Engineering properties of grains
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•3,742 views
This document discusses various physical properties of agricultural crops including size, shape, volume, density, roundness, sphericity, and porosity. Size is measured using tools like calipers and microscopes. Shape can be round, oblate, or irregular and influences packaging and sorting. Volume is measured by water displacement. Density is the ratio of mass to volume. Roundness and sphericity quantify how close a shape is to a perfect sphere. Porosity measures empty space between grains. Physical properties provide important information about crops.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Important Engineering properties such as physical, thermal and aero & hydrody...
Important Engineering properties such as physical, thermal and aero & hydrodynamic properties of cereals, pulses and oilseed
Drying process for grain
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
Engineering properties in post harvest processing
Important Engineering properties of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseed and there use in processing equipment.
Dryers
This document provides an overview of grain drying methods and dryer classification. It begins with an introduction to drying as a method for conditioning grains through moisture removal. Common drying methods are then described, including conduction, convection and radiation. Grain dryers are classified based on thin layer drying vs deep bed drying principles. Various mechanical dryer types are also outlined, including sack, rotary, continuous flow, tray, spray, freeze, vacuum, dielectric, electrical, infrared and fluidized bed dryers. Optimal moisture contents for storing different crops are listed. In conclusion, the document states that dryers play an important role in food security by allowing crops to be stored safely below their critical moisture levels.
Cleaning and grading-Physical Characteristics of Grains for cleaning and grad...
The document discusses cleaning and grading of grains for physical characteristics. It describes types of cleaners and graders, specifically air screen cleaners. It explains that air screen cleaners use screening and aspiration to separate grains based on size, removing impurities. The document outlines factors that influence air screen cleaner design, like material properties, machine settings, and screen specifications. Finally, it provides an overview of the industrial setup for cleaning and grading operations.
Storage structures
The document discusses various traditional and improved grain storage structures used in India. It notes that while grain production has increased, storage capacity has not, resulting in losses. It then describes different traditional structures like morai, bukhari, and kothar that store grain in bulk. Improved structures include cylindrical bins made of concrete and rectangular bins under farm sheds. Bag storage structures are also used to store thousands of bags of grain.
Grain Dryers
This document discusses various types of commercial grain dryers, including deep bed dryers, flat bed dryers, recirculatory dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and solar dryers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of dryer, including recommended air flow rates, drying temperatures, capacities, and advantages/disadvantages. The Louisiana State University (LSU) dryer is discussed in depth as a popular continuous flow-mixing dryer used in India and the US.
Traditional storage structures
This presentation discusses traditional grain storage structures used in India. It describes common structures like Morai, Bukhari, Kothar that are shaped like inverted cones or cylinders and made of materials like mud or bamboo. These structures have capacities from 1 to 50 tonnes and are used to store grains above ground. Other structures mentioned are Mud Kothi, Kanaj, and metal bins, as well as bag storage. The appropriate storage method depends on factors like grain type, climate, costs and pest resistance. Traditional bulk storage keeps grains intact while bag storage offers flexibility but has higher costs and loss risks.
Recommended
Important Engineering properties such as physical, thermal and aero & hydrody...
Important Engineering properties such as physical, thermal and aero & hydrodynamic properties of cereals, pulses and oilseed
Drying process for grain
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
Engineering properties in post harvest processing
Important Engineering properties of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseed and there use in processing equipment.
Dryers
This document provides an overview of grain drying methods and dryer classification. It begins with an introduction to drying as a method for conditioning grains through moisture removal. Common drying methods are then described, including conduction, convection and radiation. Grain dryers are classified based on thin layer drying vs deep bed drying principles. Various mechanical dryer types are also outlined, including sack, rotary, continuous flow, tray, spray, freeze, vacuum, dielectric, electrical, infrared and fluidized bed dryers. Optimal moisture contents for storing different crops are listed. In conclusion, the document states that dryers play an important role in food security by allowing crops to be stored safely below their critical moisture levels.
Cleaning and grading-Physical Characteristics of Grains for cleaning and grad...
The document discusses cleaning and grading of grains for physical characteristics. It describes types of cleaners and graders, specifically air screen cleaners. It explains that air screen cleaners use screening and aspiration to separate grains based on size, removing impurities. The document outlines factors that influence air screen cleaner design, like material properties, machine settings, and screen specifications. Finally, it provides an overview of the industrial setup for cleaning and grading operations.
