Essential guide to plumbing systems and components

P l u m b i n g
D
efi ni ti on
the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings
for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
and/or ingredients and removing them; and such
water, liquid and other carried-
wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life
and property; also the
pipes and fixtures after installation
i.e., the ‘plumbing system’
- NPC 217.6

H i s t o r y
Pl um
bi ng Practi ce i n the
Phi l i ppi nes
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code for the
City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.

H i s t o r y
On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and
approved by Malacañang.
Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541
otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines”
was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as
referral code in full text.
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted
the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President
Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to
Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962
which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law
of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon
Magsaysay.

3
2
1
P r i n c i p l e s
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall
be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water,
neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to
backflow or back- siphonage.
22 Basi c Pri nci pl es of the
Pl um
bi ng Code
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
4
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.

6
5
P r i n c i p l e s
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with
a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the
sewer system.
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water
closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
7
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall
be located in ventilated enclosures.
8
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.

9
P r i n c i p l e s
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.
10
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system
shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
11
The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
12
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
13
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.

P r i n c i p l e s
14
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be
allowed to enter the building drainage system.
15
Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.
16
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
17
If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision
shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.

20
19
P r i n c i p l e s
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to
be accessible for their intended use.
18
Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.
21
Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and
the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
22
Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.

C o m p o n e n t s
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
PLUMBING FIXTURES
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

Nature of Water
The W
ater Cycl e:
3 M
aj or
Phases:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation

The Plumbing Cycle
Com
ponents & Fl ow i n W
ater
System
s:
S U P P L Y
Water Mains,
Storage Tanks
DISTRIBUTION
Pressure,
Piping
Networks
U S E
Plumbing
Fixtures
COLLECTION
Gravity,
Piping
Networks
TREATMENT
Sewage Plants,
Natural
Purification
S O U R C E
Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs
Treated water
returned to the
original source
DISPOSAL
Sanitary and
Storm Sewers

The Plumbing Cycle
W
ater Functi ons D
i agram
:
SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL
Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always
be only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
The two sides should always be carefully separated
from each other

W
A
TER D
I STRI BUTI O
N
SYSTEM

Sources of Water
For D
om
esti c Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES
Rain
Water
DISADVANTAGES
Water is soft &
pure and is
suitable for the
hot water
supply system
Only a source
during the wet
season;
Storage
becomes a
breeding place
for mosquitoes;
Roofs may not
be clean
Collected from
roofs of
buildings and
special water
sheds and
stored in
cisterns or
ponds;
Cistern water
for drinking
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized

Sources of Water
For D
om
esti c Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Natural
Surface
Water
Obtained from
ponds, lakes
and rivers
Easy to
acquire;
Usually in large
quantities;
Used for
irrigation,
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
Contains a large
amounts of
bacteria, organic,
& inorganic
substances;
Purification &
treatment is
necessary

Sources of Water
For D
om
esti c Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES
Ground
Water
DISADVANTAGES
Obtained from
underground by
means of
mechanical &
manual
equipment;
From springs
and wells and is
the principal
source of water
for domestic
use in most
rural areas
Usually has an
abundant
supply;
requires less
treatment
because of
natural filtering
May have
organic matter &
chemical
elements;
treatment is
suggested;
Character of
ground water, its
hardness,
depends upon
the nature and
condition of the
soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates

Water Treatment
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
1. Acidity Entrance of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
pipes
Rusting &
clogging of
steel pipes
Raising alkaline
content by the
introduction of
a neutralizer
(sodium
silicate)
2. Hardness Presence of
magnesium and
calcium salts
Clogging of
pipes
Impaired
laundry and
cooking
Boiling
Use of an ion
exchanger
(zeolite
process)
3. Turbidity Silt or mud in
surface or in
ground
Discoloration
Bad taste
Filtration

Quality of Water
W
ater Q
ual i ty Probl em
s &
Thei r Correcti on:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
4. Color Presence of
Iron and
manganese
 Discoloration of
fixtures
and laundry
Oxidizing
filter
5. Pollution Contamination
by organic
matter or
sewage
Disease Chlorination

Water Treatment
Treatm
ent & Puri fi cati on:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium
REASONS FOR TREATMENT
Produces hardness
Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to
plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive
Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,
interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes
Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis
Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains
clothing
Algae Bad taste & odor

Water Treatment
Treatm
ent & Puri fi cati on:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide
METHOD OF TREATMENT
Aeration
Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process
Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration
Calcium &
Magnesium
Addition of water softeners
Iron Iron Filters
Sulfur Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs Disinfection
Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration

Purification of Water
AERATION
COAGULATION &
PRECIPITATION
praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it
over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
S
ddition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the
water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a
gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is
gathered in large dumps and disposed of.
A

Purification of Water
FILTRATION
CHLORINATION
SEDIMENTATION
ater is passed through layers of sand
and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.
W
ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill
the harmful bacteria.
W
ater is passed through basins
so sediments can settle
through a period of time
W

Wells & Pumps
(Types Accordi ng to M
ethod of Constructi on)
Dug Well
Most common type
Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
I ndi vi dual W
el l Spri ngs:
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
(General ):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Types of W
el l s

Wells & Pumps
Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven in by hand or
with power tools
Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as
“Sand-Point Wells”
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters,
but can reach 40+ meters with power tools
Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser

Wells & Pumps
Driven Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Depths are from 10-15 meters

Wells & Pumps
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank /
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Locati ng
a W
el l :
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration

Wells & Pumps
M
ethods of W
el l Screeni ng:
Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.
Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide
additional screening

Wells & Pumps
Piston Pumps
2 Basi c Types of Pum
ps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;
Double Action (water is drawn
in with either stroke)
Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

Wells & Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force

Wells & Pumps
Types/Cl assi fi cati ons of Pum
ps
Reciprocating Pumps
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge
from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when
the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is
introduced to regulate the pulsation.

