The document discusses plumbing and sanitation systems. It begins by defining plumbing and describing its basic components like water supply pipes, fixtures, soil and vent pipes, and storm drainage. It then provides a brief history of plumbing from ancient civilizations to modern systems. The document goes on to describe various plumbing distribution systems for multi-story buildings, components like traps and vents, and considerations for drainage and sewage treatment systems.

1. PLUMPING

2. What is Plumbing?
The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in buildings
Or
The art and science of installing, repairing and servicing of pipes, fixtures and appurtenances
necessary for bringing in water supply, distributing it within and removing the liquid and water-
borne wastes
It includes fixtures and fixture traps; soil and waste pipes; vent pipes; building drain and
building sewer; storm drainage pipes, their devices, appurtenances and connections to all
within or adjacent to the building
Plumbing has been a part of the human race since the dawn of human civilization. Some
civilizations saw very sophisticated systems for their time while the services declined marginally
during
Earliest plumbing arrangements were unearthed in the Indus Valley Civilization almost
5500years old
Another civilization with highly developed plumbing system was the Egyptian civilization and
the Romans. Aqueducts were constructed to carry water from sources to houses. Extensive
underground sewage systems. Public baths.
Sanitary systems declined after the Romans and AD476 and only around the 1500’s to 1800’s
were concerns raised for better sanitary systems!

3. M
O
D
E
R
N
P
L
U
M
P
I
N
G

4. The Basic Plumbing Components
of any building:
1. Water supply distributing
pipes
2. Fixture and fixture traps
3. Soil, waste and vent pipes
4. Storm water drainage

5. NBC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS for design considerations:
•Smooth joints
•Avoid noise transmission
•Avoid formation of air locks
•Avoid unsightly arrangement
•Economy in labour and materials
•No piping under wastewater pipes
•Gradual size and direction changes
•Maximum rate of discharge required
•Water-tight pipes and pipe-connections
•No back-flow towards the source of supply
•Wholesome water supply for drinking and culinary purposes
•No direct connection of boilers or hot machinery, use feed cistern
•No cross-connection between pure and contaminated water pipes
•Sufficient strength of pipes underground or under traffic loads or frost
•Maintain definite air gap in all appliances (minimum 15 cm or twice pipe
bore for storage cisterns)
•Corrosion protection measures in corrosive environments (e.g. corrosive
soils, proximity to electric cables), e.g. exterior CI tubing

6. 3.1.1 Potable Water
All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be
with supply of potable water. This water supply shall not be connected with
unsafe water resources, nor shall it be subject to the hazards of backflow.
3.1.2 Water Provision
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be provided with water in
sufficient volume and at pressures adequate to enable them to function
and without undue noise under normal conditions of use.
There should beat least a residual head of 0.018 N/mm2 at the consumer’s tap.
NOTE—The residual head shall be taken at the highest farthest outlets in the
building.
3.1.14 Maintenance
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in a safe and serviceable condition.
3.1.15 Accessibility
All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be
accessible for their intended use and for cleaning. All doors, windows and any
other device needing access within the toilet shall be so located that they have
proper access.

7. 4.7 Distribution Systems in Multi-Storeyed Buildings
4.7.1 There are four basic methods of distribution of water to a
multi-storeyed buildings.
1. Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with
WCs and urinals supplied by overhead tanks.
2. Direct Pumping Systems
3. Hydro-Pneumatic Systems
4. Overhead Tanks Distribution
4.7.2 Direct Supply System
This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round
the clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in
most city mains, water from direct supply is normally not available
above two
or three floors.
4.7.3 Direct Pumping
Water is pumped directly into the distribution system without the
aid of any overhead tank, except for flushing purposes. The
are controlled by a pressure switch installed on the line.

9. 4.7.4 Hydro-Pneumatic
Systems
Hydro-pneumatic
system is a variation of
direct pumping system.
An air-tight pressure
vessel is installed on
line to regulate the
operation of the
pumps. The vessel
capacity shall be based
on the cut-in and cut-
out pressure of the
pumping system
depending upon
allowable start/stops of
the pumping system.
The system shall have
reliable power supply
avoid breakdown in the
water supply.

10. 4.7.5 over-head Tank
Distribution
4.7.5.1 This is the most
of the distribution systems
adopted by various type of
buildings.
4.7.5.2 The system comprises
pumping water to one or more
overhead tanks placed at the
top most location of the
hydraulic zone.
4.7.5.3 Water collected in the
overhead tank is distributed to
the various parts of the building
by a set of pipes located
generally on the terrace.