Storage structures
The document discusses various traditional and improved grain storage structures used in India. It notes that while grain production has increased, storage capacity has not, resulting in losses. It then describes different traditional structures like morai, bukhari, and kothar that store grain in bulk. Improved structures include cylindrical bins made of concrete and rectangular bins under farm sheds. Bag storage structures are also used to store thousands of bags of grain.
Grain Dryers
This document discusses various types of commercial grain dryers, including deep bed dryers, flat bed dryers, recirculatory dryers, tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, and solar dryers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of dryer, including recommended air flow rates, drying temperatures, capacities, and advantages/disadvantages. The Louisiana State University (LSU) dryer is discussed in depth as a popular continuous flow-mixing dryer used in India and the US.
Traditional storage structures
This presentation discusses traditional grain storage structures used in India. It describes common structures like Morai, Bukhari, Kothar that are shaped like inverted cones or cylinders and made of materials like mud or bamboo. These structures have capacities from 1 to 50 tonnes and are used to store grains above ground. Other structures mentioned are Mud Kothi, Kanaj, and metal bins, as well as bag storage. The appropriate storage method depends on factors like grain type, climate, costs and pest resistance. Traditional bulk storage keeps grains intact while bag storage offers flexibility but has higher costs and loss risks.
Intercultural Equipments
This document discusses various types of agricultural equipment used for intercultural operations between sowing and harvesting. It describes cultivators, which can be disc, rotary, or tine cultivators and are used for seedbed preparation and sowing. Other intercultural equipment discussed include hoes, sweepers, junior hoes, duck foot cultivators, wheel hoes, star/peg weeders, and cono weeders. The document provides details on the components, operation, and uses of these various types of intercultural agricultural machinery.
Grain quality deterioration ppt pdf
this power point presentation contains about grain quality deterioration from insects, pests, microorganisms, rodents and birds, and their control measures and physiological, chemical changes during storage, moisture migration during storage etc., It contains the principal of fumigation and different types of fumigants and their applications
Drying
This document discusses various methods of drying grains, including the purposes, processes, and types of drying. The main methods discussed are conduction, convection, and radiation drying. Convection drying is most commonly used for grains. Drying can be thin layer or deep bed processes. Traditional sun drying is also described. Mechanical drying uses heated air to dry grains inside dryers like sack, batch/bin, and rotary dryers. Rotary dryers provide continuous mixing of grains and air during drying.
Storage structre
This document discusses various storage structures used by farmers for storing agricultural produce post-harvest. It describes traditional structures like gunny bags, mud bins, and structures made of bamboo or wood. It then summarizes improved rural-level storage structures like bitumen drums, Hapur bins, Udaipur bins, PKV bins, stone bins, bamboo bins, and Pusa bins. It also discusses stacking methods and structures like brick godowns, CAP storage, and silos used for large-scale storage. The key points are that traditional structures are used by small farmers while improved structures allow for longer storage periods with minimum losses.
Thermal properties of grain
This document discusses various thermal properties of grains important for drying and storage applications. It describes specific heat, thermal conductivity, latent heat of vaporization, heat transfer coefficient of grain beds, and volumetric heat transfer coefficient. Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of grains and depends on temperature. Thermal conductivity refers to heat transfer between grain moisture and the atmosphere. Latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to vaporize grain moisture. Heat transfer coefficients describe the rate of heat transfer between grains and air. Volumetric heat transfer coefficient is calculated based on monitoring air temperature at different positions within a cylinder of grains.
Rainfed agriculture lecture no1
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
Material handling equipments : conveyors and elevators
Material handling is the movement, protection, storage and control of materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption and disposal. As a process, material handling incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work.
Drying and dehydration of fruit crops
The document provides information about a seminar on drying and dehydration of fruit crops. It discusses various topics related to drying and dehydration including principles, pre-treatment, drying techniques, benefits of dried fruit, and research findings. The key points are that drying and dehydration remove water from fruits to preserve them by inhibiting microbial growth. Various techniques are used for drying including sun drying, tray drying, tunnel drying, and freeze drying. Pre-treatment and proper drying conditions help maintain fruit quality and nutritional value during the drying process.
Scope of fruit and vegetable industry in india
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. It has a diverse range of agro-climatic zones allowing for various horticultural crops. Food processing transforms raw agriculture into value-added products through methods like preservation and drying to enhance shelf life and quality. The food processing industry is important as it provides employment, boosts farmer incomes, reduces malnutrition and food waste, earns foreign exchange, and curbs migration and inflation by increasing supplies. It also encourages crop diversification and brings more choices to consumers.