Jet Pumps
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up
from a well.
There are four types of Jet Pumps:
Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications
Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells
Convertible Jet Pumps can
be used for deep wells
and shallow wells
Miniature Jet Pumps are
used for small applications
Wells & Pumps

Wells & Pumps
Rotary Pumps
Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids
Submersible Pumps
Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible
Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number of
styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid

Wells & Pumps
Turbine Pumps
Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers
Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM

Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Tanks for domestic use:
Overhead Tanks
Cisterns
Pressure Tanks
Hot Water Tanks
-Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to
fixtures below
-Usually made of galvanized steel,
stainless steel, or reinforced concrete,
it can come in various shapes and sizes
-Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump

Gravi ty Suppl y Tanks
Main Components:
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
Used in Overhead Feed System

Pneum
ati c W
ater Tanks:
Used in the Air Pressure System
Often used with a pump
Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which
relieves pressure automatically if necessary

Types of H
ot W
ater Tanks:
Range Boiler
Storage Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel

Controls & Valves
Functi on of Val ves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
Rul es Regardi ng Locati on
of Val ves:
Locate & distribute valves in such
a manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they are not
too visible while remaining
accessible to users

Controls & Valves
Types of Val ves:
Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line
(does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent
2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
The Double Disc Valve

Controls & Valves
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet
3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling
The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
-for shutting
The Composition Disc Valve
-for steam and hot water

Controls & Valves
Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal
of flow (backflow) in the line
4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve
The Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve
Horizontal Check Valve

Controls & Valves
Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints
Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the
pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’

Controls & Valves
Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure

Controls & Valves
Types of Faucets/Bi bbs:
Compression
Cock
Operates by the
compression of a
soft packing upon
a metal sheet
Key Cock Operates with a
round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose
Ball Faucet Constructed with a
ball connected to
the handle

Water Distribution System
Water Hammer
D
efects i n W
ater D
i stri buti on System
s:
a knocking in the pipes caused when
faucets in the lower levels are shut off
abruptly or automatically
WATER HAMMER
BACK SIPHONAGE
Back Siphonage
the force exerted by the decelerating
water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe
‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or
substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of
water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.

Expansion / Contraction
D
efects i n W
ater D
i stri buti on System
s:
Pipes expand and contract due to
continuous changes in temperature
Expansion/ Contraction
Friction Head Loss
Friction Head Loss
An air space should be provided to
allow for breathing room
Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes
contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of
water flow
There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small
diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings

Direct Pressure Distribution
Cl assi fi cati on of Publ i c W
ater
D
i stri buti on:
Water is obtained through a large intake
installed on the lake basin & extended
into deep water
DIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Components:
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant

Indirect Pressure Distribution
Cl assi fi cati on of Publ i c W
ater
D
i stri buti on:
DIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Water is taken form a drilled well or
underground water INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Involves individual special mechanical
equipment

Cold Water Distribution
System
Service Pipe
Parts of the Col d W
ater D
i stri buti on
System(Potabl e & Tap):
pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the
building served
SERVICE PIPE
WATER METER
HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
MAIN
Water Meter
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service
Horizontal Supply Main
the principal water distribution pipe
running from the water meter from
which the various branches and
risers to the fixtures are taken.

System
Riser
a water supply pipe extending
vertically to one full story or more
to convey water into pipe branches
or plumbing fixtures
SERVICE PIPE
WATER METER
HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
MAIN
RISER
FIXTURE BRANCH
CONTROLS & VALVES
STORAGE TANKS
Fixture Branch
the water supply pipe between the
fixture supply pipe and the water-
distributing pipe
Controls & Valves
used for control, isolation and repair
of the water distribution system
Storage Tanks
Parts of the Col d W
ater D
i stri buti on
System(Potabl e & Tap):

System
Upfeed System
Direct Upfeed
- Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
UPFEED SYSTEM
Types of Col d W
ater D
i stri buti on
System
s (w
i thi n bui l di ngs):

System
UPFEED SYSTEM
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
- When pressure supplied by city water
supply is not strong enough
- Compressed air is used to raise and
push water into the system

System
UPFEED SYSTEM
DOWNFEED OR
GRAVITY SYSTEM
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System
- Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.

System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps &
tanks.
1. Pressure from water main is
inadequate to supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.
Upfeed System
Air Pressure System
1. With compact pumping unit.
2. Sanitary due to air tight water
chamber.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air
serves as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of
about 10 stores intervals.
1. Water supply is affected by loss of
pressure inside the tank in case of
power interruption.

System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Water is subject to contamination.
2. High maintenance cost.
3. Occupies valuable space.
4. Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional
load of tank and water.
1. Water is not affected by peak load
hour.
2. Not affected by power
interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken
parts does not affect water supply.
Overheadfeeed System

Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the H
ot W
ater D
i stri buti on
System
s (w
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation
Hot water is immediately
drawn form the fixture any time
Provided economical circulating
return of unused hot water
Larger pipe is installed at the
top of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the lower
floors of the building

System
Types of the H
ot W
ater D
i stri buti on
System
s (w
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Hot water rises on to
the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)
Water distribution is
dependent on the
expansion of hot
water & gravity.
Larger pipe is installed
at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper
floors of the building

System
Types of H
ot W
ater D
i stri buti on
System
s (w
Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings

Hot Water Consumption
KIND OF
BUILDING
GALLONS PER
PERSONS PER HOUR
Office Buildings
School Buildings
Apartment Buildings
Hotels
Factories
Residential
4 to 5
2 to 3
8
8 to 10
4 to 6
10
Working Load of Hot Water Systems
KIND OF BUILDING
AVERAGE WORKING
LOAD
School, Office & Industrial types
Apartments & Residences
Hotels & Restaurants
25%
35%
50%

System
2 Types of W
ater H
eati ng System
s:
Hot Water Space Heating System
Hot Water Supply System
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Not a closed system which operate on much higher
temperature
Protecti on of H
ot W
ater Tank:
System Relief Valve
Temperature & Pressure Relief
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System
Used for Hot Water Supply System

Water & Water Supply for
Fire Fighting
Suppl yi ng W
ater for
Fi re Protecti on System
s:
The Elevated Water Tank
The Underground Water Reservoir
Types of
Fi re Protecti on System
s:
Dry Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
Automatic / Sprinkler System

Fire Fighting
No longer being utilized in new
buildings, provided other systems
are employed (otherwise must
be installed in buildings 4 levels
or more)
Dry Standpipe System
How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building
exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire
department
The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of
the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily
for use as water conveyor in case of fire
CONNECT TO
FIRE HOSE
As much as possible, standpipes should be located in
stairway landings

Fire Fighting
Wet Standpipe System
How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected
to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building
(at least 1 standpipe on each level)
Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or
galvanized steel
The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that
all portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a
nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long
The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for
those less than 15 meters form the fire service
connection. For those more than 15 meters from the fire
service connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm

Fire Fighting
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
How it works: a piping
network directly connected
to the main water line,
connects to all levels of a
building; additionally, a
Siamese Connection is
located outside the building
for additional water supply

Fire Fighting
Automatic / Sprinkler System
There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler
Systems: the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry

Smoke Detectors &
Sprinkler Heads
Spaci ng of Spri nkl er H
eads:
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads
KIND OF BUILDING
COVERAGE OF ONE
SPRINKLER HEAD
Light Hazard Occupancy
Extra hazard Occupancy
20 square meters
10 square meters
Special Installation Requirements
At least one fire department connection on each frontage
A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies
other than fire department connections
Special fire walls between protected areas
Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry
away waste water

Smoke Detectors &
Sprinkler Heads
Types of Sprinkler Heads
Upright- used above piping
when piping is exposed
Pendent- projects through
a finished ceiling when
piping is exposed

Plumbing Fixtures
D
efi ni ti on:
Receptacles which are used to provide, receive
and discharge water, liquid and water-carried
wastes into a drainage system with which they
are connected to
Cl assi fi cati ons:
Soil Scullery Bathing
Water Closets
Urinals
Slop Sinks
Kitchen Sinks
Laundry Tubs
Lavatories
Bathtubs
Shower Baths
Bidets
Foot/Sitz Tub
Shower Receptors
Shower Compartments
Bar Sinks

Soil Fixtures
Types:
According to Type of Flushing
Flush Tank water closets
Direct Flush Valve
( DFV water closets)
WATER CLOSETS
-Flushing action can be
obtained directly from a flush
valve connected into the bowl
Setti ng:
Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Water closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m

Soil Fixtures
According to Flush Tank Types
Integral Flush Tank
Close Coupled Flush Tank
Low Flush Tank
High Flush Tank

Soil Fixtures
According to Mounting
Floor Mounted
Wall Hung

Soil Fixtures
According to Flushing Action
- Flushes through a simple
wash down action
Wash Down
- Discharges waste into a
trapway located at the front
of the bowl
- Has a bulge on the front
- Has a small amount of
standing water
- Cost less but is least
efficient and noisiest

Soil Fixtures
- Has a larger trapway
making it less likely to clog
Siphon Jet
- Quieter flushing action
- Retains a large amount of
standing water
- Flushes through a siphon
action created in the trapway
Reverse Trap

Soil Fixtures
Direct Flush Valve - flushing action is obtained
directly from a flush valve
connected into the bowl
- Less noisy and very
efficient
Siphon Vortex
- Flushing action is started
by a whirlpool motion
followed by a complete
flush down
- Retains a large amount of
standing water

Soil Fixtures
Squat Type Washout
Other Types of Water Closets

Soil Fixtures
OCCUPANCY MIN. WC KIND & NO. OF USERS
Dwelling or Apartment 1 family
Elementary Schools 1
2
1
for 1-20 persons
For 21-50 persons
per additional 50 persons
Assembly Places
(Theaters and Auditoriums- for
public use)
1
2
3
3
4
8
1
2
per 1-100 males
per 101-200 males
per 201-400 males
per 1-50 females
per 51-100 females
per 101-200 females
per additional 500 males over 400
per additional 300 females over 400
Dormitories 1
1
1
per 10 males
per 8 females
per additional 25 males, 20 females
Industrial 1
2
3
4
5
1
per 1 - 10 persons
for 11 - 25 persons
for 26 - 50 persons
for 51 - 75 persons
for 76 - 100 persons
per additional 30 persons in excess of 100
Minimum Requirements for Water Closets

Soil Fixtures
Types:
Wall Hung
URINALS
Pedestal
Through
Stall

Soil Fixtures
Setti ng:
Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m
Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m
Fl ushi ng:
Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing
tanks. (NPC 408.1)
Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging
a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled
flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals.
(NPC 408.2)

Soil Fixtures
OCCUPANCY MIN. # KIND & NO. OF
USERS
Schools:
Elementary
Secondary
1
1
per 75 males
per 35 males
Office or Public Building 1
2
3
4
1
per 1-100 males
per 101-200 males
per 201-400 males
per 401-600 males
For each additional 300 males
Assembly Places
( Theaters and auditoriums)-
for public use)
1
2
3
4
1
per 1-100 males
per 101-200 males
per 201-400 males
per 401-600 males
For each additional 500 males
Dormitories 1
1
Per 25 males
per 50 males in excess of 150
Industrial and Commercial 0 0
Minimum Requirements for Urinals

Scullery Fixtures
KITCHEN SINKS
Materials:
Cast Iron Enamel
Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel
Stainless Steel
Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.