11. 3.1.5 Plumbing Fixtures
It is recommended that each family dwelling unit should have at least one water
closet, one lavatory, one kitchen wash place or a sink, and one bathing wash place
or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
3.1.8 Fixture Traps and Vent Pipes
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a
liquid seal trap, Trap seals shall be maintained to prevent sewer gas, other
potentially dangerous or noxious fumes, or vermin from entering the building.
Further, the drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate circulation
of air in all pipes with no danger of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals
under conditions of ordinary use by providing vent pipes throughout the system.

12. Drainage System

13. 3.1.6 Drainage System
The drainage system shall be designed, installed and maintained to guard
against fouling, deposit of solids and clogging and with adequate
cleanouts so arranged
that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
3.1.9 Foul Air Exhaust
Each vent terminal shall extend to the outer air and be so installed as to
minimize the possibilities of clogging and the return of foul air to the
building, as it conveys potentially noxious or explosive gases to the
outside atmosphere. All vent pipes shall be provided with a cowl.

14. Drainage Installation
• Soil and Waste Drainage System
- Two-pipe Ventilated Gravity System
- U/G Petrol Interceptor for Carpark
- Discharge to Public Foul Water System
• Storm Water Drainage System
- Rain Water Outlet at Roof, Balcony & Canopy
- Discharge to Public Storm Water System

15. Sanitary Plumbing System Enclosed in Fire-Rated
Service Duct
Service
duct
Sanitary
stack
Cleaning Eye

16. PLUMBING SYSTEMS
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
FULLY VENTILATED STACK SYSTEM
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
DUAL PIPE SYSTEM
 MODIFIED SINGLE PIPE SYSTEM

17. SEWAGE
TREATMENT

18. Unit Operations
The Treatment of wastewater
depends upon the impurities present.
The impurities present are Physical,
Chemical & Biological and
accordingly the treatment given are
physical, chemical & biological
treatments.

19. Sewage Treatment
Sr.
No.
Type of Treatment Type of
Treatment Unit
Name of the
Units
Function Type
of Impurity
Removed.
1 Physical Treatment Physical Screens Large
Suspended and
Floating Matter
Physical Grit Chamber Grit
Physical Clarifiers Silt, Sand &
Other heavier
Matter
2 Chemical Treatment Chemical Chemical Reactors Dissolved
Chemicals
3 Biological Treatment Biological Trickling filter
Activated Sludge
Rotating
Biological
Contractors
Digesters
Dissolved
Organic
Chemicals

20. Sewage Treatment Plant

21. Sewage Treatment
In the above table the Screen, Clarifiers,
grit chamber are all physical treatment
unit because in all those units the removal
of impurities is taking place due to physical
processes like Gravity Settling,
Mechanical Straining, etc. Mechanical
Straining takes place in screens and
gravity Settling takes place in Clarifiers.
Clarifiers are also known as
Sedimentation Basin or Settling tanks.

22. Chemical Coagulation

23. Neutralization
Ion Exchange

24. Sewage Treatment
The Biological Treatment fully Utilizes the micro
organisms for treatment of the wastewater.
Depending upon the type of microbes used, the
biological treatment is classified as :
Aerobic Treatment Using aerobic Organisms: The
example of the treatment units are Activated Sludge
Plant, Trickling Filter, Rotating Biological Contactors,
Oxidation ponds, etc.
Anaerobic Treatment: Anaerobic treatment uses the
aerobic microbes. The example of anaerobic treatment
units are sludge digesters etc.

25. Activated Sludge Plant

26. Trickling Filters Rotating Biological Contactors

27. Oxidation Ponds Anaerobic Treatment
(Sludge Digesters)

28. Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant

29. Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant

30. Electrical Systems in a Building

31. Electricity

32. Electricity Generation

33. Electric Generator
Electricity is generated from the stored energy of water that makes turbine run
and generate electricity. The other method includes fuels (Coal, diesel or gas) to
fire boilers and pass stream and generate electricity through generators. Transformer
step up several thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts before it is supplied
to the transmission lines or cable. By transmitting electricity at high voltages less
power is lost in the cables. At the receiving end of voltage is stepped down by
transforms in local sub-stations to consumers at 240 volts.