Zero energy cool chamber
detailed explaination:
"zero energy cool chambers" (ZECCs), are a type of evaporative cooler, which are simple and inexpensive ways to keep vegetables fresh without the use of electricity. Evaporation of water from a surface removes heat, creating a cooling effect, which can improve vegetable storage shelf life. ECCs are relatively large compared to the more common household clay pot cooler, and are therefore most suitable for farmers with large production quantities, farming groups, or farming cooperatives.
Cleaning grading of grains
Cleaning and grading of grains involves removing foreign materials and sorting grains based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Grading separates grains into fractions based on size, shape, moisture content, color, texture, foreign materials, composition, odor, and damage. It is done to avoid processing low quality grains. Grading can be done by hand or machinery, with machinery separating grains based on characteristics like size, shape, density, and color. Proper cleaning and grading is important for ensuring only high quality grains are further processed.
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN GREENHOUSE
This document discusses various irrigation systems used in greenhouses. It begins by defining crop water needs and evapotranspiration. It then describes different types of irrigation systems including overhead systems like sprinklers and booms, surface systems like drip and perimeter watering, and subsurface systems like ebb and flow, capillary mats, and floor flooding. Key components of drip irrigation systems like pumps, filters, fertigation equipment, and piping networks are also explained. The advantages of drip irrigation systems for greenhouse crops are highlighted.
Postharvest technology
Post harvesting management includes processes done immediately after harvesting produce like cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. It is important as crops begin deteriorating after harvesting. Post harvesting largely determines final quality and minimizes 40% losses in fruits and vegetables due to improper handling, storage, packaging and transportation. Losses occur due to lack of infrastructure, technical support and organized marketing. Deterioration is caused by microorganisms, enzymes, insects and environmental factors like temperature and moisture. Proper post harvesting practices like pre-cooling, modified atmosphere packaging and storage in zero energy cool chambers can extend shelf life.
Combined harvester
The document describes a combine harvester, which is a machine that harvests grain crops by combining three processes - reaping, threshing, and winnowing - into a single operation. It can be used to harvest crops like wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans. Combine harvesters are classified based on their power source (self-propelled or PTO-operated) and means of movement (wheel or crawler type). The document then explains the main components of a combine harvester and how it works to cut crops, thresh them, separate the grains, and discharge the straw. Considerations for operation and constraints to use in India are also outlined.
Storage of post harvested fruits and vegetables
This document discusses various traditional and modern methods for storing fruits and vegetables after harvest. Traditional methods include storage in pits, on-site storage, storage in high altitude areas, clamp storage, underground cellars, wind breaks, and barns. Improved traditional methods use night ventilation and evaporative cooling. Modern methods include refrigerated stores, ice bank coolers, modified atmospheric storage, controlled atmospheric storage, silicon membrane technology, vacuum packaging, and hypobaric storage. The goal of post-harvest storage is to reduce respiration and transpiration rates to delay ripening and senescence through manipulation of temperature and gaseous environments.
Plant response to green house environment
Greenhouses allow for control of the components of a crop's microclimate, including light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide. Light intensity and wavelength affect photosynthesis rates, with optimal light between 32.3-129.6 klux. Temperature influences enzyme activity, with day temperatures generally 3-8°C higher than nights. Relative humidity is maintained between 50-80% through humidification and dehumidification. Ventilation manages air temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity. Carbon dioxide is essential for plant growth, with most crops responding well to levels between 1000-1200 ppm in greenhouses.
post harvest handling of fruits
The document discusses various post-harvest handling techniques for fresh horticultural crops including precooling methods. It describes harvesting based on physiological and horticultural maturity. Key post-harvest steps discussed are sorting, grading, packaging, and different precooling techniques like room cooling, forced air cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling and package icing. Maintaining quality during post-harvest handling is important to reduce losses between harvest and consumption.
Factors Affecting Quality Of Fruits.
Fruits play a vital role in human nutrition as well as generate high income to the growers. Pre-harvest and post-harvest factors have a great effect on the postharvest quality of fruits. The combination of these factors includes genetic, environmental, cultural practices, irrigation, packaging, pre-cooling, storage, transportations, etc. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on how pre-harvest and post-harvest factors influence the post quality of fruits. The influence of pre-harvest and post-harvest factors can be controlled by various cultural practices, use of certain chemicals and high tech recent management practices.