M
ateri al s:
Cement or Cement with Tiles
Porcelain
Scullery Fixtures
BAR SINKS
SLOP SINKS
Where janitors clean & leave their mops
LAUNDRY TUBS

Scullery Fixtures
LAVATORIES
Types:
Pedestal
Pullman or Counter
Wall Hung
Through

Bathing Fixtures
BATHTUBS
with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access
pump
WHIRLPOOL
BATHS
circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of
the trap
pump and circulation piping shall be self draining
JACUZZIS
Brand Name of
luxury type bathtubs

Bathing Fixtures
BIDETS
Setti ng:
Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m
Used for cleaning private parts
Sometimes referred to as
female urinals

Bathing Fixtures
FLOOR DRAINS
With approved-type hinged strainer plate
having the sum of the areas of the small
holes of the waterway equal to the cross-
sectional area of the tailpiece
Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange
around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk
outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor
SHOWER RECEPTORS
Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4%
slope.
Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door.
For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.

Bathing Fixtures
SHOWER BATHS/
COMPARTMENTS
Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall
be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle.
This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower
drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the
fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails.
Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more
than 4.9 m apart.
Metal enclosure containing
shower head, valves and faucets

SA
N
I TARY D
RAI N
AGE
SYSTEM

Sanitary Piping Layout
The pipes should take the shortest possible route to
the house sewer or the terminating point of the
Sanitary system
Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
efficient circulation
General Rul es i n desi gni ng
the Sani tary system
:
Waste Collection System
Subsystem
s of the
Sani tary System
:
Ventilation System

used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system
and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vent Pipe
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Trap
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Stack
Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Branch
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Waste Pipe

Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
House/Building Sewer
House/Building Drain
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other
drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.
NPC 203.3

Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
CH
A
N
GES I N D
I RECTI O
N O
F SA
N
I TA
RY D
RAI N
AGE LI N
ES

Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
Horizontal to vertical change in direction
use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8
bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweeps.
No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level
shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of
the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the
largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose
are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)

Sanitary Drainage Lines
UN
I T O
F M
EA
SUREM
EN
T O
F SI ZES
O
F SA
N
I TA
RY D
RA
I N
A
GE LI N
ES
The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the
amount of waste it carries.
A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5
gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to
the Fixture Unit (F.U.)
The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size
of required trap.

ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT
Maximum Trap Loading
1 32 mm 1
2 38 mm 3
3 51 mm 4
4 76 mm 6
5 102 mm 8
Exception: On self-service laundries.
ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT
Discharge Capacity
1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2
3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6
Notes:
1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s
shall be determined by the
Administrative Authority.
2.For a continuous flow into a
drainage system, such as
from sump pump or ejector,
air-conditioning equipment or
similar devices, two (2)
fixture units shall be allowed
for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s

Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2%
or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street
sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building
plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not
less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the
Administrative Authority
M
INIM
UMSLO
PE O
F
SA
NITA
RY D
RA
INA
G
E LINES

Traps & Interceptors
Types of Perm
i ssi bl e Traps:
The Common P-Trap
Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly used for the
P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
The Deep Seal P-Trap
Water seal is about twice the size of
The common P-trap
Used for extreme conditions because
resealing quality is greater

The Running Trap
Used within the line of
the house drain
The Stand Trap
Used for fixtures such as slop sinks
that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap
Serves as a water seal & structural
support for the fixture

Types of Perm
i ssi bl e Traps:
The Drum Trap
Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains)

Types of Prohi bi ted Traps:
Traps with movable parts or concealed interior
partitions
The S-Trap
Predecessor of P-traps
No fixtures shall be double-trapped
Used before traps
had to connect to a
ventilation line

Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall
be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
REQ
UI REM
EN
TS:
Only one trap shall be permitted
on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
One trap, centrally located, may
serve three single compartment
sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories,
adjacent to each other and in the
same room, where their waste outlets
are not more than 0.75 m apart.

SI ZE O
F TRAPS:
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.
Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less
than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.

Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures
ITEM
NO.
FIXTURE
TRAP & TRAP
ARM SIZE
DRAINAGE
FIXTURE
UNITS
1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets 38 mm 2
3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2
4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2
5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3
7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1
8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4
9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6

I N
STA
LLA
TI O
N O
F TRAPS:
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and
the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the
top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or
similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
Note: In no case shall
the trap distance be less
than 2 times the diameter
of the trap arm.
TRAP ARM
DIAMETER
DISTANCE
TO VENT
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
32 mm 0.76 m
38 mm 1.07 m
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for
a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.

I N
D
USTRI AL I N
TERCEPTO
RS (CLA
RI FI ERS) &
SEPARATO
RS:
Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and
retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal
wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge
into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of
not less than 152 mm deep.
Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any
establishment which discharges wastewater with
considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall
drain through a screening device and thence into a grease
interceptor.
Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning
machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected
against storm or surface water and shall drain into an
interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the
effluent reaches the public stream.

