitives. The word
that is modified is often called the head word. Words that
come before the head word are called premodifiers.
Words that come after it are called postmodifiers.
17. Adjectives Ending in -ing and -ed
Study these sentences. Pay attention to the word in
Bold face.
 To Kill a Mockingbird is filled with interesting
characters like Dill, and Scout makes them all
seem just as real as the people in your own
hometown.
 Dill and Boo and Jem are all fascinating, but
the most important character in the book is
Scout’s father, Atticus Finch.
If something or someone is -ing, it makes you -ed. Or
someone is -ed if something (or someone) is -ing. So:
 I am interested in characters in To Kill a
Mockingbird.
 I am fascinated by Dill and Boo and Jem.
There are many pairs of adjective ending -ing and -ed.
For examples:
Fascinating fascinated
Exciting excited
Amusing amused
Amazing amazed
Astonishing astonished
Shocking shocked
Disgusting disgusted
horrifying horrified
terrifying terrified
frightening frightened
depressing depressed
worrying worried
annoying annoyed
exhausting exhausted
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