Pearl millet
Pearlmillet, also known as bajra or cumbu, originated in Africa. There are 32 species of pearlmillet, but only two are commonly cultivated - P. glaucum for grain production and P. purpureum for fodder. Pearlmillet is well-adapted to hot, dry climates and poor soils. It is an important food source high in calories, protein, and minerals for people in dry regions where it is grown. India is a major producer of pearlmillet, with most production occurring in Rajasthan. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing methods, weed control, nutrient management, and harvesting of pearlmillet.
Post harvesting management
a detailed description of post-harvest handling of mango, apple, banana, okra(lady finger), broccoli, potato. It also includes post-harvest losses.
Engineering Properties of Food Materials.pptx
This document provides information about measuring the physical characteristics of size, shape, and sphericity of grains, fruits, and vegetables. It defines relevant terms and describes procedures to determine equivalent diameter, sphericity, and shape. Size is expressed as equivalent diameter, which is the diameter of a sphere of the same volume. Sphericity is the ratio of the volume of a solid to a circumscribing sphere. Shape can be determined by comparing to standard shapes or using descriptive terms like round, oblate, oblong, etc. Measurement methods include using calipers, micrometers, and liquid displacement.
Forest mensuration
Forest mensuration deals with determining dimensions, form, growth, and age of trees and forests. It provides key facts for sellers, buyers, planners, managers, and researchers. Diameter is commonly measured at breast height of 1.37 meters to standardize measurements and avoid abnormalities near the base. Height, diameter, and other measurements are used to calculate tree volume and develop yield tables for forest management and planning.
More Related Content
What's hot
Intercultural Equipments
This document discusses various types of agricultural equipment used for intercultural operations between sowing and harvesting. It describes cultivators, which can be disc, rotary, or tine cultivators and are used for seedbed preparation and sowing. Other intercultural equipment discussed include hoes, sweepers, junior hoes, duck foot cultivators, wheel hoes, star/peg weeders, and cono weeders. The document provides details on the components, operation, and uses of these various types of intercultural agricultural machinery.
Grain quality deterioration ppt pdf
this power point presentation contains about grain quality deterioration from insects, pests, microorganisms, rodents and birds, and their control measures and physiological, chemical changes during storage, moisture migration during storage etc., It contains the principal of fumigation and different types of fumigants and their applications
Drying
This document discusses various methods of drying grains, including the purposes, processes, and types of drying. The main methods discussed are conduction, convection, and radiation drying. Convection drying is most commonly used for grains. Drying can be thin layer or deep bed processes. Traditional sun drying is also described. Mechanical drying uses heated air to dry grains inside dryers like sack, batch/bin, and rotary dryers. Rotary dryers provide continuous mixing of grains and air during drying.
Storage structre
This document discusses various storage structures used by farmers for storing agricultural produce post-harvest. It describes traditional structures like gunny bags, mud bins, and structures made of bamboo or wood. It then summarizes improved rural-level storage structures like bitumen drums, Hapur bins, Udaipur bins, PKV bins, stone bins, bamboo bins, and Pusa bins. It also discusses stacking methods and structures like brick godowns, CAP storage, and silos used for large-scale storage. The key points are that traditional structures are used by small farmers while improved structures allow for longer storage periods with minimum losses.
Thermal properties of grain
This document discusses various thermal properties of grains important for drying and storage applications. It describes specific heat, thermal conductivity, latent heat of vaporization, heat transfer coefficient of grain beds, and volumetric heat transfer coefficient. Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of grains and depends on temperature. Thermal conductivity refers to heat transfer between grain moisture and the atmosphere. Latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to vaporize grain moisture. Heat transfer coefficients describe the rate of heat transfer between grains and air. Volumetric heat transfer coefficient is calculated based on monitoring air temperature at different positions within a cylinder of grains.
Rainfed agriculture lecture no1
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
Material handling equipments : conveyors and elevators
Material handling is the movement, protection, storage and control of materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption and disposal. As a process, material handling incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work.
Drying and dehydration of fruit crops
The document provides information about a seminar on drying and dehydration of fruit crops. It discusses various topics related to drying and dehydration including principles, pre-treatment, drying techniques, benefits of dried fruit, and research findings. The key points are that drying and dehydration remove water from fruits to preserve them by inhibiting microbial growth. Various techniques are used for drying including sun drying, tray drying, tunnel drying, and freeze drying. Pre-treatment and proper drying conditions help maintain fruit quality and nutritional value during the drying process.