Clean-outs
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line
with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
REQ
UI REM
EN
TS:

Clean-outs
Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such
line is serving sinks or urinals.
on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72
deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)

Clean-outs
SI ZE O
F CLEAN
-O
UTS:
Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe
served
SIZE OF
PIPE
SIZE OF
CLEANOUT
THREADS
PER 25.4MM
Clean-Out Size
38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
64 mm 64 mm 8
76 mm 64 mm 8
102 mm & larger 89 mm 8

Clean-outs
I N
STALLATI O
N O
F
CLEAN
-O
UTS:
Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the
direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow
except in the case of a wye branch.
Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a
wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance
of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a
front clearance of 450 mm.
Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or
above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building
when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750
horizontal clearance to the means of access.
No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be
located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or
crawl hole.

Vents & Venting System
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to
maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the
system
Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
VEN
TI LATI O
N

Main Soil & Waste Vent
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary
system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
Stack
The portion where waste does not
travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
M
ai n Types: VENTS

Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are
connected.
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’

Individual Vent or Back Vent
a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that
connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.

O
ther Types:
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.

Relief Vent
a vertical vent line that provides
additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a
“yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.

Yoke or By-pass Vent
a pipe connecting upward from a soil
or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.

Circuit Vent
a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
Serves a battery of fixtures

Looped Vent
a vertical vent connection on a
horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
connected there
Used in spaces without partitions

Wet Vent
that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.

Local Vent
a pipe or shaft to convey foul air
from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
Dry Vent
a vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes.

Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Stack Vent
the extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.

Vents REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure through venting.
Vents NOT REQUIRED
on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly
trapped and vented.
Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into
a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
REQ
UI REM
EN
TS:

SI ZE O
F VEN
TS:
The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length
and the total number of fixture units connected thereto.
The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32
mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter
of the drain to which it is connected.

Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS
All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or
sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest
level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.
All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the
roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent
at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof”
(VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the
connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.
Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be
served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an
approved double branch fitting.

VENT TERMINATION
VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above
the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface
nearby.
Each vent opening shall terminate:
Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street
boundary lines.
Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part
of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend
not less than 2.10 m above such roof.

VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS
Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys
above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent
stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper
terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at
ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent”
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch
connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above
the same floor to provide a relief vent.
The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed
1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch
at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch
serving that floor.
The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than
either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.

SA
NITA
RY SYSTEMPRO
BLEM
S:
Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Siphonage- direct and momentum

Retardation of flow
Deterioration of the Materials
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
Back Pressure Capillary Attraction
Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal
- Due to the formation of acids

INDIRECT WASTE PIPING,
WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES
Indirect Waste Pipe
– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.

GREA
SE TRAPS:
For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters,
cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium,
factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for
individual dwelling units.
No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an
approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second
(54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm).
House Drain Appliances
Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not
less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet,
whichever is greater.
No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease
interceptor or grease trap.
HO
USE D
RA
IN A
PPLIA
N
CES:

Earth Cooled Grease Trap
GREASE TRAPS:
2 Main Types
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the
drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line
stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage
disposal.
Mechanical Grease Trap

Operating Principles (separation of grease from water):
grease suspended in waste floats to the surface
Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap

TOTAL # OF
FIXTURES
CONNECTED
REQUIRED
RATE OF
FLOW
GREASE
RETENTION
CAPACITY
Grease Trap Capacity
1 76 L/ min. 18 Kg
2 95 L/ min. 23 Kg
3 132 L/ min. 32 Kg
4 189 L/ min. 45 Kg

HOUSE TRAPS:
Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall
of the building
DRAIN TILES:
Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the
basement walls & foundation
Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house
drain or sump pit

Garage Traps:
a.k.a. garage catch basin
Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at the
lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.

Back Flow Valves:
Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of
back flows
Similar to check valves

Sewage Ejectors:
Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (which
are usually higher than basement levels)

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SEPTIC TANKS
D
efi ni ti on:
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed
to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and
allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water
and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of
the water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process;
where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to
various disposal outlets

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Bacteri a i n septi c tank
to encourage decom
posi ti on:
Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
oxygen

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Minimum
dimensions-
L= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SI N
GLE CH
A
M
BER SEPTI C TA
N
K:

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural
calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.
D
ESI GN CRI TERI A
:
PLANS:
shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and
scum accumulations.
QUALITY OF DESIGN:
constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay, shall be watertight.
MATERIALS:
Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity;
shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid
depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
COMPARTMENTS:
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension;
one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required
over the baffle wall.
MANHOLES:
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion
chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible
from the manhole

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the
sewer pipe
SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR
VERTICAL LEGS:
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not
less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below
the water surface
LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8
mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.
equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
VENT DIAMETER:

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
AIR SPACE:
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the
back vent openings.
PARTITION (between compartments):
An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in
no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed
in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of
the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden
baffles are prohibited.
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa
STRUCTURE:

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by
the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all
plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
CAPACITY:
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system
shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its
drainage field.
Should not be located underneath the house
LOCATION:
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system

SEWERS
3 degrees or grades of
w
aste w
ater:
Grey Water (or Area Water)
Black Water
Storm Water
Waste water with the exception of human wastes
Water plus solid and liquid human wastes
Rainwater only
From laundries, wash basins, sinks, tubs, etc.