Scope of fruit and vegetable industry in india
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. It has a diverse range of agro-climatic zones allowing for various horticultural crops. Food processing transforms raw agriculture into value-added products through methods like preservation and drying to enhance shelf life and quality. The food processing industry is important as it provides employment, boosts farmer incomes, reduces malnutrition and food waste, earns foreign exchange, and curbs migration and inflation by increasing supplies. It also encourages crop diversification and brings more choices to consumers.
Zero energy cool chamber
detailed explaination:
"zero energy cool chambers" (ZECCs), are a type of evaporative cooler, which are simple and inexpensive ways to keep vegetables fresh without the use of electricity. Evaporation of water from a surface removes heat, creating a cooling effect, which can improve vegetable storage shelf life. ECCs are relatively large compared to the more common household clay pot cooler, and are therefore most suitable for farmers with large production quantities, farming groups, or farming cooperatives.
Cleaning grading of grains
Cleaning and grading of grains involves removing foreign materials and sorting grains based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Grading separates grains into fractions based on size, shape, moisture content, color, texture, foreign materials, composition, odor, and damage. It is done to avoid processing low quality grains. Grading can be done by hand or machinery, with machinery separating grains based on characteristics like size, shape, density, and color. Proper cleaning and grading is important for ensuring only high quality grains are further processed.
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN GREENHOUSE
This document discusses various irrigation systems used in greenhouses. It begins by defining crop water needs and evapotranspiration. It then describes different types of irrigation systems including overhead systems like sprinklers and booms, surface systems like drip and perimeter watering, and subsurface systems like ebb and flow, capillary mats, and floor flooding. Key components of drip irrigation systems like pumps, filters, fertigation equipment, and piping networks are also explained. The advantages of drip irrigation systems for greenhouse crops are highlighted.
Postharvest technology
Post harvesting management includes processes done immediately after harvesting produce like cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. It is important as crops begin deteriorating after harvesting. Post harvesting largely determines final quality and minimizes 40% losses in fruits and vegetables due to improper handling, storage, packaging and transportation. Losses occur due to lack of infrastructure, technical support and organized marketing. Deterioration is caused by microorganisms, enzymes, insects and environmental factors like temperature and moisture. Proper post harvesting practices like pre-cooling, modified atmosphere packaging and storage in zero energy cool chambers can extend shelf life.
Combined harvester
The document describes a combine harvester, which is a machine that harvests grain crops by combining three processes - reaping, threshing, and winnowing - into a single operation. It can be used to harvest crops like wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans. Combine harvesters are classified based on their power source (self-propelled or PTO-operated) and means of movement (wheel or crawler type). The document then explains the main components of a combine harvester and how it works to cut crops, thresh them, separate the grains, and discharge the straw. Considerations for operation and constraints to use in India are also outlined.
Storage of post harvested fruits and vegetables
This document discusses various traditional and modern methods for storing fruits and vegetables after harvest. Traditional methods include storage in pits, on-site storage, storage in high altitude areas, clamp storage, underground cellars, wind breaks, and barns. Improved traditional methods use night ventilation and evaporative cooling. Modern methods include refrigerated stores, ice bank coolers, modified atmospheric storage, controlled atmospheric storage, silicon membrane technology, vacuum packaging, and hypobaric storage. The goal of post-harvest storage is to reduce respiration and transpiration rates to delay ripening and senescence through manipulation of temperature and gaseous environments.
Plant response to green house environment
Greenhouses allow for control of the components of a crop's microclimate, including light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide. Light intensity and wavelength affect photosynthesis rates, with optimal light between 32.3-129.6 klux. Temperature influences enzyme activity, with day temperatures generally 3-8°C higher than nights. Relative humidity is maintained between 50-80% through humidification and dehumidification. Ventilation manages air temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity. Carbon dioxide is essential for plant growth, with most crops responding well to levels between 1000-1200 ppm in greenhouses.
post harvest handling of fruits
The document discusses various post-harvest handling techniques for fresh horticultural crops including precooling methods. It describes harvesting based on physiological and horticultural maturity. Key post-harvest steps discussed are sorting, grading, packaging, and different precooling techniques like room cooling, forced air cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling and package icing. Maintaining quality during post-harvest handling is important to reduce losses between harvest and consumption.
Factors Affecting Quality Of Fruits.
Fruits play a vital role in human nutrition as well as generate high income to the growers. Pre-harvest and post-harvest factors have a great effect on the postharvest quality of fruits. The combination of these factors includes genetic, environmental, cultural practices, irrigation, packaging, pre-cooling, storage, transportations, etc. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on how pre-harvest and post-harvest factors influence the post quality of fruits. The influence of pre-harvest and post-harvest factors can be controlled by various cultural practices, use of certain chemicals and high tech recent management practices.
Pearl millet
Pearlmillet, also known as bajra or cumbu, originated in Africa. There are 32 species of pearlmillet, but only two are commonly cultivated - P. glaucum for grain production and P. purpureum for fodder. Pearlmillet is well-adapted to hot, dry climates and poor soils. It is an important food source high in calories, protein, and minerals for people in dry regions where it is grown. India is a major producer of pearlmillet, with most production occurring in Rajasthan. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing methods, weed control, nutrient management, and harvesting of pearlmillet.
Post harvesting management
a detailed description of post-harvest handling of mango, apple, banana, okra(lady finger), broccoli, potato. It also includes post-harvest losses.
What's hot (20)
Material handling equipments : conveyors and elevators
Material handling equipments : conveyors and elevators
Similar to Engineering properties of grains
Engineering Properties of Food Materials.pptx
This document provides information about measuring the physical characteristics of size, shape, and sphericity of grains, fruits, and vegetables. It defines relevant terms and describes procedures to determine equivalent diameter, sphericity, and shape. Size is expressed as equivalent diameter, which is the diameter of a sphere of the same volume. Sphericity is the ratio of the volume of a solid to a circumscribing sphere. Shape can be determined by comparing to standard shapes or using descriptive terms like round, oblate, oblong, etc. Measurement methods include using calipers, micrometers, and liquid displacement.
Forest mensuration
Forest mensuration deals with determining dimensions, form, growth, and age of trees and forests. It provides key facts for sellers, buyers, planners, managers, and researchers. Diameter is commonly measured at breast height of 1.37 meters to standardize measurements and avoid abnormalities near the base. Height, diameter, and other measurements are used to calculate tree volume and develop yield tables for forest management and planning.
Ecological sampling
This document discusses various methods for sampling plant communities. It describes transect and quadrat sampling methods. Transects involve recording plant species along a line or measuring their vertical distribution by digging trenches. Quadrats involve placing a grid and counting organisms within each square. The document also discusses measuring density, coverage, frequency, biomass, and diversity of plant species within samples. It provides formulas for calculating these metrics and comparing values between species.
Forest mensuration slide 1
Forest mensuration involves measuring various characteristics of trees and forests, including diameter, height, age, and volume. It provides important information for tasks like estimating timber quantity, evaluating forest growth and condition, and sustainable forest management. Key concepts include measuring trees at breast height for standardization, and ensuring accurate measurements through proper use of instruments and accounting for errors. Forest mensuration underpins many aspects of forestry.
Engineering Properties of Food and Biological Materials
1) The document discusses various physical and chemical properties of agricultural and food materials including shape, size, density, porosity, chemical composition, moisture content, strength, texture, friction, thermal properties, and electromagnetic properties.
2) Understanding these properties is important for designing equipment for handling, processing, storing and transporting agricultural materials. It also helps in process design and quality control.
3) Measurement of properties such as size, density and moisture content requires specialized equipment and methods but provides essential data for characterizing materials and predicting their behavior during processing operations.
Physical properties of sediments and water sediment mixture
This document discusses various physical properties of sediments and water-sediment mixtures. It defines key concepts like particle density, bulk density, porosity, void ratio, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity. It explains that particle density refers to the density of solid sediment particles, while bulk density includes pore spaces. Porosity and void ratio quantify the pore space. Viscosity and kinematic viscosity describe the resistance of fluids to flow, with kinematic viscosity being the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Newtonian mixtures have viscosities that do not depend on shear rate.
Ecological sampling
Plant sampling methods include transects, quadrats, and aerial observations. Transects measure vegetation variation along a line, showing how plant communities change with the environment. Quadrats quantify plant coverage and abundance within a grid. Both methods are used to measure density, coverage, frequency, biomass, and diversity of plant populations. Sampling provides a representative view of a whole community and avoids bias.