SEWERS
CLA
SSI FI CATI O
N O
F SEW
ERS:
Combination Public Sewers
Storm Sewers
Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)

Termination points of individual units or structures
2 TYPES O
F SAN
I TARY SEW
ERS:
Tributary Sewers
Usually round shaped, with diameters between
0.60 to 1.2 meters
Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often
installed by the curb line, before the street
SEWERS
Normally laid in the Northern or Eastern side of
streets with east-west or north-south orientations

a.k.a. ‘collecting sewers’
Intercepting Sewers
Termination points of tributary sewers
Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30
meters in depth
Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective
opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters
Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%
Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and
pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the
waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant
SEWERS

Sewers REQUIRED
Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the
public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected
to an approved private sewage disposal system.
REQ
UI REM
EN
TS:
Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it
is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or
exterior drainage facility.
Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private
sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new
public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary
condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or
fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the
public sewer.
SEWERS

It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags,
flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils,
grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause
damage to the public sewer or private disposal system.
D
AM
A
GE TO PUBLI C SEW
ER O
R PRI VA
TE
SEW
A
GE D
I SPO
SA
L SYSTEM
No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into
any excreta drainage system.
No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under
drain system shall be connected to the excreta building
sewer leading to a public sewer main.
No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a
private or public sewage disposal system.
SEWERS

SI ZE O
F SEW
ER:
The minimum size of any building sewer shall be
determined on the basis of the total number of fixture units
drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller
than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building
drain.
SEWERS

I N
STA
LLA
TI O
N O
F SEW
ER:
Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a
uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the
point of disposal.
Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer,
structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to
obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in dia
may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and
those 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less
than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)
SEWERS

Location of building sewer in relation to other services is
shown below.
0.60 m from any building or structure
15.2 m from water supply wells
15.2 m from streams
0.30 m from domestic supply pipes
0.30 m from public water main
No building sewer shall be
installed less than 0.6 M
from the outer face of any
building foundation, nor
less than 0.3 M below the
finish surface of the ground.
SEWERS

the water pipe is placed
on a solid shelf excavated
at one side of the common
trench with a minimum
horizontal distance of at
least 0.3 m from the sewer
or drain pipe
(NPC 1208.1.2).
the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M
above the top of the sewer pipe
(NPC 1208.1.1),
Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which
are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in
the same trench as water pipes unless:
SEWERS

SEWERS
Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or
materials which are not approved for use within a building
shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or
drain pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3
meters away from sewer line in both directions.

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL FIELDS
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for
structures with large adjacent open fields

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the
water table.
DISTANCE FROM WATER TABLE:
WITH SEEPAGE PIT:
Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit
excavation and the pipe extending from such points to the
seepage pit shall be watertight.
dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated
sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and;
the type of soil found in the excavation.
AREA:

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character
and porosity of the surrounding soil.
SEEPAGE PITS
CAPACITY:
Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than
2.2 m and to be lined with clay or concrete brick.
SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT:
a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the
discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to
seep through pit bottom and sides

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Brick lining shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 17225 kPa.
STRENGTH:
served through a distribution
box or shall be connected in
series by means of a watertight
connection. The outlet shall
have a vented leg fitting extending
304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.
MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS:

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
CESSPOOLS
a non-watertight lined
excavation in the ground
which receives the discharge
of a sanitary drainage system,
designed to retain the organic
matter but permitting the liquid
to seep through the pit bottom
and sides

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public
sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be
available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water
conditions are favorable;
TEMPORARY PERMITS:
As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an
existing cesspool;
As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or
temporary uses.

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
PRIVIES
Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of
organic waste. Consists of a vault
constructed of concrete for the collection
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of
grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other
ingredients which may affect the operation of a private
sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall
be installed.
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL
SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL
REQUIREMENTS:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank
or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.
DISPOSAL:

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GEN
ERA
L GUI D
ELI N
ES FO
R PRI VATE SEW
AGE
D
I SPO
SA
L SYSTEM
S
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE IN CLEAR
REQUIRED FROM
BLDG
SEWER
DISPOSAL
FIELD
SEEPAGE
PIT OR
CESSPOOL
SEPTIC
TANK
1 Buildings or
structures*
0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
2 Property line
Adjoining private
Property
Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m
3 Water supply
wells
15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m
4 Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m
5 Trees - 3 m - 3 m

Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GEN
ERA
L GUI D
ELI N
ES FO
R PRI VATE SEW
AGE
D
I SPO
SA
L SYSTEM
S
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE IN CLEAR
REQUIRED FROM
BLDG
SEWER
DISPOSAL
FIELD
SEEPAGE
PIT OR
CESSPOOL
SEPTIC
TANK
6 Seepage pits or
Cesspools
- 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m
7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m
8 On site domestic
Water service line
0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
9 Pressure public
Water main
3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m

Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)
An aeration system within the tank;
Som
e features of STP:
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.

Water Recycling
Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
The Activated Sludge Process
2 M
ost Com
m
on Types of M
uni ci pal
Sew
age Treatm
ent
First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
Produces water with 99-99.5% purity

Water Recycling
The Activated Sludge Process
1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house
3. Fine screen house
4. incinerator
5. Activated sludge tank
6. Aerating
basin
8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet
9. Drier house
12. warehouse
10. Liquid
extractor
house
11. Chemical
house
13. Vacuum
power
house
Raw sewage inlet

Water Recycling
a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’
The Trickling Filter Process
Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
Produces water with 95% purity
Requires a large ground area for its building

Rainwater Pipes
Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth
of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meters.
An ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila.
D
O
W
N
SPO
UTS O
R CO
N
D
UCTO
R PI PES,
GUTTERS
Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent
round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least the
same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe,
except that the ratio of its side dimensions shall not
exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used
for downspouts.
Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe
materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure, they shall be
installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch
from the roof to the ground level.

Rainwater Pipes
RO
O
F D
RAI N
S
Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending
102 mm above the surface of the roof surface. With a minimum
total net inlet area of 1 – ½ times the area of the outlet pipe to
which it is connected.
Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a
total net inlet area not less than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe
to which the drain is connected.
Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made
watertight by the use of C.I. drain with integrally-cast waterstop
ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the
concrete roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable
flashing material around the drain.