Physical pharmacy
The word Micromeritics refers to a discipline of science and technology that deals with studies related to the fundamental as well derived properties of particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles is of importance in pharmacy and materials science.
Fe-501 physical properties of food Materials
This document discusses the importance of physical properties of foods such as size, shape, and volume. It provides details on how these properties can be measured and defined. Size is an important attribute used for screening, grading, and quality control of foods. It affects fluid flow and heat transfer calculations. Size can be expressed using different units and measured using various methods like sieves or particle size analyzers. Shape is also important for these factors and calculations. It can be defined by sphericity, aspect ratio, roundness, radii of curvature, and angle of repose. Physical properties are critical to understanding foods and affecting their quality.
L-2-landscape architecture -PLANTS.pdf
This document discusses elements of landscape architecture, including typology of plants. It begins by defining landscaping and noting the living, natural, and human elements that can modify land areas. It then discusses types of natural and manmade materials used in landscaping. The document outlines various plant types like trees, shrubs, and climbers and discusses their architectural, environmental, and aesthetic uses. It provides a detailed typology of plants according to physical appearance, form, texture, size, color, and other characteristics. It discusses the importance of landscape in urban design, the environment, and the economy. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of plant selection and use in landscape architecture.
Scientific Paper for Ecology: Grassland and Coastal Marine ecosystem
This document summarizes a study that used plot sampling and transect sampling methods to analyze a grassland ecosystem. Quadrat and transect line techniques were used to determine species density, cover estimates, and a species-area curve. Results showed that more species were found as area examined increased, up to a point. Species A dominated all cover estimation methods and had the highest density, dominance, and importance value, indicating it was the keystone species. The diversity index value implied the species in the grassland were diverse. Plot and transect sampling methods provided data about this grassland community.
Studies on some physical properties of dikanut seeds
This document studied various physical properties of dikanut seeds. It found that the average dimensions of the seeds were 2.375cm by 1.592cm by 0.778cm. Additional properties included an average seed weight of 1.904g, density of 0.832g/cm3, bulk density of 0.475g/cm3, and porosity of 43%. Angle of repose and coefficient of friction were found to vary quadratically with moisture content. Specific heat capacity ranged from 1.9333 to 6.075 J/g°C depending on moisture content and temperature, and was modeled using multiple regression equations.
Micromeritics Nabeela Moosakutty
Micromeritics is the study of the properties of small particles. It involves characterizing individual particles and particle size distributions in powders. Particle size is important for properties like dissolution, flowability, and stability. Smaller particle sizes increase surface area and dissolution rate. Different techniques measure different particle size parameters like length, surface area, or volume. Understanding the particle size distribution provides essential information about the range of particle sizes present in a sample.
chapter 2.5.ppt
This document provides an overview of important engineering properties of agricultural crops including cereals, pulses, and oilseeds. It discusses various physical properties like size, shape, density, and thermal properties. It describes the structure and milling processes of various cereals like wheat, rice, and corn. It also discusses properties of pulses and common oilseeds and their uses. The document is intended to familiarize students with these engineering properties and how they influence the design of processing equipment.
Engg. properties of grain
This document discusses the various engineering properties of seeds including physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. It provides details on measuring various physical properties like size, shape, density, porosity, and describes their importance in applications like design of storage and handling equipment. Mechanical properties like compressive strength and coefficients of friction are discussed along with their relevance. Thermal and electrical properties and their use in processing, drying and damage assessment is covered. Optical properties and their utility in sorting and grading is also summarized.
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers School Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers ~ Ministry of Agriculture of Barbados ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/2398511102_PROPERTIES_OF_PARTICULATES_SOLIDS.pptx
This document discusses properties of particulate solids, including particle size, shape, density, and methods of characterization. It notes that particle size is an especially important property, influencing behaviors like reactivity, stability, flowability, and more. Common methods to determine particle size include microscopy, screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, and optical techniques. Particle size distributions are important and can be analyzed using metrics like volume surface mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and mass mean diameter. Characterizing properties of particulate materials helps control product quality and understand how particles will behave in different processes.
FOREST MENSURATION
This document discusses forest mensuration, which involves determining dimensions, form, age, and growth of trees and forests. It has four main objectives: basis for sale, basis of management, measurement for research, and measurement for planning. Specific measurements discussed include diameter, which is typically measured at breast height, and total tree height. Diameter can be measured using calipers or diameter tapes. Special cases for diameter measurement are discussed. Tree height is also defined. Different heights within a tree like bole height and crown length are defined.
Scipaper grassland
This document summarizes a scientific paper that studied methods of vegetation analysis in a grassland ecosystem using plot and transect sampling techniques. The study found that as the sampled area increases, the number of plant species also increases, following a species-area curve. One species, Species A, was found to dominate the area based on higher values for density, dominance, and frequency compared to other species. The diversity of species in the area was calculated to be moderately diverse using Simpson's and Shannon-Wiener indices. The study demonstrated how plot and transect sampling can be used to analyze factors like species richness, cover estimation, zonation, and density in a grassland ecosystem.
exp-enginerring properties.ppt
This document discusses determining various engineering properties of biomaterials, including shape, size, bulk density, and porosity. It outlines methods to measure grain size and shape, 1000 grain weight, bulk density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity, swelling index, and porosity. The objectives are to strengthen understanding of biomaterial properties and provide basic knowledge of measuring properties like shape, size, density, and porosity.
Similar to Engineering properties of grains (20)
Engineering Properties of Food and Biological Materials
Engineering Properties of Food and Biological Materials
Physical properties of sediments and water sediment mixture
Physical properties of sediments and water sediment mixture
Scientific Paper for Ecology: Grassland and Coastal Marine ecosystem
Scientific Paper for Ecology: Grassland and Coastal Marine ecosystem
Studies on some physical properties of dikanut seeds
Studies on some physical properties of dikanut seeds
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers
Recently uploaded
快速办理(Adelaide毕业证书)阿德莱德大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Adelaide毕业证书)阿德莱德大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(UCM毕业证书)加州大学美熹德分校毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UCM毕业证书)加州大学美熹德分校毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India Heritage
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
FOOD OBESITY IN NORTH AMERICA ( NEW).pptx
FOOD OBESITY IN AMERICA AND MARKETING CAMPAIGNS ESTABLISHED TO DEFEAT IT
一比一原版(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证如何办理
学校原件一模一样【微信：6496090 】【(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：6496090 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微6496090
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微6496090】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微6496090】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Recently uploaded (6)
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India Heritage
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India Heritage
Engineering properties of grains
- 1. p,.preethi
- 2. . Physical properties Basic physical property: size, shape, mass, surface area, colour, appearance. Derived physical property:: volume, density, roundness, roundness ratio, sphericity and porosity.
- 3. Size Size is measured in the form of diameter/ radius, length and breadth, and length, breadth and thickness. When the size can be expressed in two or three dimensions, the major dimension is length and the dimension perpendicular to length is breadth or width and the dimension perpendicular to both length and breadth is called the thickness or height.
- 4. The measurement is done using vernier caliper, screw gauge, travelling microscope, etc., Normally a minimum number of 50 grains / samples are measured and the mean is reported with the standard deviation.
- 5. The size of the grains increases with moisture content at extreme conditions due to swelling.
- 6. Shape Shape is an important property to specify the geometry of the crop. They are important for the design of packaging system and sieve for grading/ separation. Following are some of the important shapes and examples.
- 7. . Important shapes of agricultural crops and examples. Round approaching spheroid like. Round approaching spheroid like. eg. Lemon, apple etc. Oblate flattened at stem end apex eg. Pomegranate, pumpkin Regular horizontal section approaches to a circle eg. Grapes etc. Irregular horizontal cross- section departs from a circle.
- 8. Roundness: it is the measure of sharpness of solid. . Roundness =AP/AC Where AP= largest projected area of object when it is natural rest position (kernel) Ac= area of smallest circumscribing circle Roundness ration =r/R
- 9. Sphericity Isoperimetric property of a sphere: Sphericity=di/dc Where di-diameter of largest inscribed circle . Dc= diameter of smallest circumscribed circle.
- 10. Volume Bulk volume: volume of the bulk materials including pore space between granular pack. It is normally measured from the container or bin the bulk grain occupies.
- 11. True volume: Volume of the fruits / vegetables is measured by water displacement method. Volume=(weight in air-weight in water)
- 12. porosity Porosity is defined as the percentage of volume of inter-granular space to the circle volume of grain bulk.
- 13. Density Density is the ratio of mass to volume. Bulk density:the ratio of the grain mass divided by the volume occupied by the grain kernels and the inter granular spaces
- 14. Thank u.