Storm Water System
The Independent System
a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’
3 M
aj or System
s of
Col l ecti ng Storm W
ater:
Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs

Storm Water System
The Combined System
Combines storm water
with sanitary wastes

Storm Water System
The Natural System
Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns
Storm Drain Locations

Storm Water System
The Gutter
Roofi ng El em
ents to
Col l ect Rai nw
ater:
The Downspout
Usually located along the
entire perimeter of the roof
Located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)

Storm Water System
The Strainer or Roof Drain
Drain designed to receive water collecting on
the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a
downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
The Shoe
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-
water towards the nearest catch basin

Storm Water System
The Storm Line
Connects to each catch basin
The Catch Basin
Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more
than one downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water

Storm Water System
Carries only rainwater collected from the storm
drain or from the streets
Terminates at natural drainage
areas (i.e. lakes, rivers, and
water reservoirs)
Require manholes to serve as
clean-outs and to make sewers
accessible for inspection and
repair built at depths of about 2 to
3 meters; diameter ranging from
0.6 to 1.2 meters
Storm Sewers

Cast Iron Soil Pipe
2 Types:
Most popular and generally specified material for drainage
installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
SV type - generally used; for building installations
XV type - extra duty; for underground installations
Commercial length: 600 cm
Diameters: 50-150mm
H
UB
SPI GO
T
Pipes & Fittings
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust

4 Vari eti es:
Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe
Pipes & Fittings

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations
where acid wastes are being discharged
Brittle and cracks easily, thus
horizontal runs have to be
Supported at every 1.50 meter
interval to prevent sagging
Pipes & Fittings
Asbestos Pipe
Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Cheapest of all types of pipes
Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil movement
without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints. It is thus
suited for house sewer and septic tank installations
may be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or
chemical flow
Pipes & Fittings
Vitrified Clay Pipe
One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines
Highly resistant to most acids
Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks easily
when laid on unstable ground
Made in short lengths of 750mm

Lead Pipe
Highly resistant to acid
Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to
convey water for human consumption
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
More resistant to acid waste
Pipes & Fittings
The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”)
25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”)

Copper Pipe
Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
Easy to install
K type- heaviest; recommended for underground installations
L type- lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form;
recommended for residential water supply line and radiant
heating installations
Cl assi fi cati on:
M type- thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small
water supply lines and radiant heating installations
Smooth interior surface
Brass Pipe
Most expensive
Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
Pipes & Fittings

Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
Developed in Germany in 1935
2 Types:
Rigid type (pipes)
Flexible type (tubing)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
Most are produced from synthetic resins
Pipes & Fittings
Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to cut, is
flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and is cheaper than steel

Consi derati ons i n
choosi ng m
ateri al s:
Quality and durability.
Resistance to external and internal
contact with foreign matters.
Resistance to acid waste and
other chemical elements that
will pass into it.
Cost of materials and labor.
Pipes & Fittings

Pipes & Fittings
Types of Fi tti ngs:
COUPLING/
SOCKET
EXTENSION
PIECE/
NIPPLE
REDUCER
MALE
ADAPTOR
FEMALE
ADAPTOR
45°
STREET
ELBOW
REDUCING
ELBOW
90°
STREET
ELBOW

Pipes & Fittings
TEE
REDUCING
TEE
CAP
CROSS
PLUG
UNION
DOUBLE
HUB

Pipes & Fittings
O
ther w
ater Servi ce
Fi tti ngs & D
evi ces:
CORPORATION
STOP
CURB
STOP
METER
STOP
CURB
STOP
BOX
WATER
METER

Sanitary Fittings
Pipes & Fittings

Working Drawings
Pi pi ng Sym
bol s for Pl um
bi ng:
DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVE GROUND
DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND
VENT
SD STORM DRAIN
COLD WATER
SW SOFT COLD WATER
HOT WATER
S SPRINKLER MAIN
SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD

Working Drawings
GAS
G G
COMPRESSED AIR
A
VACUUM
V
SEWER – CAST IRON
S - CI
SEWER – CLAY TILE
S - CT
SEWER – PLASTIC
S - P

Working Drawings
Pl um
bi ng Abbrevi ati ons:
ABBR.
ITEM
Cast Iron
Centerline
Cleanout
CI
CL
CO
Cold Water
Copper
Dishwasher
CW
COP.
DW
Floor Drain
Galvanized Iron
Hose Bib
FD
GAL. I
HB
ABBR.
ITEM
Hot Water
Laundry Tray
Lavatory
HW
LT
LAV.
Medicine Cabinet
Plastic
Plumbing
MC
PLAS.
PLBG.
Water Closet
Water Heater
Water Softener
WC
WH
WS

Working Drawings
Pi pe & Fi tti ng Sym
bol s:

Joints & Connections
General M
ethods:
Caulking (lead and oakum)
Threading
Welding / Soldering
Rubber Ring method (rubber gaskets)
Hubless connections (steel plates and
clamps and neoprene rubber)
Adhesives
Flanged connections
(screws and bolts)

Inspection & Test
W
ater Testi ng:
A
i r Pressure Testi ng:
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
closing all outlets & filling the system with water
from the main to locate leaks and other potential
problems
Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping
system with compressed air (use of soap suds
in locating escaping air)

LP Gas
‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas’ saturated hydrocarbons found in
petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)
CYLINDER
- where gas is stored
PIGTAIL
- where high pressure
vapor flows through when
cylinder valve is opened
a.k.a. ‘Bottled Gas’
Typi cal LP Gas servi ce i nstal l ati on:
REGULATOR
-reduces the high pressure
-of gas to the proper
operating gas pressure of
the appliance
for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use

LP Gas
Safety Precauti ons for i nstal l ati on of LP Gas
Cyl i nders & Gas A
ppl i ances:
Do not place cylinders below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading
to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints
should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,
paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. *

LP Gas
Cyl i nders & Gas A
ppl i ances:
Location of Cylinders
Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building
having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the
open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials)
vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc.
within 19 feet of a cylinder
Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas
deliverymen
Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement
blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil
corrosion
Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings
leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might
accumulate)

LP Gas
Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from
vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons;
should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in
driveways or alleys)
Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of
heat
When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there
should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the
vicinity
Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting
Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to
protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder
valve from being used as a handle

LP Gas
Cyl i nders & Gas A
ppl i ances:
Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment
Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves
and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should
be rigidly supported
The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to
prevent entry of rain)
All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be
vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other
foreign matter

LP Gas
Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves
Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond
the reach of people passing by.
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints
should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of
leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,
paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.
Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every
appliance.
Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should
be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a
type resistant to LP gas.

LP Gas
Location of Appliance
The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be
decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be
set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are
met.
A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided
for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and
ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or
curtailment.
Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of
repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts
A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate
ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling
and top of heater.

LP Gas
Testing for Leaks
Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it
should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight.
Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or
concealed, this test should precede the work of closing in.
Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be
used to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may
be detected by using soap solution.
Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be
replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary
repair.

Types of Joi nts:
Caulked Joints
For bell-and-spigot cast iron
soil pipe & other similar joints
engagement length
Face to face
distance
Ti ghtness:
Perform Pressure Test on joints and connections of pipes
& fittings to ensure gastight & watertight connections.

Caul ki ng:
Align pipes
Packing Oakum-
Wrap an oakum or hemp around the spigot Neck;
Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub using a yarning iron;
compress firmly (make a 20-25mm clearance from top of bell)
Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell)
Packing with Caulking Iron

Threaded Joints
For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and
fittings shall be standard taper
pipe
threads
Threads on plastic pipe shall be
factory cut or molded
Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with
water-soluble, non-hardening material
Tape is acceptable for use on threads
Cement Mortar
Joints
Prohibited on new building sewers

Solder & Sweat Joints
For joints in copper tubing
Solders and fluxes with lead content
which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in
piping systems used to convey
potable water
Sol deri ng of j oi nts:
Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper)
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Heat the fitting with a propane torch
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Wrap soldered joint with wet rags

Wiped Joints
Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between
lead pipe or fittings & brass or copper
pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps
Joints between lead pipe & cast iron,
steel or wrought iron pipe shall be
made by means of a caulking ferrule
or soldering nipple

Asbestos
Cement Sewer
Pipe Joints
Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same
composition as the pipe or of other
approved materials, and sealed with
neoprene rubber rings or joined by an
approved type compression coupling

Copper Water
Tube
joints shall be made by the use of
approved brass fittings soldered,
or by brass compression type fitting
Burned Lead
Joints
Shall be lapped and the assembly
shall be fused together to form a
uniform weld at least as thick as the
lead sheets being joined
Flared Joints
For soft copper, water tubing shall be
expanded with a proper flaring tool

Solvent Cement
Plastic Pipe
Joints
Shall comply with appropriate IAMPO
installation standard
M
ethod:
Measure the face to face distance of the fittings
Cut with sharp knife/hacksaw/handsaw
Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK)
or Acetone
Apply solvent cement to the shoulder fitting and
butt-end of pipe
Insert pipe into the fitting
When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe with sand
then heat using flame torch or hot water, gradually
applying pressure

Speci al Joi nts:
Copper Tubing
To Screw Pipe
Joints
Joints shall be made by use of brass
adaptor fittings
Joints shall be properly sweated or
soldered
Slip Joints Used in fixture traps (exposed for
maintenance) and drains
Expansion
Joints
Used in soil & waste stack
joints shall be free & accessible

Unions May be used in drainage work when
accessibly located in the trap seal or
Between a fixture & its trap
Plastic Pipe
Connection to
Other Materials
Use only approved types of fittings &
adapters designed for the specific
transition intended

Fl anged Fi xture Connecti ons:
Fixture connections between drainage pipes & water
closets, floor outlet service sinks, pedestal urinals, and
earthenware trap standards shall be by means of
approved brass, hard lead, ABS, PVC, or iron flanges
caulked, soldered, solvent cemented or screwed to the
drainage pipe
Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square
Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be securely
bolted to an approved carrier fitting;
Gasket material shall be graphite-impregnated asbestos,
felt, or similar approved types

Prohi bi ted
Joi nts & Connecti ons:
For Drainage Systems– any fitting or connection
which has an enlargement, chamber or recess with a ledge,
shoulder or reduction of pipe area, that offers any obstructions
to flow through the drain
An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet bend
or stub shall be considered an obstruction

Hangers & Supports
Supporti ng Cast-i ron Pi pe:
Supports shall be placed at every joint on horizontal runs
unless distance between joints is less than 4 ft.
Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for this purpose

Hangers & Supports
Vertical runs of cast-iron pipe can be attached to the
building structure with wire staples, vertical pipe brackets
or pie straps
Friction clamps should
support the weight of
cast-iron pipe at each
floor level

Hangers & Supports
M
asonry Anchors/Fasteners:
Lag shields (made from lead) are commonly used to
attach pipe hangers or fixtures to concrete or masonry

Hangers & Supports
Caulking anchors provide a fastener which is
permanently attached to the concrete or masonry; it is
internally threaded to accept machine screws and bolts

Hangers & Supports
Toggle Bolts are used
when attaching pipes to
hollow masonry units;
with spring-operated wings

Hangers & Supports
Plastic Anchors can be installed in smaller holes

Essential guide to plumbing systems and components

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